Abstract Fungal diseases, especially those that affect the root systems of plants, caused by Rhizoctonia and Macrophomina are limiting factors for achieving high crop yields. Alternatives to controlling fungi with chemical products drive the search for new options for bioactive compounds from plants. Attalea geraensis, a palm tree from the Brazilian Cerrado, is rich in flavonoids with antifungal actions. The objective of this work is to identify the chemical classes present in the ethanolic extract of green leaves of A. geraensis and determine the antifungal potential of the extract against isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. and Rhizoctonia solani JG Kühn. Phytochemical prospection, flavonoid dereplication, and antifungal activity were carried out of the ethanolic extract of the green leaves of A. geraensis harvested in the Cerrado area of Brazil. Steroids, triterpenes, saponins, and anthraquinones are described here for the first time for the leaves of A. geraensis. The flavonoids quercetin, isorhamnetin, 3,7-dimethylquercetin, quercetin 3-galactoside, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4H-chromen-4-one, rhamnazin 3-galactoside, keioside, and rhamnazin 3-rutinoside were identified. Of these, only quercetin and isorhamnetin had already been identified in the leaves of A. geraensis. The results show a fungistatic potential for the species. The diversity of flavonoids present in the leaves of A. geraensis may be the result of a synergistic action between fungus and plant or there could be an antagonistic effect between flavonoids and the other identified chemical classes. diseases plants yields actions A Tassi (Tassi Goid Kühn prospection dereplication Brazil Steroids triterpenes saponins 3,7dimethylquercetin, 37dimethylquercetin dimethylquercetin 3,7 dimethylquercetin, 3 7 3,7-dimethylquercetin 3galactoside, 3galactoside galactoside galactoside, 3-galactoside 5,7dihydroxy24hydroxy3methoxyphenyl33,4,5trihydroxy6hydroxymethyloxan2yloxy4Hchromen4one, 57dihydroxy24hydroxy3methoxyphenyl3345trihydroxy6hydroxymethyloxan2yloxy4Hchromen4one dihydroxyhydroxymethoxyphenyltrihydroxyhydroxymethyloxanyloxyHchromenone 5,7 dihydroxy 2 4 hydroxy methoxyphenyl 3,4,5 trihydroxy 6 hydroxymethyl oxan yl oxy 4H chromen one, 5 one H 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4H-chromen-4-one keioside 3rutinoside rutinoside these species 7dimethylquercetin 3,7dimethylquercetin 37 3, 7dihydroxy24hydroxy3methoxyphenyl33 5trihydroxy6hydroxymethyloxan2yloxy4Hchromen4one hydroxymethyloxan yloxy Hchromen 5,7dihydroxy24hydroxy3methoxyphenyl33,4,5trihydroxy6hydroxymethyloxan2yloxy4Hchromen4one 57 5, 345 3,4, dihydroxyhydroxymethoxyphenyl 7dihydroxy24hydroxy3methoxyphenyl3 trihydroxyhydroxymethyloxanyloxyHchromenone 34 3,4 7dihydroxy24hydroxy3methoxyphenyl

Resumo Doenças fúngicas, especialmente as que afetam os sistemas radiculares das plantas, causadas por Rhizoctonia e Macrophomina, são fatores limitantes para obtenção de grande produtividade das culturas. Alternativas ao controle dos fungos com produtos químicos impulsionam a pesquisa de novas opções de compostos bioativos oriundos de plantas. A Attalea geraensis, uma palmeira do Cerrado brasileiro, é rica em flavonoides com ações antifúngicas. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar as classes químicas presentes no extrato etanólico das folhas verdes de A. geraensis e determinar o potencial antifúngico do extrato frente a isolados de Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. e Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn. Realizou-se a prospecção fitoquímica, desreplicação de flavonoides e atividade antifúngica a partir do extrato etanólico das folhas verdes da A. geraensis, colhida em área de Cerrado do Brasil. Os esteroides, triterpenos, saponinas e antraquinonas estão sendo descritos pela primeira vez para as folhas de A. geraensis. Foram identificados os flavonoides quercetina, isoramnetina, 3,7-dimetilquercetina, quercetina 3-galactosídeo, 5,7-dihidroxi-2-(4-hidroxi-3-metoxifenil)-3-{[3,4,5-trihidroxi-6-(hidroximetil)oxan-2-il]oxi}-4H-cromen-4-ona, ramnazina 3-galactosídeo, keiosídeo e ramnazina 3-rutinosídeo. Destes, somente a quercetina e isorhamnetin já haviam sido identificadas nas folhas da A. geraensis. Os resultados indicam potencial fungistático para a espécie. Infere-se que a diversidade de flavonoides presentes nas folhas de A. geraensis pode ser resultado da ação sinérgica entre fungo e planta ou que haja um efeito antagonista entre os flavonoides e as demais classes químicas identificadas. fúngicas plantas culturas brasileiro antifúngicas Tassi (Tassi Goid JG J G J.G Kühn Realizouse Realizou se fitoquímica Brasil esteroides triterpenos isoramnetina 3,7dimetilquercetina, 37dimetilquercetina dimetilquercetina 3,7 dimetilquercetina, 3 7 3,7-dimetilquercetina 3galactosídeo, 3galactosídeo galactosídeo galactosídeo, 3-galactosídeo 5,7dihidroxi24hidroxi3metoxifenil33,4,5trihidroxi6hidroximetiloxan2iloxi4Hcromen4ona, 57dihidroxi24hidroxi3metoxifenil3345trihidroxi6hidroximetiloxan2iloxi4Hcromen4ona dihidroxihidroximetoxifeniltrihidroxihidroximetiloxaniloxiHcromenona 5,7 dihidroxi 2 4 hidroxi metoxifenil 3,4,5 trihidroxi 6 hidroximetil oxan il oxi 4H cromen ona, 5 ona H 5,7-dihidroxi-2-(4-hidroxi-3-metoxifenil)-3-{[3,4,5-trihidroxi-6-(hidroximetil)oxan-2-il]oxi}-4H-cromen-4-ona 3rutinosídeo. 3rutinosídeo rutinosídeo rutinosídeo. 3-rutinosídeo Destes espécie Inferese Infere 7dimetilquercetina 3,7dimetilquercetina 37 3, 7dihidroxi24hidroxi3metoxifenil33 5trihidroxi6hidroximetiloxan2iloxi4Hcromen4ona hidroximetiloxan iloxi Hcromen 5,7dihidroxi24hidroxi3metoxifenil33,4,5trihidroxi6hidroximetiloxan2iloxi4Hcromen4ona 57 5, 345 3,4, dihidroxihidroximetoxifenil 7dihidroxi24hidroxi3metoxifenil3 trihidroxihidroximetiloxaniloxiHcromenona 34 3,4 7dihidroxi24hidroxi3metoxifenil

Resumo Este trabalho descreve a avaliação preliminar das atividades citotóxica, antimicrobiana, moluscicida, antioxidante e anticolinesterásica de extratos alcoólicos das folhas (LECF) e das cascas do caule (BECF) da espécie Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), popularmente conhecida como capixingui ou tapixingui. No bioensaio com Artemia salina Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda), BECF apresentou toxicidade significante (LC50 = 89,6 µg/ml), enquanto que LECF não apresentou atividade (LC50 > 1000 µg/ml). A partir do método de DPPH, os valores de IC50 para o LECF e BECF foram 61,2 µg/ml e 62,2 µg/ml, respectivamente, evidenciando que C. floribundus tem uma atividade antioxidante expressiva. A susceptibilidade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pela técnica de microdiluição e apenas BECF foi ativo contra Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 39,6 mg/ml). Os extratos não apresentaram atividade moluscicida contra o caramujo Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Ambos os extratos revelaram a presença de componentes com capacidade inibidora da enzima acetilcolinesterase no ensaio bioautográfico. C. floribundus mostrou ser uma espécie promissora considerando que exibiu boa atividade biológica na maioria dos ensaios testados.

Abstract This work describes the preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic, antimicrobial, molluscicidal, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities from leaf (LECF) and stem bark alcoholic extracts (BECF) of the species Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae), popularly known as capixingui or tapixingui. BECF presented significant toxicity (LC50 = 89.6 μg/ml) in the Artemia salina Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) bioassay, whereas LECF did not show activity (LC50 > 1000 μg/ml). From DPPH method, the values of IC50 for the LECF and BECF were 61.2 μg/ml and 62.2 μg/ml, respectively, showing that C. floribundus has an expressive antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by microdilution technique and only BECF was active against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 39.6 μg/ml). The extracts did not present molluscicidal activity against snail Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Gastropoda: Planorbidae). Both extracts revealed the presence of several components with an inhibiting capacity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme on the bioautographic assay. C. floribundus showed to be a promising species considering that it exhibited good biological activity in the most assays performed.

The aim of this study was to determine antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle, according to breed and age, in five districts of Anta province, Cusco. Serum samples were taken from females (n=1135) and males (n=57) from 262 small farmers and one farmer community. The samples were analyzed by indirect ELISA test. Results showed that 50.8% of the females and 43.9% of the males had antibodies against the BVDV. The percentages of seropositive female bovines in the districts of Ancahuasi, Zurite,Anta, Cachimayo and Huarocondo were 58.6, 45.5, 63.9, 31.5 and 80%, respectively. All farmers had at least one seropositive animal. Antibodies against BVDV were more prevalent in animals older than three years. The s/p coefficients of the seropositive samples varied between <0.2 and >1. It is concluded that the BVDV is widely spread in cattle of the five districts of the province of Anta and the variations of the s/p coefficient of the samples indicate that the infection by the BVDV is active in the animals of the area of study.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar anticuerpos contra el virus de la diarrea viral (VDVB) en bovinos, según raza y edad, de cinco distritos de la provincia de Anta, Cusco. Se tomaron muestras de suero de bovinos hembras (n=1135) y machos (n=57) de 262 pequeños ganaderos y una comunidad ganadera. Las muestras se analizaron mediante la prueba de ELISA indirecta. El 50.8% de las hembras y 43.9% de los machos tuvieron anticuerpos contra el VDVB. Los porcentajes de bovinos hembras seropositivos en los distritos de Ancahuasi, Zurite, Anta, Cachimayo y Huarocondo fueron de 58.6, 45.5, 63.9, 31.5 y 80%, respectivamente. Todos los ganaderos tuvieron al menos un animal seropositivo. Los anticuerpos contra el VDVB fueron más prevalentes en animales mayores a tres años. Los coeficientes m/p de las muestras seropositivas variaron entre <0.2 y >1. Se concluye que el VDVB está ampliamente difundido en bovinos de los cinco distritos de la provincia de Anta y las variaciones del coeficiente m/p de las muestras indican que la infección por el VDVB es activa en los animales de la zona.

The aim of this study was to identify persistently infected cattle (PI) and to identify the viral diarrhea virus genotype (BVDV) in cattle of small farmers in five districts of the province of Anta, Cusco, which were negative for antibodies against BVDV (n=558) in a previous study. The identification of the PI animals was carried out in the 558 serum samples of female bovine Holstein, Brown Swiss and Creoles of various ages, by the capture ELISA test. The identification of the viral genotype was carried out in four samples of PI cattle through the RT-PCR real-time. The results showed that 7.2% (40/558) of the cattle were positive for viral antigen in a first analysis, where the antigen was detected in animals older than 6 months up to 5 years in the three breeds. In the second analysis carried out 30 day after in the 40 positives, 30% (12/40) continued to be positive for viral antigen indicating that they were PI animals between 6 months and 4 years in four of the five Anta districts. The prevalence of PI animals in the bovine population sampled in province ofAnta was 2.2% (12/558). Real-time RT-PCR showed the amplification of a specific product corresponding to genotype 1 (VDVB-1). There was no amplification of the target sequence of genotype 2.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar bovinos persistentemente infectados (PI) y el genotipo del virus de la diarrea viral (VDVB) en bovinos de pequeños ganaderos de cinco distritos de la provincia de Anta, Cusco, que resultaron negativos a anticuerpos contra el VDVB (n=558) en un estudio previo. La identificación de los animales PI se realizó en las 558 muestras de suero de bovinos Holstein, Brown Swiss y criollos hembras de varias edades, mediante la prueba de ELISA de captura. La identificación del genotipo viral fue realizada en cuatro muestras de bovinos PI mediante la prueba de RT-PCR en tiempo real. El 7.2% (40/558) de los bovinos resultaron positivos a antígeno viral en un primer análisis, donde el antígeno fue detectado en animales mayores a 6 meses hasta los 5 años en las tres razas. En el segundo análisis, realizado 30 días después, en los 40 positivos, 30% (12/40) continuaron siendo positivos a antígeno viral indicando que eran animales PI entre mayores a 6 meses y 4 años de cuatro de los cinco distritos de Anta. La prevalencia de los animales PI en la población bovina muestreada de la provincia de Anta fue de 2.2% (12/558). La prueba RT-PCR en tiempo real mostró la amplificación de un producto específico correspondiente al genotipo 1 (VDVB-1). No hubo amplificación de la secuencia objetivo del genotipo 2.

Purpose: Describe a rare and severe clinical presentation of a disease difficult initial diagnosis. Materials and methods: For a woman of 45, who entered the service for multiple episodes of melena and hematemesis, hypovolemic shock that causes, whose diagnosis is found in an emergency exploratory laparotomy is presented. Results: Subtotal pancreatectomy body and tail is made. Without biopsy findings malignant mucinous cystic tumor mucinous cystadenoma type of pancreas, lymph nodes malign tumor. Discussion: Mucinous cystadenoma pancreas constitutes 10% of pancreatic cysts, the vast majority are asymptomatic or present with abdominal pain. The diagnosis is made primarily by imaging techniques, computed tomography or ultrasound diagnosis. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a rare clinical presentation, diagnosis low suspect may debut with important hemodynamic compromise. The cause of bleeding is attributed to this tumor communicated by the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. Conclusion: The treatment of choice is surgical resection. The surgical technique used is determined by the location of the tumor and its nature.

Objetivo: Describir una rara y grave presentación clínica de una patología de difícil diagnóstico inicial. Materiales y métodos: Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 45 años, que ingresa al servicio por múltiples episodios de melena y hematemesis, que cursa con shock hipovolémico y cuyo diagnóstico se constata en una laparotomía exploradora de urgencia. Resultados: Se realiza pancreatectomía corporocaudal; biopsia sin hallazgos malignos; tumor quístico mucinoso de tipo cistoadenoma mucinoso de páncreas y linfonodos sin tumor maligno. Discusión: El cistoadenoma mucinoso del páncreas constituye el 10% de los quistes pancreáticos; la gran mayoría son asintomáticos o cursan con dolor abdominal. El diagnóstico se realiza fundamentalmente por técnicas de imagen, la tomografía axial computarizada o el ultrasonido diagnóstico. La hemorragia digestiva alta es una rara presentación clínica, de baja sospecha diagnóstica que puede iniciar con importante compromiso hemodinámico. La causa del sangrado se atribuye a que este tumor se comunicaba por el ducto pancreático hacia el duodeno. Conclusión: El tratamiento de elección es la resección quirúrgica. La técnica quirúrgica a emplear está determinada por la localización del tumor y su naturaleza.

Resumo O conhecimento local acerca da biodiversidade vem sendo utilizado em pesquisas voltadas ao uso e manejo de recursos naturais aliados à conservação. Entre estes recursos, destaca-se o Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) devido à sua importância econômica e alimentar para comunidades que vivem no Cerrado. No quilombo de Pontinha, localizado na região central do estado de Minas Gerais, um estudo etnoecológico sobre o Pequi foi desenvolvido, a fim de subsidiar iniciativas de geração de trabalho e renda para esta comunidade. Informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação participante e travessia. Alimentação familiar (97%), produção de sabão (67%), produção de óleo (37%), tratamento medicinal (17%) e comércio (3%) foram os principais usos do Pequi citados pelos comunitários. Abelhas foram os visitantes florais com maior Índice de Saliência (S=0,639). Dentre os frugívoros que se alimentam de frutos não caídos, as aves apresentaram maior Saliência (S=0,359) e os insetos foram os mais importantes frugívoros entre os que utilizam frutos caídos (S=0,574). Brocas, lagartas folívoras e que atacam troncos e raízes foram as pragas mais citadas. Os indivíduos jovens de Pequi são, segundo os entrevistados, os mais afetados pelo fogo devido ao menor porte e por ter a casca menos espessa. O reconhecimento da importância cultural e ecológica do Pequi tem mobilizado a comunidade, que demonstra interesse em fazer dessa espécie uma alternativa de renda.

Abstract Local knowledge of biodiversity has been applied in support of research focused on utilizing and management of natural resources and promotion of conservation. Among these resources, Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) is important as a source of income and food for communities living in the Cerrado biome. In Pontinha, a “quilombola” community, which is located in the central region of State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, an ethnoecological study about Pequi was conducted to support initiatives for generating income for this community. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and crossing. The most relevant uses of Pequi were family food (97%), soap production (67%), oil production (37%), medical treatments (17%), and trade (3%). Bees were the floral visitors with the highest Salience Index (S=0.639). Among frugivores that feed on unfallen fruits, birds showed a higher Salience (S=0.359) and among frugivores who use fallen fruits insects were the most important (S=0.574). Borers (folivorous caterpillars) that attack trunks and roots were the most common pests cited. According to the respondents, young individuals of Pequi are the most affected by fire due to their smaller size and thinner bark. Recognition of the cultural and ecological importance of Pequi has mobilized the community, which has shown interest in incorporating this species as an alternative source of income.

Resumo Aves frugívoras são importantes dispersoras de sementes e influenciam no recrutamento de muitas espécies na floresta tropical. A eficiência dessa dispersão geralmente depende da qualidade do meio ambiente, das espécies de aves envolvidas, da riqueza e diversidade de recursos e de baixos níveis de impactos antrópicos. Neste estudo nós comparamos o número de avistamentos de jacuguaçus (Penelope obscura) por Km e seus movimentos em duas áreas na Serra do Japí, uma no entorno da base administrativa (Base) onde as aves receberam alimentos antropogênicos e outra em área pristina (DAE) sem fornecimento de alimentos humanos. Também comparamos a riqueza de sementes nativas nas fezes das aves que vivem nestas duas áreas. Embora a abundância de P. obscura tenha sido maior na Base, esses indivíduos deslocaram-se menos, dispersaram 80% menos espécies de plantas e consumiram 30% menos sementes do que os indivíduos do DAE. A rarefação indicou uma baixa riqueza na dieta frugívora das aves da Base quando comparada às populações do DAE. Concluímos que o fornecimento de alimentos humanos pode interferir no comportamento dessas aves e na riqueza de espécies de sementes nativas dispersadas.

Abstract Frugivorous birds are important seed dispersers and influence the recruitment of many plant species in the rainforest. The efficiency of this dispersal generally depends on environment quality, bird species, richness and diversity of resources, and low levels of anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, we compared the sighting number of dusky-legged guans (Penelope obscura) by km and their movement in two areas of Serra do Japi, one around the administrative base (Base) where birds received anthropogenic food and a pristine area (DAE) with no anthropogenic resource. We also compared the richness of native seeds in feces of birds living in these two areas. Although the abundance of P. obscura was higher in the Base, these individuals moved less, dispersed 80% fewer species of plants and consumed 30% fewer seeds than individuals from DAE. The rarefaction indicated a low richness in the frugivorous diet of birds from the Base when compared to the populations from DAE. We conclude that human food supply can interfere in the behavior of these birds and in the richness of native seeds dispersed.

Poços de Caldas é um importante centro hidrotermomineral do Brasil, o qual apresenta depósitos de argilas não plásticas para as quais não há registros significativos a respeito da caracterização direcionada destes materiais, o que prejudica estudos de aplicação industrial. Estas argilas não plásticas, não aproveitadas, vêm sendo armazenadas em galpões ou a céu aberto, o que gera um elevado custo para a indústria, além de transformar-se em um passivo ambiental. No presente trabalho realizou-se o estudo químico-mineralógico de seis amostras de argilas de baixa plasticidade, além da caracterização preliminar destas amostras quanto à granulometria, plasticidade e propriedades cerâmicas básicas, visando ampliar os horizontes das investigações destes materiais. Este estudo preliminar mostrou que, de maneira geral, as amostras são compostas por minerais refratários como caulinita e gibbsita, apresentando teores menos significativos de outras fases, como quartzo, vermiculita e illita. Juntamente às análises químicas, estes dados permitiram o agrupamento das matérias-primas em dois grupos em função de sua refratariedade, norteando assim, a caracterização posterior. Dentre as amostras, há material com potencial uso na formulação de massas de porcelanato, além de uma amostra turfosa, cuja aplicação está relacionada à correção de solos.

Poços de Caldas is an important "hydro-thermo-mineral" center in Brazil, where non-plastic clays deposits can be found with no significant records about their characterization, impeding the studies of industrial application. These non-plastic clays, not used, have been stored in sheds or open, which creates a high cost to the industry, and become an environmental liability. In the present work, the chemical-mineralogical study of six samples of non-plastic clays was realized, and also the preliminary characterization of these samples about the grain size, plasticity and basic ceramic properties, to expand the horizons of researches about such materials. This preliminary study showed that, overall, the samples are composed of refractory minerals such as kaolinite and gibbsite, with less significant amounts of other phases such as quartz, illite and vermiculite. The chemical analysis permitted the grouping of raw materials into two groups according to their refractory properties, guiding to the subsequent characterization. Among the samples, there is material with potential use in porcelain formulation, and also a peat sample, which implementation is related to soil correction.

The equilibrium and thermodynamics of azo dye (tartrazine and allura red) biosorption onto Spirulina platensis biomass were investigated. The equilibrium curves were obtained at 298, 308, 318 and 328 K, and four isotherm models were fitted the experimental data. Biosorption thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) were estimated. The results showed that the biosorption was favored by a temperature decrease. For both dyes, the Sips model was the best to represent the equilibrium experimental data (R²>0.99 and ARE<5.0%) and the maximum biosorption capacities were 363.2 and 468.7 mg g-1 for tartrazine and allura red, respectively, obtained at 298 K. The negative values of ΔG and ΔH showed that the biosorption of both dyes was spontaneous, favorable and exothermic. The positive values of ΔS suggested that the system disorder increases during the biosorption process.

Resumo: Neste texto, o primeiro capítulo do relatório "As ciências sociais no Brasil" enviado à CAPES por Luiz Costa Pinto (em parceria com Edison Carneiro), o autor investiga as conexões históricas entre o processo de emergência, formação e crise das ciências sociais e o padrão de mudança social no Brasil. Embora este gênero intelectual - balanço da produção sociológica - tenha sido frequente nos anos 1950, o relato de Costa Pinto se destaca por colocar em primeiro plano as idas e vindas do processo de constituição das ciências sociais no país, mobilizando, para tal, o conceito de "marginalidade estrutural".

Abstract: This article is a transcription of the first chapter of the report sent by Luiz Costa Pinto (co-authored with Edison Carneiro) to CAPES. Here, the author analyses the historical connections between the process of development of the social sciences and the social change patterns in Brazil. Although this genre of sociological thinking has been common in the 1950s, Costa Pinto's account highlight specially the ambivalences of the constitution of the social sciences in Brazil, what is expressed by the concept of "structural marginality".

Chitosan is a natural polymer that has been employed in dye adsorption. In this work, adsorption and thermodynamic data for the interaction of FD&C Red n° 40 food dye with chitosan in aqueous solutions were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were determined by the batch method, from 298 to 338 K. Adsorption data were adjusted to five isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, in order to determine which presented the best adjustment to the experimental data. Error analysis showed that the Langmuir isotherm model was the most appropriate for fitting the experimental data, with a maximum monolayer adsorption of 3065.8 µmol g-1 at 308 K. Negative enthalpy (-112.7 kJ mol-1), entropy (-0.338 kJ mol-1 K-1) and Gibbs free energy (-15.6 to 1.0 kJ mol-1) values demonstrated that the adsorption process is exothermic, spontaneous, favorable, and that randomness of the system decreases during the adsorption process.

In Santiago, Chile the prevalence of Edentulous in individuals over 65 years of age is 33.84%; this is to say that one third of Santiago s senior citizens wear dentures. Prevalence similar to this can be found in developed countries. From this research, the aim is to understand the experience, significance and assessment of the Edentulous process of senior citizens that are treated in public health service and to also understand the experiences and sufferings of their immediate families; To be able to give fuller, meaningful, and efficient attention by focusing on what people perceive as important. Type of study: This research work was developed within a qualitative naturalistic paradigm, to know the phenomenon from the interest point of the framework itself, the social actor; based on reality, exploratory and phenomenological approach. Selection of participants: 11 men and 9 women were selected; Elderly, all edentulous patients (and their immediate families) from the Garín Family Health Center. The application of semi-structured interviews and focus groups were considered for this research. Results: The qualitative research study delivered relevant information in the way that the Edentulous social actor himself thinks, feels and experiences the problem. This could be considered in the development of new projects and programs developed specifically for this population. As well as in the educational field.

En Santiago de Chile la prevalencia de desdentados totales en individuos mayores de 65 años es de 33.84%, es decir uno de cada tres santiaguinos de la 3° edad, es portador de prótesis totales. Prevalencia similar a la encontrada en países desarrollados. A partir de esta investigación se pretende comprender cual es la experiencia, significados y valoración del proceso de edentulismo de adultos mayores, tratados en un servicio de salud público, y sus familiares más cercanos; para entender cuales son sus vivencias y padecimientos; para poder entregarle una atención más completa, significativa y eficiente, orientada a lo que las personas perciben como importante. Tipo de estudio: El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló dentro de un paradigma naturalista cualitativo, por cuanto está interesado en conocer el fenómeno desde el propio marco de referencia del actor social; fundamentado en la realidad, de carácter exploratorio y enfoque fenomenológico. Selección de participantes: Se seleccionó a 11 hombres y 9 mujeres; adultos mayores, desdentados totales del Centro de Salud Familiar Garín, y a un familiar directo. Se consideró para esta investigación la aplicación de entrevistas semi estructuradas y grupo focal. Resultados: El presente estudio de investigación cualitativa, entregó relevante información, en la forma como piensa siente y vivencia el problema del edentulismo el propio actor social; la que pude ser considerada en la elaboración de nuevos proyectos y programas desarrollados especialmente para esta población; así como también, en el campo educacional.

In recent times, the microalgae Spirulina platensis has been used as a functional ingredient in several food applications; its process involving drying and storage steps. Moisture equilibrium data for adsorption isotherms of microalgae Spirulina were investigated at 10, 20 and 30ºC and for desorption, at 40, 50 and 60ºC, using the gravimetric static method. The experimental data were analyzed by GAB and BET models. The GAB equation showed the best fitting to the experimental data with R² ≈ 99% and MRE < 10%. The water surface area values calculated by GAB and BET models were very similar. The isosteric heats were determined by application of Clausius-Clapeyron equation to sorption isotherms obtained from the best-fitting equation. The isosteric heat and the entropy of desorption isotherm presented similar behavior, with a sharp change in an equilibrium moisture content of 10%. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied to the isotherms, indicating that they are enthalpy-controlled.