While criteria pollutants have established emission limits for motorcycles in Brazil, aldehydes limits have not been established and conclusive studies have not been found in the existing literature, despite the growing number of motorcycles using flex fuel in Brazil. This work presents results for the emissions of criteria pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The motorcycle was tested with 22, 61, and 100% of ethanol in gasoline blends. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine the pre- and post-catalytic converter emissions. Aldehyde emissions directly increased with the ethanol content in the fuel blend. The tailpipe aldehyde emissions for 22, 61, and 100% of ethanol in gasoline were 3.9, 8.5, and 38.8 mg km-1, respectively. These results demonstrated that aldehyde emissions in motorcycles are not negligible, and higher emissions are observed during the cold phase of the engine.

O aumento do número de motocicletas nas grandes cidades brasileiras é decorrência de uma série de fatores, como o congestionamento, o baixo custo, mobilidade, poucos estacionamentos e transporte público deficiente, tornando-se um importante fator na deterioração da qualidade do ar. Neste contexto, o monitoramento das emissões veiculares é essencial para o entendimento da contribuição na poluição atmosférica. Neste cenário, foram amostradas as emissões de motocicletas em um ensaio dinamométrico e analisadas por cromatografia gasosa e analisadores automáticos de acordo com a Norma EC/97/24 (European Commission). As emissões das motocicletas usando gasolina comercial (com 22% de etanol) foram usadas em combinação com dados meteorológicos e poluentes em ar ambiente para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) no período do inverno de 2011, empregando o modelo de trajetórias OZIPR (Ozone Isopleth Package for Research) e o modelo químico SAPRC99 (State-wide Air Pollution Research Centre) para avaliar o impacto na formação do ozônio na troposfera da cidade do Rio de Janeiro para os próximos anos. Os resultados indicam que os níveis de ozônio irão ultrapassar os limites estabelecidos pela legislação nacional dentro de três anos. O estudo também demonstrou que as taxas de emissão dos poluentes legislados atendem os níveis recomendados pela legislação brasileira para todas as fases propostas. O incremento nas concentrações de ozônio ocorre em função das elevadas emissões de compostos orgânicos voláteis reativos em uma atmosfera já com níveis elevados de óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx). Diante deste cenário, medidas adicionais são necessárias para o gerenciamento das emissões das fontes móveis.

The increase in the number of motorcycles in large Brazilian cities is due to several factors such as traffic, low cost, mobility, few parking lots and the low efficiency of public transportation, becoming an important factor in air quality deterioration. In this context, vehicle emissions monitoring is essential to understand the contribution to air pollution as a whole. In this scenario, the emissions were sampled on a motorcycle dynamometer test bench and analyzed by gas chromatography and on-line analyzers according to the EC/97/24 standard (European Commission). Emissions from motorcycles using commercial gasoline (with 22% of ethanol) were used in combination with meteorological data and ambient air pollutants for Rio de Janeiro City (Brazil) during the Winter of 2011, using the trajectory model OZIPR (Ozone Isopleth Package for Research) and the chemical model SAPRC99 (State-wide Air Pollution Research Centre) to assess the impact on the ozone formation in the troposphere of Rio de Janeiro for the next several years. The results indicate that ozone levels will exceed the established limits by national legislation within three years. The study also showed that pollutant emission rates stay in agreement with emissions recommended by the Brazilian legislation for all phases. The increase in ozone concentration occurs due to high emissions of reactive volatile organic compounds in an atmosphere with high levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Given this scenario, additional measures are necessary to manage emissions from mobile sources in the future.

In this work was made an investigation about bulk and surface models (at maximum 20 layers) of the TiO2 material in the (001) direction. TiO2 commercial sample was feature using XDR technique to determine phase and crystallites average size. Bulk and (001) surface models were simulated for TiO2 material using DFT/B3LYP and its results were used for calculating energy surface, electronic levels, superficial atomic displacement and charge maps. Atoms of the first and second layers of the slab model showed electronic densities very well organized in the form of chains or wires.