Abstract Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is an efficient parasitoid of Spodoptera eggs. However, biological control programs require taxonomic, bioecological and behavioral studies of biological agents. Although the performance of T. remus in pest control has been evaluated, little is known about its behavioral aspects that can influence IPM tactics. The aim of this study was therefore to study the parameters related to the oviposition behavior of T. remus on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory, where 17 females were transferred individually to arenas containing a mass of S. frugiperda eggs. Oviposition behavior was recorded for 30 minutes. The average walking speed of the females was 0.116 mm.s-1 and the total distance covered was 203.3 mm. The females remained on the egg masses for an average of 16.7 min, which corresponds to more than half of the total time. The average number of parasitized eggs was 15.1 per female in 30 minutes. Females with larger antennae had lower values for average speed and total distance covered. The results of the parameters evaluated show the standard oviposition behavior of T. remus females on S. frugiperda eggs and help us to better understand the species. Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae However taxonomic agents T tactics Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae laboratory 1 S 3 minutes 0116 0 116 0.11 mm.s1 mms1 mms mm.s mm s mm.s- 2033 203 203. 167 16 7 16. min time 151 15 15. species 011 11 0.1 s1 20 01 0. 2

RESUMO: Avaliamos em condições de campo a toxicidade de inseticidas previamente identificados como nocivos em bioensaios de laboratório e semicampo sobre o parasitóide Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante as safras 2019/20 e 2020/21 em lavouras de arroz. Seguindo as recomendações da International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC), quatro inseticidas foram aplicados em parcelas experimentais de 64 m2. Posteriormente, realizou-se uma liberação inundativa de T. pretiosum. Para verificar as taxas de parasitismo, aos 1, 2, 4 e 6 dias após a liberação (DAR) dos parasitoides, ovos do hospedeiro Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) foram ofertados. Após a determinação do número de ovos parasitados, os dados foram agrupados em um coeficiente de redução (Ex) para fornecer um resultado único para os efeitos dos inseticidas sobre o parasitoide. Tanto para as safras 2019/20 quanto 2020/21, verificou-se que em 2 DAR, ocorreram as maiores taxas de parasitismo. Em contraste, aos 6 DAR, não foram observadas taxas de parasitismo. Lambda-cialotrina, tiametoxam e zeta-cipermetrina foram classificados como moderadamente nocivos; tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina foi classificado como prejudicial. Seguindo as diretrizes da IOBC, a toxicidade desses produtos em condições de campo é inferior à obtida em laboratório ou semi-campo para o T. pretiosum. Entretanto, esses inseticidas devem ser evitados, ou utilizados em momentos que não coincidam com a liberação ou presença do parasitoide a campo.

ABSTRACT: We evaluated under field conditions the toxicity of insecticides previously identified as harmful in laboratory and semifield bioassays on the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were conducted during the 2019/20 and 2020/21 harvests in rice fields. Following the recommendations of the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC), four insecticides were applied in 64 m2 experimental plots. Subsequently, T. pretiosum was released inundatively. To verify parasitism rates, at 1, 2, 4 and 6 days after release (DAR) of the parasitoids, eggs from the host Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were offered. After determining the number of parasitized eggs, the data were grouped into a reduction coefficient (Ex) to provide a single result for the effects of the insecticides on parasitoid. For both the 2019/20 and 2020/21 evaluated crops, it was found that at 2 DAR, the highest parasitism rates occurred. In contrast, in 6 DAR, no parasitism rates were observed. Lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, and zeta-cypermethrin were classified as moderately harmful; thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin was classified as harmful. Following IOBC guidelines, the toxicity of these products under field conditions is lower than that obtained in the laboratory or semi-field for the T. pretiosum. However, these insecticides should be avoided, or used at times that do not coincide with the release or presence of the parasitoid in the field.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a ação residual dos inseticidas acetamipride + etofenproxi, espinetoram, indoxacarbe e metoxifenozida sobre o predador Chrysoperla externa Hagen, 1861 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Os bioensaios seguiram as metodologias propostas pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Os inseticidas foram pulverizados em plantas de videira cv. Borgonha, usando a dosagem máxima de campo recomendada para frutíferas. Larvas e adultos do predador foram expostos às folhas contendo os resíduos do inseticida, aos 3, 10, 17, 24 e 31 dias após a pulverização, para determinar o efeito residual sobre os seguintes parâmetros biológicos: mortalidade, fecundidade e fertilidade. Com base na toxicidade observada durante os bioensaios, os inseticidas foram classificados de acordo com a classificação de persistência da IOBC. Espinetoram foi classificado como moderadamente persistente para larvas e levemente persistente para adultos, indoxacarbe também foi considerado moderadamente persistente para larvas e, como de vida curta para a fase adulta do crisopídeo, mostrando assim a diferença de suscetibilidade entre os estágios de desenvolvimento de C. externa. Os inseticidas acetamiprido + etofenproxi e metoxifenozida são os mais indicados para aplicação ecologicamente segura, em áreas onde o predador ocorre naturalmente, pois são classificados como inseticidas de vida curta (classe 1) para os estágios larval e adulto de C. externa. espinetoram Hagen 186 Neuroptera (Neuroptera Chrysopidae. Chrysopidae . Chrysopidae) IOBC (IOBC) cv Borgonha frutíferas inseticida 3 10 17 2 pulverização biológicos mortalidade fertilidade crisopídeo C segura naturalmente classe 1 18 (IOBC

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the residual action of the insecticides acetamiprid + etofenprox, spinetoram, indoxacarb and methoxyfenozide on the predator Chrysoperla externa Hagen, 1861 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The bioassays followed the methodologies proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). The insecticides were sprayed on grapevine plants cv. Burgundy, using the maximum recommended field dosage for fruit trees. Larvae and adults of the predator were exposed to leaves containing the insecticide residues, at 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after spraying, to determine the residual effect on the following biological parameters: mortality, fecundity and fertility. Based on the toxicity observed during the bioassays, the insecticides were classified according to the IOBC persistence scale. Spinetoram was classified as moderately persistent to larvae and slightly persistent to adults, indoxacarb also he was consideredpersistent for larvae and as a short-lived for the adult stage of the lacewing, thus showing the difference in susceptibility between the stages of development of C. externa. The insecticides acetamiprid + etofenprox and methoxyfenozide are the most suitable for ecologically safe application, in areas where the predator occurs because they are classified as short-lived insecticides for the larval and adult stages of C. externa. spinetoram Hagen 186 Neuroptera (Neuroptera Chrysopidae. Chrysopidae . Chrysopidae) IOBC. (IOBC) cv Burgundy trees residues 3 10 17 2 spraying parameters mortality fertility scale shortlived short lived lacewing C application 18 (IOBC 1

Resumen El crecimiento de la humanidad ha traído consigo varios problemas ambientales que han empeorado con el tiempo, incluida la pérdida de biodiversidad de insectos. Varios autores han mencionado especies del orden Odonata como bioindicadores relevantes para evaluar y controlar las condiciones ambientales de lugares específicos. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue realizar un inventario de la diversidad de Odonata en el Bioma Pampa, en la región sur del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. El censo de especies se realizó entre noviembre 2014 y octubre 2015. Se recolectaron insectos adultos en las ciudades de Capão do Leão, Pelotas y Rio Grande. Cada área fue visitada nueve veces, totalizando 54 muestreos. Se usaron redes entomológicas para capturar insectos adultos, que luego se mantuvieron en sobres entomológicos. La identificación de los ejemplares se realizó con claves taxonómicas de Lencioni y Heckman. Además, Chao-1, los índices de Shannon-Wiener y Jackknife se asociaron con las áreas de muestreo. Durante el censo de especies se recolectó un total de 2 680 especímenes de Odonata, que representan 45 especies comprendidas en 22 géneros y seis familias. Las familias Libellulidae y Coenagrionidae se registraron en 60 y 30 % de los especímenes muestreados, seguidos de los Aeshnidae, Calopterygidae, Gomphidae y Lestidae, de presencia reducida. Los géneros Erythrodiplax, Micrathyria e Ischnura se encontraron al menos una vez en todos los sitios visitados. El estudio resultó en el registro por primera vez de las siguientes especies: Progomphus complicatus Selys, Lestes minutus Selys, Homeoura ambigua Ris y Tauriphila xiphea Ris. Estas especies no se informaron previamente en ningún estudio de Odonata en el estado brasileño de Rio Grande do Sul. Con respecto a la diversidad de Odonata en la región sur de Rio Grande do Sul, Libellulidae y Coenagrionidae son las familias más abundantes. Erythrodiplax y Micrathyria son los géneros más comunes. Miathyria marcella representó el 9.6 % de todos los libellulidae recolectados y fue la especie más abundante. La ciudad de Capão do Leão tiene la mayor diversidad de especies (riqueza), la mayor cantidad de especímenes recolectados y la mayor diversidad que Pelotas y Río Grande. Sin embargo, los resultados mostraron que la Odonatofauna en el estado aún es poco conocida, y se necesitan nuevos estudios para describir mejor este grupo en otras regiones.

Abstract The growth of humankind has brought with it several environmental problems that have worsened over time, including the loss of insect biodiversity. The Odonata order have been indicated by several authors as relevant bioindicators for assessing and monitoring environmental conditions of specific locations. The main objective of this study was to conduct an inventory of the Odonata diversity in the Pampa Biome, of the Southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The species survey was conducted between November 2014 and October 2015. Adult insects were collected in Capão do Leão, Pelotas and Rio Grande cities. Each location was visited nine times, totalizing 54 samplings. Entomological nets were used for capturing adult insects, which were then kept in entomological envelopes. The identification of the specimens was carried out with taxonomic keys of Lencioni and Heckman. In addition, Chao-1, the Shannon-Wiener and Jackknife indexes were associated with the sampling areas. During the species survey a total of 2 680 Odonata specimens were collected, representing 45 species encompassed in 22 genera and six families. The Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae families were registered in 60 and 30 % of the specimens sampled, followed of the Aeshnidae, Calopterygidae, Gomphidae and Lestidae, of reduced occurrence. The genera Erythrodiplax, Micrathyria and Ischnura were found at least once in all the visited sites. The study resulted in the registration for the first time of the following species: Progomphus complicatus Selys, Lestes minutus Selys, Homeoura ambigua Ris, and Tauriphila xiphea Ris. These species were not previously reported in any Odonata study of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. In regard to Odonata diversity in the Southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae are the families more abundants. Erythrodiplax and Micrathyria are the most common genera. Miathyria marcella represented 9.6 % of all collected libellulidae and was the most abundant specie. Capão do Leão has the largest species diversity (wealth), the largest number of collected specimens and more diversity than Pelotas and Rio Grande. However, the results showed that the Odonatofauna in the State are still little known, and new studies are needed to better describe this group in other regions.

RESUMO Espécies de Telenomus e Trichogramma destacam-se como agentes de controle biológico em áreas orizícolas, e a principal estratégia para sua preservação é a utilização de agrotóxicos seletivos. Objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade de agrotóxicos utilizados em áreas de arroz irrigado sobre Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) e Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Adultos desses parasitoides foram expostos a resíduos secos de agrotóxicos, em experimento inteiramente casualizado, com 25 tratamentos (24 agrotóxicos + testemunha) e quatro repetições. Os inseticidas clorantraniliprole, flubendiamida e diflubenzurom e os inseticidas biológicos à base de Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae foram inócuos para T. podisi e T. pretiosum. Os herbicidas inócuos foram: 2,4-D amina, profoxidim, quincloraque, etoxissulfurom e saflufenacil. O fungicida epoxiconazol + cresoxim-metílico também foi inócuo para esses dois agentes de controle biológico. Portanto, esses agrotóxicos são indicados para o manejo integrado de pragas, em áreas de arroz irrigado.

ABSTRACT Telenomus and Trichogramma species stand out as agents for the biological control in rice crops, and the main strategy for preserving them is the use of selective pesticides. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of pesticides used in irrigated rice crop on Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Adults of these parasitoids were exposed to dry residues of pesticides, in a completely randomized experiment, with 25 treatments (24 pesticides + control) and four replications. The insecticides clorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and diflubenzuron and the biological insecticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were harmless to T. podisi and T. pretiosum. The harmless herbicides were: 2.4-D amine, profoxydim, quinclorac, ethoxysulfuron and saflufenacil. The fungicide epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl was also harmless to these two biological control agents. Therefore, these pesticides are indicated for the integrated pest management, in flooded rice areas.