Resumo O avanço das ciências médicas criou novas situações limítrofes entre a vida e a morte, se fazendo necessário o estudo do documento jurídico chamado de testamento vital que tem por finalidade estabelecer as diretivas antecipadas de vontade relativas a escolha referente ao tratamento de saúde no que se refere ao prolongamento ou não da vida artificial, em momentos em que o paciente não possa manifestar a sua vontade. O objeto de estudo se faz presente em diversas legislações estrangeiras, ressaltando sua relevância e diversas características, nos fornecendo um arcabouço jurídico diverso, sempre sobre a ótica da preservação da dignidade humana, mesmo que seja na última fase da vida.

Abstract The advancement of the medical sciences has created new borderline situations between life and death, necessitating the study of the legal document called a vital will whose purpose is to establish the anticipated directives of will regarding health care choice with regard to the prolongation or not of the artificial life, in moments in which the patient can not express his will. The object of study is present in several foreign legislations, highlighting their relevance and diverse characteristics, providing us with a diverse juridical framework, always on the viewpoint of the preservation of human dignity, even if it is in the last phase of life.

Duplication of the urinary tract is the most frequent variation of this system and may present as complete or incomplete duplication, as well as ectopic insertion throughout all parts of the urinary system from distal to the bladder. This article presents a complete non-ectopic duplication of the ureter in the left kidney of a cadaver of one Brazilian individual of male sex. In this study, both ureters originated in the renal hilum and continued to the urinary bladder separately, opening into different ostia, in the area of the bladder trigone, where the ostium belonging to the ureter that draining the upper pole presented a distal and lateral position in relation to the ostium of the ureter draining the lower pole. This arrangement is an exception to the Weigert-Meyer rule, which indicates that the ureter of the upper pole, due to its longer fixation to the mesonephric duct, presents a greater migration, ending medial and inferior to the ureter draining the inferior pole in 97 % of cases.

La duplicación del sistema colector renal es la variación más frecuente del sistema urinário y se puede presentar como duplicación completa o incompleta, así como la inserción ectópica en todas las partes del sistema urinario a partir de la parte distal hacia la vejiga. Este artículo presenta uma duplicación completa no ectópica del ureter en el riñón izquierdo de un cadáver de un individuo brasileño, de sexo masculino. Ambos uréteres tenían origen en el hilio renal y continuaban hasta la vejiga urinaria separadamente, desembocando en ostios diferentes, en el área del trígono vesical, donde el ostio perteneciente al uréter que drenaba el polo superior presentó posición distal y lateral en relación al ostio del uréter que drenaba el polo inferior. Esta disposición es uma excepción a la regla de Weigert-Meyer, que indica que el uréter del polo superior, por el hecho de permanecer fijo por más tiempo al conducto mesonéfrico, presenta mayor migración, terminando medial e inferiormente al uréter que drena el polo inferior en 97 % de los casos.

Resumo A perda das folhas pelas plantas do Cerrado é um processo energeticamente custoso devido às condições ambientais adversas e intensa predação por herbivoria. As folhas maduras possuem adaptações que minimizam esses eventos. Entretanto, os indivíduos jovens carecem dessas estruturas e produzem elevadas concentrações foliares de metabólitos secundários como forma de proteção. Esses compostos podem ser utilizados na bioprospecção de herbicidas naturais. Dessa forma, objetivamos com este estudo avaliar a fitotoxicidade dos extratos hexânico, acetato etílico e aquoso de folhas jovens de Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg sobre o alongamento de coleóptilos estiolados de Triticum aestivum L. (trigo) e avaliar o potencial fitotóxico do extrato acetato etílico sobre a germinação, crescimento e comprimento das células do metaxilema de Sesamum indicum (gergelim). Os extratos hexânico e acetato etílico inibiram o alongamento dos coleóptilos em todas as concentrações testadas, entretanto os resultados mais promissores foram observados nos fragmentos submetidos ao extrato acetato etílico. Este extrato alterou o tempo médio de germinação e a sincronia das sementes de gergelim, inibiu o crescimento da parte aérea e subterrânea com redução da massa seca das plântulas, levou ao surgimento acentuado de anomalias e causou redução no comprimento médio das células do metaxilema de plântulas de gergelim. Assim, ficou comprovado o potencial fitotóxico dos extratos de folhas jovens de B. salicifolius e a acentuada fitotoxicidade do extrato acetato etílico sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de S. indicum.

Abstract The loss of leaves by plant species found in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) is an energetically expensive process due to adverse environmental conditions and predation by herbivory. The mature leaves have adaptations which minimize these events. However, the young individuals lack these structures and produce high leaf concentrations of secondary metabolites as a form of protection. These compounds can be used in bioprospection of natural herbicides. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of young leaves from Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg on the elongation of wheat coleoptiles (Triticum aestivum L.) and evaluate the potential phytotoxic of ethyl acetate extract on germination, growth and cell size of metaxylem of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seedlings. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited the elongation of wheat coleoptiles at all concentrations; however, the most promising results were observed in coleoptile fragments treated with the ethyl acetate extract. This treatment changed the mean germination time and the synchrony of sesame seeds, inhibited the growth of shoots and roots, reduced the dry weight of seedlings, led to abnormalities in the seedlings and reduced the length of the metaxylem cells in the sesame seedlings. These results demonstrated the phytotoxic potential of young leaf extracts of B. salicifolius and the high phytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate extract in the initial development of S. indicum.

The vincula are specialized structures inherent in the flexor tendons of the fingers, and are of great importance in their nutrition. In addition they facilitate flexion of the fingers following a distal transection of this tendon, allowing it to operate indirectly across the interphalangeal joints. The aim of the present study was to describe anatomic and biometric aspects of the long and short vincula of the flexor muscles of the fingers. The work was carried out in hands of 60 adult Brazilian corpses, of both sexes, with an average age between 17.8±53.1 years. The short vincula were found in 100 % of cases of flexor digitorum superficialis tendons and flexor digitorum profundus muscles, and only one in each tendon, with its location always at the extremity of the tendon, prior to insertion in the proximal interphalangeal joint. The long vincula presented great morphological variation, with an average presence of 61.3 % in tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and 77.9 % in the flexor digitorum profundus muscle. Furthermore, the number of vincula per tendon changed, and it was not possible to identify a pattern independently of the muscle. With respect to the location of the long vincula, in the flexor superficial tendons they are inserted in the fibrous sheath of the proximal phalanx, with an oblique course and next to the proximal interphalangeal joint. The vincula of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus were located (86.7 %) between both tendons to level of the proximal interphalangeal joint, presenting a rectilinear course between these two tendons, whereas in 13.3 % they were located very close to the opening of the flexor superficialis muscle tendon for passage of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle tendon. The vincula are essential structures in nutrition and finger motion even when injuries are present. It is therefore, important to have a clear understanding of these structures forproper clinical evaluation in the repair, reconstruction and rehabilitation of hand dysfunctions.

Los vínculos son estructuras especializadas inherentes a los tendones flexores de los dedos, y tienen gran importancia en la nutrición de los mismos, además de facilitar la flexión de los dedos después de una transección distal del tendón (es), permitiendo que éste (os) actuen indirectamente a través de las articulaciones interfalángicas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar aspectos morfofuncionales de los vínculos largos y cortos de los músculos flexores de los dedos de la mano. El trabajo fue realizado en 60 manos de cadáveres formolizados de individuos adultos, brasileños, con una edad promedio de 53,1±17,8 años. Los vínculos cortos fueron encontrados en 100 % de los casos, tanto en los músculos flexores superficiales de los dedos como en los profundos, siempre en número de uno en cada tendón y su localización siempre estuvo en la extremidad del tendón, antes de la inserción de éste en la articulación interfalángica proximal. Los vínculos largos presentaron gran variación morfológica, con una presencia promedio de 61,3 % en los tendones del músculo flexor superficial y de 77,9 % en el músculo flexor profundo. El número de vínculos por tendón varió aún más, no siendo posible identificar un patrón independientemente del músculo. En relación a la localización de los vínculos largos, en los tendones del músculo flexor superficial de los dedos, están insertos en la vaina fibrosa de la falange proximal, con un trayecto oblicuo y próximo a la articulación interfalángica proximal; los vínculos de los tendones del músculo flexor profundo estaban localizados en su mayoría (86,7 %) entre los tendones a nivel de la articulación interfalángica proximal, presentando un trayecto rectilíneo entre esos dos tendones, mientras que en 13,3 % estuvieron localizados muy próximos a la abertura del tendón del músculo flexor superficial para el paso del tendón del músculo flexor profundo. Los vínculos son estructuras escenciales en la mantención de la nutrición y de los movimientos de los dedos aún en presencia de lesiones, por lo tanto, es importante tener una comprensión clara de ellos para una correcta evaluación clínica pensando en la reparación, reconstrucción y rehabilitación de las disfunciones de la mano.

Resumo Este trabalho discute combinações de tipos de cimento, buscando obter o de maior capacidade de proteger o concreto quanto à corrosão das armaduras sob ação de cloretos. Para isso, utilizou-se o método Análise Hierárquica (AHP), baseado na definição de elementos principais para uma tomada de decisão rápida, confiável e objetiva. Foram analisados três tipos de cimento (CPII-Z-32: com adição de pozolana, CPIII-40: com adição de escória e CPIV-32: com adição de pozolana), duas relações água/cimento (0,4 e 0,7) e dois tempos de cura (7 e 28 dias), através do resultado de cinco ensaios. A aplicação do AHP mostrou-se eficaz na escolha do tipo de cimento, gerando a constatação que o cimento CPIII-40 apresentou o melhor desempenho entre os cimentos avaliados.

Abstract This paper discuss cement types combinations to obtain the best one to protect against the steel reinforcement corrosion caused by chloride ions. In this case, it was used the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is based on the definition of the main elements for making fast, reliable and objective decision. Three types of cement (CPII-Z-32: pozzolanic admixture, CPIII-40: blast furnace slag admixture and CPIV-32: pozzolanic admixture), two water/cement ratio (0,4 and 0,7) and two curing times (7 and 28 days), were analyzed trough results of five experiments. The application of AHP was effective to choose the type of cement, concluding that the CPIII-40 cement showed the best performance compared to the other cements.

Resumen Este trabajo discute las combinaciones de tipos de cemento buscando obtener el de mayor capacidad de proteger al concreto de la corrosión de las armaduras ante la acción del ion cloruro. Para ello se usó el método de análisis jerárquico (AHP), basado en la definición de elementos principales para la toma de decisión rápida, confiable y objetiva. Fueron analizados tres tipos de cemento (CPII-Z-32: con adición de puzolana, CPIII-40: con adición de escoria y CPIV-32: con adición de puzolana), dos relaciones agua/cemento (0,4 y 0,7) y dos tiempos de curado (7 y 28 días), a través de los resultados de cinco ensayos. La aplicación del AHP se mostró eficaz en La elección Del tipo de cemento, generando La constatación que el cemento CPIII-40 presento El mejor desempeño entre los cementos evaluados.

ABSTRACT Thermal shock is widely recognized by modern medicine. Its pathophysiological mechanisms are known, as are its possible consequences, but scientific reports in the literature about clinical cases with severe consequences are sparse. The authors present a case of cardiorespiratory arrest after prolonged sun exposure followed by a dive in the ocean. Other aetiological causes were ruled out, by exclusion, leading to the diagnosis of cardiorespiratory arrest caused by thermal shock. It is important to inform the public in general of the risks of negligent behaviour on the beach.

RESUMEN El choque térmico es amplamente conocido por la medicina moderna. Sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos son conocidos, así como sus posibles consequencias, pero la literatura cientifica raramente presenta casos con consecuencias graves. Los autores presentan un caso de parada cardiorespiratoria después de una exposición prolongada al sol seguida por un baño en el mar. Otras causas etiologicas fueran descartadas, conduzindo al diagnóstico por exclusión de parada cardiorespiratoria por choque térmico. Es importante informar el público en general de los riesgos de comportamiento negligente en la playa.

The popliteal artery aneurysms are the most common among peripheral aneurysms and can be treated with stents through endovascular surgery. However, these stents have the same diameter at the proximal and distal part , not being compatible with the vascular anatomy of that segment. The aim of this study was determine the difference between the diameter of the distal third of the femoral artery and the diameter of the posterior tibial artery, and to obtain the diameter of others arteries of the lower limb. We study 28 formalized cadavers of adult individuals of both sexes, which were dissected in the corresponding region. The following arterial diameters were recorded: the distal third of the femoral artery, distal part of the popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery. In males from the distal third of the femoral artery to the posterior tibial artery there was a narrowing of 27.92% (p < 0.0001). In women , the reduction was 52.61 % (p<0.0001). By comparing the diameter of the distal third of the femoral artery between the sexes, a statistically significant difference was obtained (p<0.0497), as well as between the posterior tibial artery diameters (p < 0.0142). These data are of clinical importance for endovascular surgery procedures and may reduce complications in such procedures. Stents must adapt to these differences in diameter.

Los aneurismas de la arteria poplítea son los más frecuentes entre los aneurismas periféricos, pudiendo ser tratados con stents a través de cirugía endovascular. Sin embargo, tales stents poseen el mismo diámetro en la parte proximal y distal, no siendo compatible con la anatomía vascular de ese segmento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la diferencia entre el diámetro del tercio distal de la arteria femoral y el diámetro de la arteria tibial posterior, además de obtener el diámetro de otras arterias del miembro inferior. Se utilizaron 28 cadáveres formolizados de individuos adultos, de ambos sexos, los que fueron disecados en la región correspondiente. Los diámetros registrados fueron los siguientes: en el tercio distal de la arteria femoral (inicio de la arteria poplítea), parte final de la arteria poplítea antes de su bifurcación en arterias tibial anterior y posterior, arterias tibial anterior y posterior (tronco tibiofibular). En el sexo masculino, desde el tercio distal de la arteria femoral hasta la arteria tibial posterior hubo una reducción del diámetro de 27,92% (p<0,0001). En el femenino, la reducción fue de 52,61% (p < que 0,0001). Al comparar el diámetro del tercio distal de la arteria femoral entre ambos sexos, se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,0497), así como entre los diámetros de las arterias tibiales posteriores (p< 0,0142). Estos datos son de importancia clínica para los procedimientos de cirugía endovascular, pudiendo reducir las complicaciones en tales procedimientos. Las endoprotésis deberán adaptarse a estas diferencias de diámetro.

This article is a systematic review of the available literature on the benefits that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) offers patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and confirms its effectiveness. After receiving the device, some patients fear that it will malfunction, or they remain in a constant state of tension due to sudden electrical discharges and develop symptoms of anxiety and depression. A search with the key words “anxiety”, “depression”, “implantable cardioverter”, “cognitive behavioral therapy” and “psychotherapy” was carried out. The search was conducted in early January 2013. Sources for the search were ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and PsycINFO. A total of 224 articles were retrieved: 155 from PubMed, 69 from ISI Web of Knowledge. Of these, 16 were written in a foreign language and 47 were duplicates, leaving 161 references for analysis of the abstracts. A total of 19 articles were eliminated after analysis of the abstracts, 13 were eliminated after full-text reading, and 11 articles were selected for the review. The collection of articles for literature review covered studies conducted over a period of 13 years (1998-2011), and, according to methodological design, there were 1 cross-sectional study, 1 prospective observational study, 2 clinical trials, 4 case-control studies, and 3 case studies. The criterion used for selection of the 11 articles was the effectiveness of the intervention of CBT to decrease anxiety and depression in patients with ICD, expressed as a ratio. The research indicated that CBT has been effective in the treatment of ICD patients with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Research also showed that young women represented a risk group, for which further study is needed. Because the number of references on this theme was small, further studies should be carried out.

Knowledge of anatomical variations of the musculoskeletal system is important for interpreting unusual clinical presentations. We observed the presence of an abnormal extensor indicis muscle in the left hand of an adult male cadaver. In this case, the muscle comes from the ligament and over the scaphoideum and trapezoideum bones and continues after the short muscle belly; it is attached to the dorsal aponeurosis of the indicis. This muscular disposition was described in other studies which demonstrated approximately 1.0% of incidence. Clinically, this anatomical variation may be associated with pain and swelling at the back of the hand. In these cases symptoms tend to increase due to mechanical stress and can be confused with the presence of a dorsal synovial cyst. This report will help clinicians, surgeons, occupational and physical therapists formulate better clinical or surgical decisions when presented with a rare anatomical variation.

El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas del aparato locomotor es importante para la interpretación de las presentaciones clínicas inusuales. En este trabajo se relata la presencia de un músculo extensor indicis anormal en la mano izquierda de un cadáver de un hombre adulto, de sexo masculino. En este caso, el músculo proviene del ligamento y del dorso de los huesos escafoides y trapecio y se continúa después de un corto vientre muscular, fijándose a la aponeurosis dorsal del índice. Esta disposición muscular se ha descrito en otros estudios que demostraron aproximadamente un 1,0% de incidencia. Clínicamente, esta variación anatómica puede estar asociada con dolor e hinchazón en el dorso de la mano. En estos casos, los síntomas tienden a aumentar debido a la tensión mecánica y puede confundirse con la presencia de un quiste sinovial dorsal. Este informe ayudará a los médicos, cirujanos, terapeutas ocupacionales y físicos a tomar mejores decisiones clínicas o quirúrgicas cuando se le presenta una variación anatómica como la descrita.

This work sought to evaluate the effects of chronic intake of flaxseed upon hematologic parameters and immunological findings on body development of Wistar rats. Female Wistar rats were used after gestation. They were randomly assigned into two groups during lactation period: Control group (CG), fed with casein based diet, made up of 17% protein and flaxseed group (FG), fed with casein based diet with the addition of 25% flaxseed. At weaning, 12 male pups of each group continued to receive the experimental diets of their mothers (with only 10% of protein) until adult age, when they were killed at 250 days of life aiming at blood collection. At 250 days old FG presented significant reduction in body mass (p < 0.000) and higher levels of hemoglobin (p = 0.019) and albumin (p = 0.030) than CG. It was observed smaller percentage of segmented lymphocytes (p = 0.016) in rats from FG and bigger percentage of segmented leucocytes (p = 0.023) when compared to CG. The chronic consumption of flaxseed altered hematologic and immunological indicators in adult Wistar rats. Supplementation with flaxseed seems to be beneficial to maintenance or reduction of body mass.

Este trabajo pretendía evaluar el efecto de la ingestión crónica de linaza sobre parámetros hematológicos y hallazgos inmunológicos del desarrollo corporal de ratas Wistar. Se emplearon ratas hembra Wistar tras la gestación. Se las distribuyó al azar en dos grupos durante el período de lactancia: grupo control (GC), alimentado con una dieta basada en caseína, con un 17% de proteína y el grupo linaza (GF), alimentado con una dieta basada en caseína con la adición de un 25% de linaza. En el destete, 12 ratas macho continuaron recibiendo las dietas experimentales consumidas por sus madres (con sólo el 10% de proteína) hasta la edad adulta, en que fueron sacrificados a los 250 días de vida para la recogida de las muestras. A los 250 días de edad, el GF presentaba una reducción significativa de la masa corporal (p < 0,000) y mayores concentraciones de hemoglobina (p = 0,019) y albúmina (p = 0,030) que el GC. Se observó un menor porcentaje de linfocitos segmentados (p = 0,016) en las ratas del GF y un mayor porcentaje de leucocitos segmentados (p = 0,023) en comparación con el GC. El consumo crónico de linaza alteró los indicadores hematológicos e inmunológicos en las ratas Wistar adultas. La suplementación con linaza parece ser beneficiosa en el mantenimiento o la reducción de la masa corporal.

A nitretação consiste de um tratamento de endurecimento superficial, sob a ação de um ambiente nitrogenado, a temperatura e tempo determinados, podendo ser convencional (líquida e gasosa) ou por plasma. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o aço ferramenta AISI H10 modificado, nitretado a plasma com pós-oxidação e em banho de sal, visando à obtenção de uma camada com elevada dureza e resistente à corrosão. A microestrutura da camada nitretada foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e por difração de raios-X. A profundidade efetiva da camada foi determinada pelo perfil de microdureza e a resistência à corrosão foi avaliada em solução aquosa de 0,5 mol L-1 de cloreto de sódio, por ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmicos, e por ensaios em câmara de névoa salina. A microestrutura obtida após o tratamento térmico prévio de têmpera e revenimento, foi uma matriz constituída de martensita revenida, com a presença de carbonetos esferoidizados, dispersos homogeneamente na matriz. A camada nitretada produzida pelo tratamento em banho de sal apresentou camada de difusão com 150µm de profundidade e camada composta porosa e fragilizante, com espessura de aproximadamente 10µm. A camada nitretada produzida pelo tratamento a plasma com pós-oxidação apresentou camada composta compacta e homogênea, com até 7µm de espessura, e camada de difusão com nitretos precipitados em rede. As superfícies nitretadas a plasma com pós-oxidação apresentaram maior resistência à corrosão quando exposta em solução aquosa de NaCl 0,5 mol L-1.

Nitriding consists of a surface hardening treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere during a certain time and temperature that may be performed by a conventional procedure (liquid or gaseous) or using plasma. The material uses in the present work was a modified type AISI H10 toll stell that has been nitrided by plasma and salt bath procedures with the objective to produce a layer with high toughness and corrosion resistant. The microstructure of the nitrided layer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The layer effective depth was determined by micro-hardness profiling and the corrosion resistance was evaluated by dynamic polarization tests in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride 0,5 mol L-1 and also by testing in a salty spray camera. The microstructure obtained after the previous heat treatment of quenching and tempering consisted of a tempered martensite matrix containing a homogeneous dispersion of spherodized carbides. The nitrided layer produced by the salt bath treatment presented a diffusion layer with a depth of 150µm and an embrittled compound layer with a thickness of about 10µm. The nitrided layer created by the plasma treatment with post-oxidation presented a homogeneous compound layer with thickness of up to 7µm and a diffusion layer with a network of nitride precipitates the surfaces that were plasma nitrided with post-oxidation presented a better resistance to corrosion in aqueous 0,5 mol L-1 NaCl solution.

O estudo dos fenômenos fluido-dinâmicos de escoamento em meios porosos tem sido de grande interesse por diversas áreas das ciências, de forma a se avaliar não só a permeabilidade do material, mas também analisar o comportamento do fluido permeante quando no interior destes materiais. Tratando-se de compósitos à base de cimento, a mensuração da permeabilidade torna-se fundamental para que sua durabilidade possa ser estimada, pois é a permeabilidade que controla a taxa de ingresso e movimentação de agentes deletérios no interior destes materiais. Dessa forma, diversas metodologias e equacionamentos matemáticos têm sido utilizados para prever a permeabilidade de materiais à base de cimento. No entanto, várias discrepâncias e disparidades nos resultados têm sido encontradas. Dentre as metodologias empregadas para mensurar a permeabilidade de meios porosos, encontra-se a desenvolvida por Thenoz, a qual tem demonstrado bons resultados em materiais à base de cimento. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa, por meio de ensaio de permeabilidade ao ar, realizado de acordo com a metodologia de Thenoz, avaliar o comportamento fluido-dinâmico do ar durante o ensaio de permeabilidade em argamassas. Para isto, foram utilizadas argamassas preparadas com dois tipos de cimento Portland (CP II E - 32 e CP III - 32), duas relações água/cimento (0,5 e 0,6) e ensaiadas em idades de 14 e 28 dias. Por meio dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar que durante o escoamento a compressibilidade do ar pode ser ignorada e o regime de escoamento pode ser considerado como laminar, demonstrando que a metodologia proposta por Thenoz e o equacionamento matemático empregado pode resultar em coeficientes de permeabilidade ao ar confiáveis, pois fenômenos e considerações que poderiam influenciar neste tipo de escoamento podem ser negligenciados.

Fluid-dynamic phenomena study in porous media flow has been of great interest for diverse areas of sciences. These studies not only have evaluated the permeability of porous media, but also to analyze the behavior of the fluid during the flow. Being about to the cement based materials, the measuring of the permeability becomes basic so that the durability of these can be estimate, therefore is the permeability that controls the rate of ingression and movement of deleterious agents inside these materials. Thus, diverse methodologies and mathematical equations have been used to foresee the permeability of cementitious materials, however, some discrepancies and nonsense in the results have been found. Amongst the used methodologies to measure the permeability of porous media, one meets developed it by Thenoz, which it has demonstrated good results in cement based materials. Thus, this work aims at, by means of assay of permeability to air, carried through in accordance with the methodology of Thenoz, to evaluate the fluid-dynamic behavior of air during the assay of permeability in mortars. For this, mortars prepared with two types of Portland cement of blast furnace (CP IIE-32 and CP III - 32), two relations water/cement (0.5 and 0.6) and ages of 14 and 28 days were used. By means of the gotten results it was possible to observe that during the draining the compressibility of air can be ignored, the regimen of draining can be considered as to plate, demonstrating that the methodology proposal for Thenoz and used mathematical equations can result in coefficients of trustworthy air permeability, therefore phenomena and considerations that could influence in this type of flow can be neglected, in accordance with what it is considered by literature.

A kinetic formulation developed to analyze wave propagation in dusty plasmas, which takes into account the variation of the charge of the dust particles due to inelastic collisions with electrons and ions, is utilized to study the propagation and damping of electrostatic waves with wave number exactly parallel to the external magnetic field and Maxwellian distributions for the electrons and ions in the equilibrium. It is shown that, due to the presence of the dust, the damping of Langmuir waves in the region of large wavelengths is increased as compared to conventional Landau damping. Langmuir waves in the occurrence of collisional charging of dust particles also feature weak damping for small wavelengths, which vanishes if the effect of collisional charging of the dust particles is neglected in the dispersion relation. It is also shown that the damping of ion-acoustic waves is modified by the presence of the dust, and that some damping effect due to the dust particles remains even if the effect of collisional charging of dust particles is neglected in the dispersion relation.

In this work simulations of incompressible fluid flows have been done by a Least Squares Finite Element Method (LSFEM) using velocity-pressure-vorticity and velocity-pressure-stress formulations, named u-p-omega and u-p-tau formulations respectively. These formulations are preferred because the resulting equations are partial differential equations of first order, which is convenient for implementation by LSFEM. The main purposes of this work are the numerical computation of laminar, transitional and turbulent fluid flows through the application of large eddy simulation (LES) methodology using the LSFEM. The Navier-Stokes equations in u-p-omega and u-p-tau formulations are filtered and the eddy viscosity model of Smagorinsky is used for modeling the sub-grid-scale stresses. Some benchmark problems are solved for validate the numerical code and the preliminary results are presented and compared with available results from the literature.