Resumen (analítico) Se abordan los ajustes que hicieron estudiantes de psicología en su vida cotidiana para continuar con sus clases en línea. Desde un enfoque de psicología cultural y una investigación de corte cualitativo, se analizan los significados que las y los estudiantes plasmaron en cuestionarios abiertos respondidos en línea. Los resultados muestran el trabajo de reelaboración práctico y simbólico que realizaron las y los participantes para redefinir qué significa ser estudiante en tiempos de pandemia. Se exponen las emociones que tuvieron, las estrategias empleadas para responder a las clases en línea y las experiencias con el servicio de psicología brindado a adolescentes de secundaria. Concluimos que durante la pandemia por covid-19 las clases en línea implicaron para las y los estudiantes retos nuevos en el reacomodo de sus vidas cotidianas.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo aborda os ajustamentos que os estudantes de psicologia fizeram na sua vida quotidiana para continuar com as suas aulas online. A partir de uma abordagem psicológica cultural e de uma investigação qualitativa, analisamos os significados que os estudantes expressaram em questionários abertos respondidos em linha. Os resultados mostram o trabalho prático e simbólico de reelaboração realizado pelos participantes para redefinir o que significa ser um estudante em tempos de pandemia. São apresentadas as emoções que tinham, as estratégias utilizadas para responder às aulas em linha e as experiências com o serviço de psicologia prestado aos adolescentes do ensino secundário. Concluímos que durante a pandemia de Covid-19, as aulas em linha proporcionaram aos estudantes novos desafios na reorganização da sua vida quotidiana.

Abstract (analytical) The paper addresses the adjustments made by psychology students in their daily lives to continue with their online classes. From a cultural psychology approach and a qualitative research approach, we analyze the meanings that students expressed in open questionnaires answered online. The results show the practical and symbolic elaboration work carried out by the participants to redefine what it means to be a student in times of pandemic. The emotions they had, the strategies used to respond to the online classes, and the experiences with the psychology service provided to secondary school adolescents are presented. We conclude that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the online classes implied new challenges for the students in the rearrangement of their daily lives.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, la demanda de productos saludables se ha venido incrementando, con lo cual, muchas investigaciones se han focalizado hacia la producción de alimentos y bebidas con potencial nutracéutico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una bebida energizante, a base de panela, jugo de maracuyá, cristales de aloe vera (AV), con propiedades antioxidantes. Se evaluó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico y la capacidad antirradicalaria de las materias primas y las bebidas producidas. Se realizó un análisis sensorial, para verificar la aceptación del sabor, color, textura del AV y la aceptabilidad global de tres bebidas, seleccionadas de acuerdo con sus propiedades antioxidantes. Los resultados mostraron que la panela tenía el mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos (59,4 ± 0,2mg AGE/g), mientras que el jugo de maracuyá, la mayor actividad antirradicalaria (657 ± 5µg eq AA/mL). Las bebidas analizadas dentro del diseño experimental variaron su actividad antioxidante, con la variación de los factores. De las tres bebidas seleccionadas, la bebida 2 presentó la mayor capacidad antirradicalaria (419 ± 1µg eq AA/mL) y contenido de vitamina C (15,75 ± 0,03µg/mL) y, además, un importante contenido de compuestos fenólicos (7,6 ± 2mg AGE/mL). Asimismo, los resultados del panel sensorial mostraron que la bebida 2 tenía una alta aceptabilidad global y una mayor aceptación del sabor, por lo cual, se puede concluir que esta bebida, es la que presenta mayor potencial antioxidante y comercial.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the demand for healthy products has been increasing, so much research has focused on the production of foods and beverages with nutraceutical potential. The aim of this work was to develop an energy drink, based on panela, passion fruit juice and aloe vera (AV) crystals with antioxidant properties. The content of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and the anti-radical capacity of the raw materials and beverages produced were evaluated. A sensory analysis was performed, to verify the acceptance of taste, color, AV texture and overall acceptability of three beverages, selected according to their antioxidant properties. The results showed that panela had the highest content of phenolic compounds (59.4 ± 0.2mg AGE/g), while passion fruit juice had the highest anti-radical activity (657 ± 5µg eq AA/mL). The beverages analyzed within the experimental design varied in their antioxidant activity with varying factors. Of the three drinks selected, drink 2 had the highest anti-radical capacity (419 ± 1µg AA eq/mL) and vitamin C content (15,75 ± 0,03µg/mL) and also a significant content of phenolic compounds (7,6 ± 2mg AGE/mL). Likewise, the results of the sensory panel showed that beverage 2 had a high overall acceptability and a greater acceptance of the taste, so it can be concluded that this drink is the one with the greatest antioxidant and commercial potential.

RESUMO. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) e a demência frontotemporal (DFT) são distúrbios neurodegenerativos que causam uma sobrecarga significativa para pacientes e cuidadores. Em 2050, o número de pessoas com demência na América Latina aumentará 4 vezes. Uma compreensão profunda dos fatores genéticos relevantes da DA e da DFT é fundamental para enfrentar essa realidade por meio da prevenção. Foi realizada uma revisão de diferentes variantes genéticas que causam a DA ou a DFT na América Latina. Pesquisamos os bancos de dados Medline e PubMed usando as palavras-chave “doença de Alzheimer”, “demência frontotemporal”, “mutação”, “América” e “América Latina”, além de países latino-americanos específicos. Quarenta e cinco itens foram escolhidos e analisados. As mutações do PSEN1 são a causa mais comum da doença de Alzheimer genética de início precoce (DAIP), seguida pelas mutações do PSEN2 e da APP. A DFT genética pode ser explicada principalmente por mutações no GRN, MAPT e expansões repetidas da C9orf72 G4C2. O APOE ε4 pode modificar a prevalência e a incidência da doença de Alzheimer de início tardio (DAIT), mas também o desempenho cognitivo em portadores afetados.

ABSTRACT. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders that result in a significant burden to both patients and caregivers. By 2050, the number of people with dementia in Latin America will increase 4-fold. A deep understanding of the relevant genetic factors of AD and FTD is fundamental to tackle this reality through prevention. A review of different genetic variants that cause AD or FTD in Latin America was conducted. We searched Medline and PubMed databases using the keywords “Alzheimer’s disease,” “frontotemporal dementia,” “mutation,” “America,” and “Latin America,” besides specific Latin American countries. Forty-five items were chosen and analyzed. PSEN1 mutations are the commonest cause of genetic early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD), followed by PSEN2 and APP mutations. Genetic FTD can be mainly explained by GRN and MAPT mutations, as well as C9orf72 G4C2 repeat expansion. APOE ε4 can modify the prevalence and incidence of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), in addition to the cognitive performance in affected carriers.

Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze the experiences psychology students narrated after intervening with adolescents at secondary schools. Based on qualitative research and a focus on cultural psychology, we carried out in-depth interviews to analyze the movement of students from the classroom to their applied field, from theory to practice, and the co-construction processes of their strategies as they began to think of themselves as professionals in psychology. The results underline the aspects of relational skill in the process: the way they expressed what was important for them by identifying the needs of others, and the way they responded to those needs. We also emphasize that since all of their reflections expressed an emotional/thinking/acting self, any analysis of the appropriation and implementation of professional skills must consider the student in an integral manner, always within social contexts of practice.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las experiencias que narraron estudiantes de psicología al intervenir con adolescentes en escuelas secundarias. A partir de una investigación cualitativa y desde un enfoque de psicología cultural, llevamos a cabo entrevistas a profundidad para analizar cómo los estudiantes transitaron de las aulas al campo aplicado, de la teoría a la práctica, y los procesos de co-construcción de sus estrategias para empezar a pensarse como profesionales de la psicología. En los resultados destacamos los aspectos de pericia relacional del proceso: el modo como manifestaban lo que era importante para ellos al identificar las necesidades de los demás y las maneras en que respondían a ellas. También destacamos que todas las reflexiones que nos ofrecieron daban cuenta de un yo emotivo-pensante-actuante, de modo que el análisis de la apropiación y puesta en práctica de competencias profesionales debe considerar al estudiante de manera integral y siempre situado en contextos sociales de práctica.

ABSTRACT In the present work a basic research is carried out of the treatment of raw vinasse with an aerated packed filter. Three runs are made with different organic loads in g * m-2 (packing) * d-1 (Ba) and with an air flow of 400 L * h-1. The Rusten model was adjusted with an adjusted R-square of 98,9245 %, and the values of maximum speed of reduction of the organic load (ΔBamax) and organic load were determined when ΔBa = 1/2 ΔBamax (k.). Efficiencies of reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) between 95 and 72% for loads between 10 and 20 g * m-2 * d-1 were obtained. The pH increased from 4,1 in the feed to values close to 8 in the effluents without addition of reagent.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se realiza una investigación básica en el tratamiento de vinaza cruda con un filtro empacado aireado. Se realizan 3 corridas con diferentes cargas orgánicas en g * m-2 (empaquetadura) * d-1 (Ba) y con un flujo de aire de 400 L* h-1. Se ajustó el modelo de Rusten con R-cuadrada ajustada de 98,9245 %, y se determinaron los valores de velocidad máxima de reducción de la carga orgánica (ΔBamax) y carga orgánica cuando ΔBa =1/2 ΔBamax(k.). Se obtuvieron eficiencias de reducción de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) entre 95 y 72 % para cargas entre 10 y 20 g *m-2*d-1. El pH se incrementó de 4,1 en la alimentación a valores cercanos a 8 en los efluentes sin adición de reactivo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar evidências atuais da relação entre transtorno obsessivo compulsivo e dificuldades alimentares. Métodos: Revisão das bases Science Direct e PubMed no período entre 2007 e 2017 em inglês, português e espanhol, com os termos em associação “transtorno obsessivo compulsivo” e “picky eating/dificuldade alimentar”. Foram selecionados apenas estudos de coorte, caso controle ou transversal, realizados em qualquer país, com crianças, adolescentes e/ou adultos e de qualquer tamanho amostral. Foram excluídos os artigos de opinião. Resultados: Cerca de 245 artigos foram selecionados e apenas 4 foram incluídos no estudo, segundo critérios de seleção. Os trabalhos descrevem essencialmente que há diferença no comportamento seletivo entre os sujeitos com e sem transtorno obsessivo compulsivo, com tendência para exacerbação de sintomas como nojo, ansiedade e escore de inflexibilidade de comportamento alimentar nos pacientes com esse transtorno. Conclusões: Existem sintomas compartilhados entre transtorno obsessivo compulsivo e dificuldade alimentar. O estudo alerta aos profissionais que acompanham pacientes com dificuldades alimentares para a importância da investigação de possíveis comorbidades psiquiátricas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review current evidence on the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and feeding difficulties. Methods: Review the Science Direct and PubMed databases between 2007 and 2017 in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The search terms, used in association, were “obsessive compulsive disorder” and “picky eating/feeding difficulty”. Cohort, case control and cross sectional studies were included that analyzed children, adolescents and/or adults of any sample size from any country in the world. Opinion articles were excluded. Results: Around 245 articles were selected, and only 4 were included in this review, according to previous criteria. Results from the studies essentially described that there is indeed a difference in “picky” behaviors between subjects with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder tend to have exacerbated symptoms of disgust, anxiety and a higher eating behavior inflexibility score. Conclusions: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and feeding difficulties patients share common symptoms. The present study alerts health professionals who follow patients with feeding difficulties as to the importance of investigating possible psychiatric comorbidities.

RESUMO O comprometimento cognitivo é muito comum em pacientes com AVC e pouco diagnosticado. Déficits cognitivos envolvendo as funções de linguagem, praxia, habilidades visuoespaciais, visuoconstrutivas e memória são proeminentes. Os testes de avaliação cognitiva disponíveis não abordam algumas características específicas dos pacientes com AVC e apresentam limitação importante em relação aos domínios cognitivos mais comprometidos. Objetivo: Testar a aplicabilidade de uma versão brasileira do Oxford Cognitive Screen em uma amostra de conveniência com indivíduos sem prejuízo cognitivo. Métodos: Trinta participantes neurologicamente saudáveis foram submetidos ao OCS-Br neste estudo piloto. Resultados: O escore médio em cada tarefa foi: nomeação: 3,4 (DP=0,72) (valor máximo de 4); semântica: 3 (DP=0) (máximo de 3); orientação: 4 (DP=0) (máximo de 4); campo visual: 4 (DP=0) (máximo de 4); leitura de sentenças: 14,53 (DP: 1) (máximo de 15); número escrito: 2,86 (0,6) (máximo de 3); cálculo: 3,8 (DP=0,48) (máximo de 4); precisão no teste de corações partidos: 47,3 (3,3) (máximo de 50). Os escores foram semelhantes aos da amostra original. Conclusão: Observamos valores similares em cada tarefa separada do OCS em comparação ao teste original, o que torna a versão em português brasileiro comparável a outros estudos, e todos os itens foram bem compreendidos com potencial de usabilidade em nosso país.

ABSTRACT Cognitive impairment is very common in stroke patients and underdiagnosed. Symptoms such as language, praxis, visuospatial, visuoconstructive and memory impairment are prominent. The screening cognitive tests available do not address some specific characteristics of stroke patients and have major limitations in relation to the most impaired cognitive domains. Objective: To test the applicability of a Brazilian version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen in a convenience sample of individuals with normal cognition. Methods: Thirty neurologically healthy participants underwent the OCS-Br in this pilot study. Results: The mean score on each task was: naming: 3.4 (SD=0.72) (maximum value of 4); semantics: 3 (SD=0) (maximum 3); orientation: 4 (SD=0) (maximum 4); visual field: 4 (SD=0) (maximum 4); sentence reading: 14.53 (SD: 1) (maximum 15); number writing: 2.86 (0.6) (maximum 3); calculation: 3.8 (SD=0.48) (maximum 4); and accuracy on the broken hearts test: 47.3 (3.3) (maximum 50). The scores obtained were similar to those of the English original sample. Conclusion: We observed similar values on each separate OCS task in comparison to the original test, confirming that the Brazilian Portuguese version is comparable to other studies.

Abstract: From a sociocultural approach we analyze the reasons that students of a private university offered us to explain the senses that they built around their school routes: their school dropouts, returns and permanence in the same. We interviewed eight psychology students from a private university who talked about themselves by positioning their identities in different ways, in situations of stress between contexts of practice or making choices of life. We conclude that the students have articulated a sense of schooling and in consequence they have managed to persist in school until they finish their studies.

Resumen: Este artículo atiende al planteamiento de la UNESCO de considerar como bien común a la Educación Superior, en un momento en que las Instituciones de Educación Superior están inmersas en procesos caracterizados por una progresiva mercantilización del conocimiento que condiciona el acceso a la financiación por posicionamiento en rankings internacionales, poniendo en riesgo el objeto de contribuir a un desarrollo sostenible en sus contextos. Mediante un particular análisis de aspectos relacionados con la Responsabilidad Social y la relación con los grupos de interés, se realiza una contribución a la reflexión teórica y a los desafíos para conceptualizar la Educación Superior como un bien común.

RESUMEN Introducción: El conflicto armado colombiano, además de secuelas sociales y económicas en la población civil, ha implicado otras consecuencias. Los excombatientes, como la otra cara del conflicto, han sido objeto de interrogación sobre su estructura de personalidad y predisposición a conductas violentas. Se ha encontrado en parte de la población asociada al conflicto armado rasgos característicos del trastorno de personalidad antisocial (TPA) que se relacionarían con los comportamientos en contra de las convenciones sociales. Métodos: Mediante registros electrocardiográficos cuantitativos (qEEG), se evaluaron las diferencias en los patrones de actividad cortical entre un grupo de excombatientes, algunos de ellos con diagnóstico de TPA, y un grupo de control ajeno al conflicto armado y sin alteraciones psiquiátricas. Se empleó la Lista de Chequeo de Psicopatía Revisada (PCL-R) para determinar la presencia de criterios diagnósticos de TPA, así como la entrevista diagnóstica para estudios genéticos (DIGS) para clasificar la presencia de otros trastornos mentales incluidos en el CIE-10. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de psicopatía evaluados mediante la PCL-R. Con respecto al análisis de la potencia espectral, se observaron diferencias entre grupos en las ondas alfa-2 y beta, en regiones frontal y temporal izquierda y temporocentral izquierda respectivamente. Conclusiones: La técnica de qEEG permite evidenciarlas diferencias entre grupos en el potencial espectral en reposo, las cuales se relacionan con comportamientos desadaptativos característicos del TPA.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although the social and economic consequences of Colombian internal conflicts mainly affected the civilian population, they also had other implications. The ex-combatants, the other side of the conflict, have been the subject of many studies that question their personality structures and antisocial features. Results suggest that ex-combatants usually have characteristics of an antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) that is related with their behavior. Methods: Quantitative EEG (qEEG) was used to evaluate differences in cortical activity patterns between an ex-combatants group and a control group. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was used to assess the presence of ASPD in the ex-combatants group, as well as the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) for other mental disorders classified in the DCI-10. Results: There are significant differences in psychopathy levels between groups, as well as in alpha-2 and beta waves, especially in left temporal and frontal areas for alpha-2 waves and left temporal-central regions for beta waves. Conclusions: qEEG measurements allow spectral resting potential to be differentiated between groups that are related with features typically involved in antisocial personality disorder, and to correlate them with patterns in the questionnaires and clinical interview.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the main research trends about school violence in Mexico from 1992 to the first years of the current decade. An analytical path through different resources is made for identifying conflict or tension points and conceptual dilemmas to be solved, such as: state of the art research of the last two decades, national surveys on the matter, legislation and regulations developed by governmental instances/authorities and proposed intervention programs to eradicate school violence. Throughout this process it was found that research on school violence is a growing and productive field in the country. However, further steps towards conceptual boundaries are needed in order to obtain well-founded approaches. The larger dilemmas are related to the division between research and intervention that resulted in temporary work programs implemented in schools, and the lack of bridges between the research in school violence and public policy. Research gaps are identified, as well as the necessity of establishing theoretical limits to not generalize school violence but understand it within the social contexts of the voices and experiences of different involved actors.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las principales tendencias de investigación sobre la violencia escolar en México de 1992 a los primeros años de la presente década. Realizamos un recorrido analítico sobre distintos estudios para identificar puntos de tensión y dilemas teóricos a resolver: estados del conocimiento, encuestas nacionales sobre la temática, legislaciones y normativas elaboradas desde instancias de gobierno, así como propuestas de programas de intervención para abatir la violencia escolar. A lo largo de este recorrido encontramos que la investigación sobre la violencia escolar ha sido un campo en crecimiento y muy fructífero en nuestro país. Sin embargo, es necesario avanzar en las delimitaciones conceptuales que permitan abordajes fundamentados. De mayor envergadura es el dilema de la separación entre la investigación y la intervención que ha arrojado programas de trabajo no permanentes en las escuelas, así como la falta de puentes entre la investigación sobre la violencia escolar y las políticas públicas. Apuntamos vacíos de investigación, así como la necesidad de construir delimitaciones teóricas para evitar generalizaciones sobre la violencia escolar y entenderla en sus propios contextos sociales.

La estructura del dosel tiene un marcado efecto sobre la interceptación de la radiación y la fotosíntesis de la planta, además de otros procesos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Estación Central Naranjal de CENICAFÉ (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café - Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia) sobre 25 genotipos de Coffea arabica L., divididos en dos grupos. El primer grupo, con plantas de porte alto (3.6 años) y el segundo con plantas de porte bajo (2.6 años), ambos sembrados a una densidad de 5000 plantas.ha-1. La distribución de los ángulos de las hojas y las ramas en el dosel se caracterizaron en los diferentes genotipos evaluados, así mismo los coeficientes de extinción teóricos de la radiación solar directa y difusa fueron estimados. En los genotipos de porte alto predominaron las distribuciones foliares plagiófila y esférica, mientras que en los de porte bajo fue la planófila. El parámetro x representa a la distribución elipsoidal de los ángulos foliares, este valor varió entre 0.09 y 2.21 para los genotipos de porte alto (verticales y esféricos) y entre 1.90 y 3.98 para los de porte bajo (horizontales). Los coeficientes de extinción teóricos para la radiación directa derivados del parámetro x variaron entre 0.63 a 0.83 para el grupo de porte alto, mientras que en el porte bajo mostraron valores entre 0.84 a 0.93. Para la radiación difusa, los coeficientes presentaron la misma tendencia, pero con valores menores. En cuanto al ángulo de inclinación de las ramas, se caracterizó por ser predominantemente planófilo.

The canopy structure has a marked effect on the interception of the solar radiation and the plant photosynthesis, in addition to other processes that in their group, are the result of the plant-environment interaction. The present research was carried out at the Central Station Naranjal of CENICAFÉ (National Coffee Research Center - Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia) in 25 genotypes of Coffea arabica L. which were divided in two groups. The first one with tall aspect plants (3.6 years old) and the second one, with short plant aspect (2.6 years old) both planted in a density of 5000 plants.ha-1. The leaf and branches angles distribution in the canopy were characterized in the different assessed genotypes, also the theoretical extinction coefficients for direct and diffuse solar radiation were estimated. In genotypes of high aspect, the plagiophile and spherical leaf distribution predominated, as in the ones of short aspect the planophile did. The parameter x, represents the ellipsoidal distribution of the leaf angles, which varied between 0.09 and 2.21 for genotypes of high aspect (vertical and spherical) and between 1.90 and 3.98 for the ones of short aspect (horizontal). The theoretical coefficients of extinction for the direct radiation derived of the parameter x varied between 0.63 to 0.83 for the group of high aspect, and the short one, showed values between 0.84 to 0.93, for the diffuse radiation the coefficients showed the same trend but with minor values. As regards the inclination angles of the branches was characterized for being planophile predominant.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the meanings and identity transitions that psychology students project while participating in the subject of Applied Psychology. The study was conducted with 16 students at the Iztacala Faculty of Higher Studies, of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, using qualitative observation and in-depth interviews. We analyzed the aspects of the shared learning processes that took place in the classroom and the ways in which the participants performed crossovers of analytical and social contexts, between theory and practice, between their condition as students and as sons and daughters, and between their present identities and the projection of themselves as professionals. The study concluded that the classroom constitutes a learning space that tends to promote processes of identity formation.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los sentidos y transiciones identitarios que los estudiantes de psicología desplegaron durante su participación en la asignatura de Psicología Aplicada. Participaron 16 estudiantes de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se analizaron aspectos del aprendizaje compartido que tuvo lugar en el aula y cómo los participantes realizaron cruces de contextos analíticos y sociales, entre la teoría y la práctica, entre su condición como estudiantes y como hijos de familia, y entre su presente y la proyección de sí mismos como profesionales. Se concluye que el aula es un espacio de aprendizaje en el que es posible fomentar procesos de formación identitaria.

Existen pocos estudios de caracterización de mieles colombianas reportados en la literatura. Es importante conocer los diferentes aspectos de las mieles nacionales para verificar el cumplimiento de los requerimientos colombianos existentes y de las regulaciones internacionales, pero también para incrementar su explotación a partir de su calidad y características distintivas. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos son factores básicos que influencian la calidad final de la miel. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de mieles comerciales de eucalipto producidas con Apis mellifera en la región de Villanueva (Colombia). Se determinaron algunos parámetros fisicoquímico, tales como: actividad acuosa (0,54), pH (5,02), acidez libre (14,58 meq kg-1), humedad (16,45%), color (91,65 mm PFund), conductividad eléctrica (81,3 mS cm-1), minerales (cenizas, 0,81 %), azúcares reductores (69,95 %), sacarosa (1,48 %), hidroximetilfurfural (HMF, 67,29 mg kg-1), actividad diastásica (3,21 °Gothe), contenido fenólico (76,57 mg Quercetin/100 g), flavonoides (5,96 mg Gallic acid/100 g) y prolina (180,68 mg kg-1), en 24 muestras de miel siguiendo los procedimientos estandarizados. Las muestras analizadas cumplieron las regulaciones nacionales e internacionales para acidez libre, humedad y HMF. No se evidenció tratamientos de adulteración a partir del contenido de prolina, sin embargo, la baja actividad diastásica sugiere que la miel fue sometida a algún tipo calentamiento, podría ser durante su almacenamiento debido a las altas temperaturas típicas de la región de producción. Se detectaron estimaciones convencionales en los contenidos de fenólicos y flavonoides. En conclusión, las mieles evaluadas cumplen con algunos criterios de calidad requeridos para su comercialización, por lo cual es conveniente tener un mayor control del proceso de producción de mieles en el suroeste de Casanare.

There are few characterization studies of Colombian honeys in the literature. It is important to know different aspects of national honeys in order to verify the compliance with the existing Colombian requirements and International regulations, but also to increase its exploitation considering its quality and distinctive features. Physicochemical parameters are basic factors that determine the final quality of honey. The objective of this research was to assess commercial eucalyptus honeys developed with Apis mellifera in the region of Villanueva (Colombia). Water activity (0.54), pH (5.02),free acidity (14.58 meq kg-1), moisture (16.45%), color (91.65 mm PFund), electrical conductivity (81.3 mS cm-1), minerals (ash, 0.81%), reducing sugars (69.95 %), sucrose (1.48 %), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF, 67.29 mg kg-1), diastase activity (3.21 °Gothe), phenolic content (76.57 mg Quercetin/100 g), flavonoids (5.96 mg Gallic acid/100 g) and proline (180.68 mg kg-1) were determined in 24 honey samples following standard and usual procedures. The samples analyzed meet both national and international regulations for free acidity, moisture and HMF. No adulteration treatments were evidenced from proline content. However, the low diastase activity suggests that the honey went through some kind of overheating, probably during its storage under the high temperatures typical in the area of production. Usual estimations of phenolic and flavonoids content were detected. In conclusion, the tested samples fulfill some of the requirements for their commercialization. Hence, it would be convenient to develop a better control of the honey production process in the Southwest Casanare.

Existem poucos estudos de caracterização de meles colombianas reportados na literatura. É importante conhecer os diferentes aspectos dos meles nacionais para verificar o cumprimento dos requerimentos colombianos existentes e das regulamentações internacionais, mas também para incrementar a sua exploração a partir da sua qualidade e características distintivas. Os parâmetros físico-químicos são fatores básicos que influenciam a qualidade final do mel. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade de meles comerciais de eucalipto produzidas com Apis mellifera na região de Villanueva (Colômbia). Determinaram-se alguns parâmetros físico-químicos, tais como: atividade aquosa (0,54), pH (5,02), acidez livre (14,58 meq kg-1), umidade (16,45%), cor (91,65 mm PFund), condutividade elétrica (81,3 mS cm-1), minerais (cinzas, 0,81 %), açúcares redutores (69,95 %), sacarose (1,48 %), hidroximetilfurfural (HMF, 67,29 mg kg-1), atividade diastásica (3,21 °Gothe), conteúdo fenólico (76,57 mg Quercetin/100 g), flavonoides (5,96 mg Gallic acid/100 g) e prolina (180,68 mg kg-1), em 24 amostras de mel seguindo os procedimentos padronizados. As amostras analisadas cumpriram as regulamentações nacionais e internacionais para acidez livre, umidade e HMF. Não se evidenciou tratamentos de adulteração a partir do conteúdo de prolina, embora, a baixa atividade diastásica sugere que o mel foi submetido a algum tipo esquentamento, poderia ser durante o seu armazenamento devido às altas temperaturas típicas da região de produção. Detectaram-se estimações convencionais nos conteúdos de fenólicos e flavonoides. Em conclusão, os meles avaliados cumprem com alguns critérios de qualidade requeridos para a sua comercialização, pelo qual é conveniente ter um maior controle do processo de produção de meles no sudoeste do Casanare.

Introducción: La exposición al conflicto armado produce adaptaciones biológicas y psicológicas orientadas a hacer frente al entorno de guerra. Las condiciones particulares del conflicto colombiano hacen un escenario especial en la exploración del comportamiento humano posterior a la exposición al combate. Objetivo: Describir las características psiquiátricas, cognitivas y del procesamiento emocional de un grupo de excombatientes del conflicto armado colombiano. Métodos: Se evaluó a 63 excombatientes y 22 controles en diferentes dominios a través del WAIS (coeficiente intelectual), el INECO Frontal Screening (función ejecutiva), el Interpersonal Reactivity Index (empatía), el reconocimiento de características emocionales y la MINI (perfil psiquiátrico). Resultados: En comparación con los controles, los excombatientes mostraban con mayor frecuencia trastorno de personalidad antisocial (p = 0,031) y trastorno disocial de la conducta (p = 0,017). En el dominio cognitivo, se evidenció peor desempeño en la función ejecutiva de los excombatientes (Me = 18,50; RQ = 4,00) que entre los controles (Me = 23,00; RQ = 5,25), acompanado de un pobre distrés personal en el componente empático (Me = 10,00; RQ = 5,00) respecto al grupo control (Me = 37,00; RQ = 7,25). Conclusiones: Las diferencias en función ejecutiva, distrés personal y perfil psiquiátrico de los excombatientes podrían estar asociadas a los comportamientos adaptativos de los individuos en el entorno de guerra.

Introduction: Exposure to armed conflict produces biological adaptations oriented to handle the highly stressful conditions in war environments. The special features of The Colombian armed create a special scenario to evaluate the human behavior. Objective: In this study, psychiatric, cognitive and emotional processing characteristics of a group of Colombian armed illegal forces of excombatants are described. Methods: Sixty-three ex combatants and 22 controls were assessed with WAIS (IQ), INECO frontal screening (executive functions), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (empathy), emotional features recognition and MINI (psychiatric profile). Results: When compared to the control group, ex-combatants showed higher frequency of antisocial personality disorder (P=.031) and behavioral dissocial disorder (P=.017). In cognitive profile, the ex-combatants showed a lower score in the executive function test (Me = 18.50; RQ=4.00), control (Me = 23.00; RQ=5.25), with a poor personal distress in emphatic profile (Me = 10.00; RQ= 5.00) compared to control group (Me = 37.00; RQ= 7.25). Conclusions: We found differences in cognitive and psychiatric profile in ex-combatants in comparison with controls.