Abstract Sapajus libidinosus members of the Pedra Furada group, living in the Serra da Capivara National Park, use stone tools in a wider variety of behaviors than any other living animal, except humans. To rescue the evolutionary history of the Caatinga S. libidinosus and identify factors that may have contributed to the emergence and maintenance of their tool-use culture, we conducted fieldwork seasons to obtain biological samples of these capuchin monkeys. UsingCYTBsequences, we show a discrete but constant population growth from the beginning of the Holocene to the present, overlapping the emergence of the Caatinga biome. Our habitat suitability reconstruction reports the presence of plants whose hard fruits, seeds, or roots are processed by capuchins using tools. TheS. libidinosusindividuals in the Caatingawere capable of dynamically developing and maintaining their autochthonous culture thanks to: a) cognitive capacity to generate and execute innovation under selective pressure; b) tolerance favoring learning and cultural inheritance; c) an unknown genetic repertoire that underpins the adaptive traits; d) a high degree of terrestriality; e) presence and abundance of natural resources, which makes some places “hot spots” for innovation, and cultural diversification within a relatively short time. group Park animal humans S tooluse tool monkeys UsingCYTBsequences present biome fruits seeds TheS pressure b inheritance c traits d terrestriality e resources hot spots time

Abstract The current study focuses on the investigation of AVPR2 (VTR2C) protein-coupled receptor variants specific to different primate taxa. AVPR2 is activated by the neurohormone AVP, which modulates physiological processes, including water homeostasis. Our findings reveal positive selection at three AVPR2 sites at positions 190, 250, and 346. Variation at position 250 is associated with human Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (cNDI), a condition characterized by excessive water loss. Other 13 functional sites with potential adaptive relevance include positions 185, 202, 204, and 252 associated with cNDI. We identified SH3-binding motifs in AVPR2’s ICL3 and N-terminus domains, with some losses observed in clades of Cercopithecidae, Callitrichinae, and Atelidae. SH3-binding motifs are crucial in regulating cellular physiology, indicating that the differences may be adaptive. Co-evolution was found between AVPR2 residues and those in the AVP signal peptide/Neurophysin-2 and AQP2, other molecules in the same signaling cascade. No significant correlation was found between these Primates’ taxon-specific variants and the bioclimatic variables of the areas where they live. Distinct co-evolving amino acid sequences in functional sites were found in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, which may have adaptive implications involving glucocorticoid hormones, suggesting varied selective pressures. Further studies are required to confirm these results. AVPR VTR2C VTRC VTR C (VTR2C proteincoupled protein coupled taxa processes homeostasis 190 346 25 cNDI, cNDI , (cNDI) loss 1 185 202 204 SH3binding SHbinding SH3 binding SH AVPR2s AVPRs s ICL Nterminus N terminus domains Cercopithecidae Callitrichinae Atelidae physiology Coevolution Co evolution peptide/Neurophysin2 peptideNeurophysin2 peptideNeurophysin peptide/Neurophysin 2 peptide Neurophysin peptide/Neurophysin- AQP2 AQP cascade Primates taxonspecific taxon live coevolving co evolving Catarrhini hormones pressures results 19 34 (cNDI 18 20 Neurophysin2 3

ABSTRACT. Two muriqui species are currently described in the literature: the southern muriqui, Brachyteles arachnoides (E. Geofroy, 1806) and the northern muriqui, Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Kuhl, 1820). Nowadays, the distribution of the southern muriqui is restricted to forest patches of the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná, while the northern muriqui occurs in Espírito Santo, Bahia and Minas Gerais. Both are threatened species, but there are still many gaps in our knowledge of their occurrence, especially for southern muriquis in the state of RJ. The purpose of this work is precisely to identify the primary areas of occurrence of the muriqui in Rio de Janeiro through historical reports by naturalists, adventurers and others since the 16th century. Thus, allowing to assist in the establishment and conservation strategies of the species. ABSTRACT literature E. E (E Geofroy 1806 Kuhl, Kuhl (Kuhl 1820. 1820 . 1820) Nowadays Paraná Santo Gerais RJ naturalists th century Thus 180 182 18 1

RESUMO. Existem duas espécies de muriquis descritas atualmente na literatura: muriqui do sul, Brachyteles arachnoides (E. Geoffroy, 1806) e muriqui-do-norte, Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Kuhl, 1820). Atualmente, o muriqui-do-sul tem sua distribuição restrita a fragmentos florestais dos estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná, enquanto o muriqui do norte ocorre no Espírito Santo, Bahia e Minas Gerais. Ambas são espécies ameaçadas, mas ainda existem muitas lacunas no conhecimento de sua ocorrência, principalmente para os muriquis-do-sul do estado do RJ. O intuito desse trabalho é justamente identificar as áreas primárias da ocorrência do muriqui no Rio de Janeiro por meio de relatos históricos de naturalistas, aventureiros e outros desde o século XVI, permitindo assim, auxiliar no estabelecimento e estratégias de conservação da espécie. RESUMO literatura sul E. E (E Geoffroy 1806 muriquidonorte, muriquidonorte norte, muriqui-do-norte Kuhl, Kuhl (Kuhl 1820. 1820 . 1820) Atualmente muriquidosul Paraná Santo Gerais ameaçadas muriquisdosul RJ naturalistas XVI assim espécie 180 182 18 1

Resumo Espécimes de Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1997) foram recuperados de fragmentos do tecido intestinal de uma fêmea de Puma concolor (Linn, 1771) encontrada morta em Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, em 2017. Um total de 140 helmintos foram recuperados. Cinco machos e 5 cinco fêmeas dos helmintos foram analisados morfologicamente, bem como 50 ovos dos parasitos recuperados no conteúdo intestinal. Morfologicamente, esses helmintos eram compatíveis com o gênero Oncicola, devido ao tamanho e formato da probóscide, o tamanho e disposição do leminisco e a morfometria dos ovos, que apresentaram membrana externa da casca delicada e clara. A partir da histopatologia, pode-se verificar que os helmintos estavam profundamente inseridos na mucosa, atingindo até a camada muscular. Um espécime também foi identificado molecularmente com primers universais que amplificam a região ITS-1.5.8S.ITS-2. Após as análises moleculares, foi verificado que os helmintos apresentavam 99% de identidade com sequência gênica de O. venezuelensis que está depositada no Genbank. É importante enfatizar, que esse parasito foi muito pouco relatado na literatura, demonstrando a importância deste relato.

Abstract Specimens of Oncicola venezuelensis (Marteau, 1977) were recovered from fragments of intestinal tissue of a female Puma concolar (Linn, 1771) found dead in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro in 2017. A total of 140 helminths were recovered. Five males and 5 females of the helminths were analyzed morphologically as well as 50 parasite eggs recovered in intestinal contents. Morphologically, these helminths were compatible with the genus Oncicola, because of the size and shape of the proboscis, the size and disposition of the lemnisci and the morphometry of the eggs, in which the external membrane of the shell was delicate and clear. From histopathology, the helminths were deeply embeded in the mucosa reaching up to the muscle layer. One specimen was also identified molecularly with universal primers that amplified the eukaryote region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. The helminth showed 99% identity with the gene sequence of O. venezuelensis deposited in GenBank. It is important to emphasize, this parasite has been very little reported in the literature, which reinforces the importance of this report.

RESUMO: O macaco-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e o macaco-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) encontram-se em risco de extinção devido a destruição do seu habitat e a caça predatória. Porém, ainda necessita-se elucidar alguns detalhes de sua fisiologia reprodutiva, para obterem-se melhores índices por meio de reprodução assistida. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o ciclo ovariano de 13 fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de S. xanthosternos (n=8) e S. robustus (n=5) por meio de cortes ultrassonográficos sagitais e transversais do útero e dos ovários. Estas fêmeas foram examinadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses. A fase do ciclo ovariano/anestro foi confirmada pela colpocitologia. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstrou diferença significativa (P<0,05) relacionada ao diâmetro crânio-caudal, diâmetro dorso-ventral e diâmetro transversal entre as fêmeas subordinadas em anestro com todas as outras fases do ciclo ovariano e classes sociais. A média do volume uterino foi maior nas fêmeas dominantes que nas subordinadas em todas as fases do ciclo (P<0,05) a exceção da fase folicular. A largura endometrial, durante o período de anestro, foi menor nas fêmeas subordinadas quando comparada às dominantes (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas subordinadas, houve diferenças (P<0,05) nas mensurações endometriais entre o período de anestro e das fases folicular e lútea. Quanto aos ovários, as médias das medidas observadas nas fêmeas dominantes foram superiores as das subordinadas durante o anestro (P<0,05). As médias das medidas das variáveis ovarianas das fêmeas subordinadas apresentaram diferenças entre o anestro e as fases folicular e lútea (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas dominantes o volume do ovário direito foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo durante o anestro e na fase folicular (P<0,05). Folículos e corpos lúteos foram diferenciados pela ultrassonografia na maioria das coletas (86,11%). Durante o anestro não foram observadas estruturas ovarianas mensuráveis nos ovários em ambas as classes sociais. Concluiu-se que a metodologia empregada neste estudo permitiu o acompanhamento do ciclo ovariano das fêmeas S. xanthosternos e S. robustus e que as fases do ciclo/anestro e a classe social das fêmeas influenciaram as medidas do útero e ovários.

ABSTRACT: The yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) are endangered species due to destruction of their natural habitat and predatory chase. However, it is still necessary to elucidate some details of their reproductive physiology in order to obtain better indices in the assisted reproduction of these species. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian cycle of 13 dominant and subordinate females of S. xanthosternos (n=8) and S. robustus (n=5) using sagittal and transversally scanned ultrasound of their uterus and ovaries. Sonograms were performed every seven days for two months. The ovarian cycle phase and anestrous condition were confirmed by colpocytology. Our results showed different uterine parameters (craniocaudal diameter, dorso-ventral diameter, and transverse diameter) (P<0.05) between anestrous subordinate females and other ovarian cycle phases and social classes. The mean of uterine volume was higher in dominant females than subordinate females in all cycle phases (P<0.05), except in follicular phase. During anestrus, endometrial width was smaller in subordinate females than in dominant females (P<0.05). Subordinate females showed differences in endometrial measures (P<0.05) between anestrous period and follicular and luteal periods. Ovarian measures in dominant females were higher than in subordinate females only during anestrus (P<0.05). In the subordinate females, ovarian parameters were different (P<0.05) between anestrus and follicular and luteal phases. Dominant females showed higher volume of right ovary compared to volume of the left ovary during anestrus and follicular phase (P<0.05). Follicles and corpus luteum were distinguished by ultrasonography in most exams (86.11%). During anestrus, measurable ovarian structures were not observed in both ovaries in dominant and subordinate females. In conclusion, the methodology used in this study allowed to evaluate the ovarian cycle in S. xanthosternos e S. robustus females and that cycle phase/anestrus and social class of the female influenced the size of the uterus and ovaries.

We discuss the complex eco-social factors involved in the puzzle of the unexpected rapid viral spread in the ongoing Brazilian yellow fever (YF) outbreak, which has increased the reurbanisation risk of a disease without urban cases in Brazil since 1942. Indeed, this rapid spatial viral dissemination to the Southeast and South regions, now circulating in the Atlantic Forest fragments close to peri-urban areas of the main Brazilian megalopolises (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) has led to an exponential increase in the number of yellow fever cases. In less than 18 months, 1,833 confirmed cases and 578 deaths were recorded most of them reported in the Southeast region (99,9%). Large epizooties in monkeys and other non-human primates (NHPs) were communicated in the country with 732 YF virus (YFV) laboratory confirmed events only in the 2017/2018 monitoring period. We also discuss the peculiarities and similarities of the current outbreak when compared with previous great epidemics, examining several hypotheses to explain the recent unexpected acceleration of epizootic waves in the sylvatic cycle of the YFV together with the role of human, NHPs and mosquito mobility with respect to viral spread. We conclude that the most feasible hypothesis to explain this rapidity would be related to human behavior combined with ecological changes that promoted a significant increase in mosquito and NHP densities and their contacts with humans. We emphasize the urgent need for an adequate response to this outbreak such as extending immunisation coverage to the whole Brazilian population and developing novel strategies for immunisation of NHPs confined in selected reserve areas and zoos. Finally, we stress the urgent need to improve the quality of response in order to prevent future outbreaks and a catastrophic reurbanisation of the disease in Brazil and other South American countries. Continuous monitoring of YFV receptivity and vulnerability conditions with effective control of the urban vector Aedes aegypti and significant investments in YF vaccine production capacity and research and development for reduction of adverse effects are of the highest priority.

Resumo Primatas não humanos são extremamente susceptíveis a toxoplasmose. No presente estudo, 126 Leontopithecus chrysomelas foram capturados de uma população de vida livre, exótica e invasora, e amostras de soros foram testadas para a presença de anticorpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii pelo Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT, ponto de corte 1:25). Todos os animais testados foram negativos. O MAT é um teste altamente específico e não é espécie-específico. Esse é o primeiro estudo de pesquisa por anticorpos anti- T. gondii nessa espécie em vida livre. O resultado corrobora com o conhecimento prévio sobre a susceptibilidade dessa espécie a infecção pelo parasite T. gondii.

Abstract New World Nonhuman Primates are highly susceptible to clinical toxoplasmosis. Serum samples from 126 recently captured Leontopithecus chrysomelas, from an exotic and invasive population, were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25); all were seronegative. The MAT is highly specific and is not species-specific. This is the first report of T. gondii survey in this tamarin in the wild. This result is consistent with prior reports that showed the high susceptibility of the species to infection by T. gondii usually with high mortality rates.

Resumo Balantidium coli é um protozoário que pode determinar disenteria em humanos, suínos e primatas não humanos apresentando potencial zoonótico. Na literatura ainda são escassas as informações sobre a eficiência das diferentes técnicas laboratoriais para o diagnóstico dessa parasitose. Este estudo comparou e avaliou o desempenho das técnicas de Lutz, Ritchie modificada, Faust, Sheather modificada e do exame direto para a detecção de cistos desse protozoário. Entre 2012 e 2014, foram coletadas 1905 amostras fecais de animais cativos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Dessas, 790 foram obtidas da ampola retal de suínos e 1115 dos recintos de primatas não humanos. Cistos de B. coli foram 22,4 % mais evidenciados pelo exame direto; e pela técnica de Lutz, 21% das amostras. Concordância regular (Kappa = 0,41; p < 0,05) foi observada somente entre exame direto e Lutz. As técnicas de flutuação, Faust et al. e Sheather modificada não apresentaram boa recuperação dos cistos. Diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,05) na frequência de cistos entre suínos e primatas não humanos pode ser observada somente no exame direto e na técnica de Lutz. A metodologia mais eficiente para diagnóstico dessa parasitose foi observada pela associação do exame direto e da técnica de sedimentação espontânea.

Abstract Balantidium coli is a protozoon that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates, with zoonotic potential. In the literature, there is still little information on the effectiveness of different laboratory techniques for diagnosing this disease. This study compared and evaluated the performance of the Lutz, modified Ritchie, Faust, modified Sheather and direct examination techniques for detecting cysts of this protozoon. Between 2012 and 2014, 1905 fecal samples were collected from captive animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Of these, 790 were obtained from the rectum of pigs and 1115 from enclosures occupied by nonhuman primates. B. coli cysts were most evident through direct examination (22.4% of the samples) and the Lutz technique (21%). Fair agreement (Kappa = 0.41; p < 0.05) was observed only between direct examination and Lutz. The flotation techniques (Faust and modified Sheather) did not show good recovery of cysts. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of cysts between pigs and nonhuman primates could only be observed through direct examination and the Lutz technique. The most efficient method for diagnosing this parasitosis was seen to an association between direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation technique.

Black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus) are endangered callithrichids. Their conservation may require future translocations or reintroductions; however these approaches involve risks of pathogen introduction in the environment and stress-related opportunistic infections in these animals. In order to screen for opportunistic and potential pathogenic bacterial and fungal microbiota, ten free-ranging and ten captive Black lion tamarins were studied and the results compared. Nasal, oral and rectal swabs were collected and cultured for aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria and fungi, and a total 203 bacterial and 84 fungal isolates were obtained. Overall, the most frequent organisms were Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Microbiota of free-ranging and captive animals were similar in composition. A number of potentially pathogenic organisms were identified, emphasizing the importance of microbiological screening in future translocation or reintroduction conservation management programs.

Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909) é um protozoário parasita intracelular obrigatório de animais homeotérmicos, incluindo primatas humanos e não humanos, e que tem felídeos domésticos e silvestres como hospedeiros definitivos. Inúmeros trabalhos já identificaram lesões causadas por T. gondii em primatas neotropicais, entretanto, poucos estudos abordando a resposta sorológica destes animais ao parasito foram feitos. Com este intuito, primatas neotropicais do gênero Cebus e Callithrix apreendidos por órgãos governamentais e enviados ao Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (Cetas)/IBAMA, no município de Seropédica/RJ, tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas e as alíquotas séricas submetidas ao teste de hemaglutinação indireta para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. Dos 21 animais do gênero Cebus avaliados, em 76,19% (16/21) das amostras foram identificados anticorpos hemaglutinantes anti-T. gondii. Os títulos hemaglutinantes variaram desde 16 até 2048. Por outro lado, dos 22 primatas do gênero Callithrix cujas amostras séricas foram testadas, apenas 4,5% (1/22) apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii. Apenas o título de 32 foi identificado em um único animal. Durante a avaliação clínica e o tempo em que os animais permaneceram no CETAS, desde a chegada, em nenhum animal foram observados sinais clínicos ou sequelas condizentes com a infecção por T. gondii. O desconhecimento sobre a verdadeira procedência desses símios, bem como os aspectos sanitários relativos à alimentação deles dificulta a determinação da fonte de infecção por T. gondii.

Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909) is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite of warm animals, including human and non-human primates. Domestic and wild felids are considered definitive hosts. Several authors have already identified lesions in New World primates caused by T. gondii. Nevertheless, little is known about serological studies on those animals. With this reason, New World non-human primates of the genera Cebus and Callithrix that were apprehended by governmental authorities and sent to the Wildlife Screening Center (Cetas)/IBAMA, at the municipality of Seropédica, state of Rio Janeiro, were bled and sera were submitted to the indirect hemagglutination test for detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. From 21 sera of Cebus primates, 76.19% (16/21) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Titles varied from 16 to 2048. In samples from 21 Callithrix, only 4.5% (1/22) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Only one animal had a title of 32. During all the time those animals were clinical evaluated until sample was collected; none of them had any clinical sign or sequel related to infection by T. gondii. The fact that the origin of these primates is unknown and that there is no information about their feeding habits before captivity makes it difficult to determine the source of T. gondii infection.

No estado do Rio de Janeiro, em área de Mata Atlântica, Callithrix aurita (É. Geoffroy in Humboldt, 1812) é a espécie nativa considerada vulnerável à extinção e C. jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) e C. penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) são espécies invasoras. As principais ameaças à espécie nativa são a degradação do habitat e a hibridação, embora não haja, até o momento, dados genéticos que confirmem a hibridação natural. Estudos anteriores revelaram que as espécies do gênero Callithrix são extremamente homogêneas em seus cariótipos, diferindo quanto à morfologia do cromossomo Y e padrão de marcação da região organizadora de nucléolo (NOR). No presente estudo, três saguis machos capturados na natureza no município de Guapimirim, distrito de Teresópolis, RJ, considerados como possíveis híbridos entre C. aurita e C. jacchus ou C. penicillata, com base no padrão de pelagem, foram estudados citogeneticamente. Os cromossomos metafásicos foram obtidos pela técnica de cultura de linfócitos e a coloração Ag-NOR foi realizada. Os cariótipos dos híbridos, 2n=46, continham 14 autossomos com um braço e 30 com dois braços, um cromossomo X de tamanho médio submetacêntrico e marcação NOR nos autossomos, sendo compatíveis com aquele observado para o gênero. Nos três casos, o cromossomo Y foi similar ao observado em C. aurita, sem marcação NOR. Os dados obtidos sugerem a participação de C. aurita em hibridação natural com as espécies invasoras e suas prováveis consequências são discutidas.

In the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro, Callithrix aurita (É. Geoffroy in Humboldt, 1812) is a native species vulnerable to extinction and C. jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) are invasive species. The major threats to the native species are habitat degradation and hybridization, although there are currently no genetic data about natural hybrids available. Previous studies have revealed that species of the Callithrix genus are extremely homogeneous in their karyotypes with the exceptions of the morphology and size of the Y chromosome and its nucleolar organizer region (NOR) banding pattern. Three male marmosets captured in the wild in Guapimirim municipality, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, considered as possible hybrids between C. aurita and C. jacchus or C. penicillata on the basis of pelage pattern, were cytogenetically studied. Metaphase chromosomes were obtained by using short-term lymphocyte cultures and Ag-NOR staining was performed. The hybrids karyotypes were 2n=46, 14 uni- and 30 bi-armed autosomes, a median size submetacentric X and NOR bearing autosomes, being compatible with that observed for the genus. In the three individuals studied, Y chromosomes were similar to those found for C. aurita, without NORs. The data obtained suggest the involvement of C. aurita in natural hybridization with one of the invasive species. We discuss the possible consequences of this hybridization.

As inter-relações entre o homem e o meio ambiente estão entre os principais temas debatidos no contexto atual da saúde pública brasileira. Neste horizonte se inscrevem as questões atinentes à moléstia de Chagas especialmente no âmbito das ações de controle dirigidas aos triatomíneos, a luta antivetorial , a qual permanece, mesmo após quase um século de sua descrição por Carlos Chagas, como uma condição de grande impacto epidemiológico na América Latina. Com base nestas considerações, o presente artigo buscará discutir os principais aspectos ecológicos relacionados à tripanossomíase americana em um esforço de delimitação da questão, muito mais do que proposição de respostas , enfatizando-se o controle da transmissão vetorial, repensada em termos da ecologia profunda.

The inter-relations between man and the environment are among the main themes currently debated by the Brazilian public health. On such horizon, the questions concerning Chagas's disease are found to remain specially in the scope of the directed actions of control to the triatomine, the anti-vectorial fight , though already a century since its first description by Carlos Chagas, a major epidemiological problem in Latin America. Based on these considerations the present article will seek to discuss the main ecological aspects related to the American trypanosomiasis, emphasizing the control of the vectorial transmission in the context of the deep ecology.

As inter-relações entre o homem e o meio ambiente estão entre os principais temas debatidos no contexto atual da saúde pública brasileira. Neste horizonte se inscrevem as questões atinentes à moléstia de Chagas especialmente no âmbito das ações de controle dirigidas aos triatomíneos, a luta antivetorial , a qual permanece, mesmo após quase um século de sua descrição por Carlos Chagas, como uma condição de grande impacto epidemiológico na América Latina. Com base nestas considerações, o presente artigo buscará discutir os principais aspectos ecológicos relacionados à tripanossomíase americana em um esforço de delimitação da questão, muito mais do que proposição de respostas , enfatizando-se o controle da transmissão vetorial, repensada em termos da ecologia profunda.

The inter-relations between man and the environment are among the main themes currently debated by the Brazilian public health. On such horizon, the questions concerning Chagas's disease are found to remain specially in the scope of the directed actions of control to the triatomine, the anti-vectorial fight , though already a century since its first description by Carlos Chagas, a major epidemiological problem in Latin America. Based on these considerations the present article will seek to discuss the main ecological aspects related to the American trypanosomiasis, emphasizing the control of the vectorial transmission in the context of the deep ecology.

Os componentes da matriz extra-celular (MEC), como os colágenos fibrilares, desempenham um papel fundamental no reparo de feridas, tendo sido estudados em gastroenterologia, em associação com a cicatrização da úlcera gástrica. No entanto, não há estudos até o presente momento, que relatem a descrição e caracterização de componentes da MEC no tecido gástrico, quer seja normal ou com lesão, de espécies de primatas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a expressão dos colágenos tipo I, III e IV no tecido gástrico de sagüis (Callithrix sp.). Foram avaliadas amostras do estômago de 6 Callithrix jacchus, 12 C. kuhli e 12 C. geoffroyi. As amostras foram submetidas à reação de imuno-histoquímica com anticorpos policlonais anti-colágenos tipo I e III e monoclonal anticolágeno tipo IV. Os colágenos tipo I e III foram detectados na submucosa e na lâmina própria da mucosa, entre as glândulas gástricas, enquanto que o colágeno tipo IV foi detectado na muscularis mucosae, nas camadas musculares, nos vasos sanguíneos e na camada mucosa, entre as glândulas gástricas. Estes achados poderão contribuir com estudos futuros relacionados aos componentes da MEC no tecido gástrico de primatas e com estudos comparativos na área da gastroenterologia.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as fibrillar collagens play a fundamental role in wound repair and have also been studied in association with the gastric ulcer healing process in gastroenterology. Nevertheless, there have been no studies in the literature to date regarding the description and characterization of ECM components, neither in normal nor in injured gastric tissue of primate species. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of gastric collagen types I, III, and IV in marmosets (Callithrix sp.). Histological specimens from the stomach of 6 Callithrix jacchus, 12 C. kuhli, and 12 C. geoffroyi were evaluated. The specimens were immunostained with anti-types I and III collagen polyclonal antibodies and anti-type IV collagen monoclonal antibody. Collagen types I and III were detected in the submucosa and lamina propria between the mucosal glands while collagen type IV was detected in the muscularis mucosae, muscular layers, blood vessels, and gastric mucosa between the mucosal glands. It is hoped that these findings can contribute to future studies on the gastric extracellular matrix components in primates and to comparative studies in the area of gastroenterology.

Leontopithecus is the largest genus of Callithrichidae, occupying isolated remnants of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. The objective of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure of the dorsum of the tongue of golden-headed lion tamarins. Tongues of ten adult lion tamarins kept in captivity at the Center of Primatology of Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ-FEEMA) were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy. The three vallate papillae were distributed in a V shape, and each papilla was surrounded by a deep sulcus and an external pad; the medial papilla showed a round shape and the lateral one was elliptical. The filiform papillae were shaped as a crown or as finger-like papillae, and were distributed throughout the tongue, including the margins, except for the posterior region. The fungiform papillae were scattered among the filiform papillae, in a disperse manner, from the apex to the lateral vallate papillae. The foliate papillae had a typical ultrastructure, with folds that ranged in number from 1 to 3. With respect to vallate papillae, we identified the microridge and pore pattern on its surface. Further studies are required to confirm the hypotheses on the ultrastructural aspects described for golden-headed lion tamarins.