Resumen: La orientación emprendedora es crucial para que los agricultores desempeñen su actividad económica con mayor crecimiento. El entorno institucional y la colaboración juegan un papel importante para desarrollar habilidades de emprendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto mediador de las redes de colaboración en la relación de los pilares institucionales y la orientación emprendedora de los campesinos. Se tomó como base la teoría neoinstitucional, la teoría del capital social y la teoría de los recursos y capacidades. Se hizo un estudio empírico con base en un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Se realizó un levantamiento de información con 192 productores agrícolas localizados en el estado de Aguascalientes. En la postura emprendedora, la proactividad fue más importante que arriesgarse o ser más innovador para abarcar con mayor profundidad el mercado. La mediación de las redes de colaboración entre los agricultores ayuda con los costos de las regulaciones, el desconocimiento del entorno institucional y la administración de la actividad agrícola.

Abstract: Entrepreneurial orientation is crucial for farmers to carry out their economic activity with greater growth. The institutional environment and collaboration play an important role in de veloping entrepreneurial skills. The objective of this study was to determine the mediating effect of collaboration networks in the relationship between institutional pillars and the entrepreneurial orientation of peasants. The neoinstitutional theory, the theory of social capital and the theory of resources and capabilities are taken as a theoretical basis. It is an empirical study based on a structural equation model. An information survey was carried out with 192 agricultural producers located in the state of Aguascalientes. Relevant results were obtained on the involvement of the entrepreneurial stance, taking into account that the dimension of proactivity is more important than taking risks or being more innovative to cover the market in greater depth. An important finding was that the mediation of collaborative networks between farmers helps lower the costs of regulations and overcome the lack of knowledge about the institutional context and agricultural activity management.

Resumo Os objetivos da pesquisa são: 1) determinar os efeitos que o conhecimento, as capacidades educacionais e socioculturais têm na redução da pobreza; 2) determinar os efeitos que as redes colaborativas têm no conhecimento, nas capacidades educacionais e socioculturais; e 3) determinar os efeitos da proteção legal e do apoio governamental nas redes colaborativas. A abordagem de capacidade foi tomada como base teórica para desenvolver as variáveis do estudo. Conduzimos um estudo empírico, usando uma amostra de 95 agricultores localizados no estado de Aguascalientes, México. Implicações importantes foram obtidas sobre a necessidade de ter laços de rede para impactar capacidades que reduzam a pobreza rural. Uma das descobertas mais importantes foi não encontrar evidências empíricas sobre a relação entre capacidades educacionais e a redução da pobreza rural. Por esse motivo, essa situação deve ser revisada em profundidade pela política educacional da região. Os agricultores que relataram ter melhores capacidades socioculturais tiveram os maiores efeitos na redução da pobreza em suas comunidades rurais. Da mesma forma, as redes colaborativas favorecem as capacidades de conhecimento porque informações importantes são compartilhadas por meio de atores sociais e econômicos. 1 2 3 empírico 9 Aguascalientes México rural motivo região rurais forma econômicos

Abstract The research objectives are: 1) to determine the effects that knowledge, educational and socio-cultural capabilities have on poverty reduction; 2) to determine the effects that collaborative networks have on knowledge, educational and socio-cultural capacities; and 3) to determine the effects of legal protection and government support on collaborative networks. The capability approach was taken as a theoretical basis to develop the study variables. We conducted an empirical study, using a sample of 95 farmers located in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Important implications were obtained on the necessity to have network ties to impact capabilities that reduce rural poverty. One of the most important findings was not finding empirical evidence on the relationship between educational capabilities and the reduction of rural poverty. For this reason, this situation must be reviewed in-depth by the educational policy of the region. Farmers who reported having better socio-cultural capacities had the greatest effects in reducing poverty within their rural communities. Similarly, collaborative networks favor knowledge capacities because important information is shared through social and economic actors. are 1 sociocultural socio cultural 2 3 variables 9 Aguascalientes Mexico reason indepth depth region communities Similarly actors

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo se concentra em analisar o contexto institucional e as redes colaborativas que afetam a capacidade empreendedora dos agricultores no México. Originalidade/valor: Tanto o quadro institucional quanto as redes colaborativas fazem parte do ambiente enfrentado pelo agricultor e o capacitam para decidir sobre seu negócio, sendo elementos decisivos para gerar confiança no meio ambiente e reduzir o risco de assumir responsabilidades econômicas. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Incorporamos o efeito moderador do contexto institucional considerando sua influência nas redes de colaboração. A técnica estatística de modelos de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar as hipóteses. A amostra foi composta por 192 agricultores do estado de Aguascalientes, México. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram efeitos significativos e positivos dos pilares institucionais e das redes colaborativas sobre a capacidade de empreender. Em relação aos efeitos não significativos do contexto institucional como variável moderadora, sugerem-se novas pesquisas para revisar a relação dos pilares institucionais com as redes de colaboração e sua possível relação negativa. Os pilares institucionais representam a percepção da estrutura social, relevante para mensurar o posicionamento que a sociedade tem em relação às capacidades, nesse caso, do empreendedorismo rural, principalmente na elaboração de políticas públicas. Deve ser considerado o impacto que as atuais ações governamentais estão causando na atividade comercial. Posteriormente, é necessário que as políticas públicas tenham uma aplicação efetiva pelo arcabouço legal e a formação de um ambiente de certeza baseado nos pilares normativos e cognitivos do contexto institucional. Objetivo México Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor negócio econômicas Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem hipóteses 19 Aguascalientes Resultados empreender moderadora sugeremse sugerem negativa social capacidades caso rural comercial Posteriormente 1

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study focuses on analyzing the institutional context and collaborative networks affecting farmers’ entrepreneurial capacity in Mexico. Originality/value: Both the institutional framework and collaborative networks are part of the environment faced by the farmer and empower them to decide about their business, being decisive elements to generate confidence in the environment and reduce the risk of assuming economic responsibilities Design/methodology/approach: We incorporate the moderating effect of the institutional context considering its influence on collaboration networks. The statistical technique of structural equation models was used to test the hypotheses. The sample comprised 192 farmers from the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Findings: The results showed significant and positive effects of institutional pillars and collaborative networks on the capacity to undertake. Regarding the non-significant effects of the institutional context as a moderating variable, further research is suggested to review the relationship of institutional pillars with collaboration networks and their possible negative relationship. Institutional pillars represent the perception of the social structure relevant to measuring society’s position regarding the capacities, in this case, of rural entrepreneurship, especially when making public policies. The impact of current government actions on the commercial activity should be considered. Subsequently, public policies must have a practical application by the legal framework and the formation of an environment of certainty based on the normative and cognitive pillars of the institutional context. Purpose Mexico Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value business Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach hypotheses 19 Aguascalientes Findings undertake nonsignificant non variable societys society s capacities case entrepreneurship considered Subsequently 1

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la productividad, el precio de venta de leche, el tamaño y las percepciones de sus propietarios sobre su entorno, calidad y permanencia en explotaciones de producción de leche del estado de Aguascalientes. Se evaluaron 40 unidades de producción de leche, con condiciones semejantes de antigüedad (30 años), manejo zootécnico, disponibilidad de insumos y clientes. A través de un MANOVA se compararon las características productivas de las explotaciones con relación al factor del tamaño del hato. Se formuló un modelo estructural para evaluar el efecto de los factores del entorno sobre la calidad de la leche y la intención de los granjeros en dar continuidad a las unidades de producción en la actividad lechera. Se encontró influencia positiva en la escala productiva de las explotaciones lecheras, la obtención de mayor productividad diaria por vaca, mejor percepción de calidad y el precio de venta de la leche. En el modelo, los factores del entorno se asociaron significativamente con la valoración de la calidad de la leche por los productores y su permanencia de la actividad lechera (14.2 y 22.7 %, respectivamente). Lo anterior confirma que la percepción de factores del entorno pudiera ser considerado como variable crucial para incrementar la calidad de la leche, la productividad y para el encuentro entre los intereses de los productores y de la agroindustria, así como para favorecer el desempeño e integración de los diferentes eslabones de la cadena productiva lechera e impulsar la competitividad global del sector agroalimentario mexicano.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the productivity, the sale price of milk, the size and the perceptions of their owners about their environment, quality and permanence in milk production farms in the state of Aguascalientes. Forty milk production units, with similar conditions of age (30 years), zootechnical management, availability of inputs and customers, were evaluated. The productive characteristics of the farms in relation to the herd size factor were compared through a MANOVA. A structural model was formulated to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on milk quality and farmers’ intention to continue production units in the dairy activity. A positive influence was found on the productive scale of dairy farms, the obtaining of higher daily productivity per cow, better perception of quality and the sale price of milk. In the model, environmental factors were significantly associated with the assessment of milk quality by producers and their permanence in the dairy activity (14.2 and 22.7 %, respectively). This confirms that the perception of environmental factors could be considered as a crucial variable to increase milk quality, productivity and for the meeting between the interests of producers and the agribusiness, as well as to favor the performance and integration of the different links in the dairy production chain and boost the global competitiveness of the Mexican agri-food sector.

Abstract Regulatory, normative and cognitive burdens were examined to define the current institutional framework and then establish the potential influence on entrepreneurial orientation. The study explores the differences between male and female entrepreneurship in order to identify the main gender problem. The methodology involved interviewing 250 Mexican entrepreneurs, as well as comparatively applying PLS-SEM. The findings show gender disparity in terms of normative burdens, indicating a hostile context for female entrepreneurs. Risk-taking skills were higher for women than men, which implies overly risky reactions by women. This study attempts to spotlight the role of women in the economic realm as crucial to building a balanced institutional context based on legal protection, social certainty and managerial skills to face the market innovatively, proactively and assertively.

Resumen Se examinaron las cargas regulatoria, normativa y cognitiva para definir el actual marco institucional, posteriormente, se establece la influencia potencial en la orientación emprendedora. El estudio explora las diferencias entre el emprendedurismo de hombres y mujeres, con el fin de identificar el problema principal de género. En la metodología se aplicó PLS-SEM de forma comparativa, se encuestaron a 250 emprendedores mexicanos para realizar el estudio. Los resultados muestran una disparidad de género en la carga normativa, infiriendo un contexto hostil para las mujeres emprendedoras. La habilidad de arriesgarse fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres, lo que implican reacciones sobre arriesgadas por parte de las mujeres. El estudio intenta llenar el rol de la mujer en el campo económico como un elemento crucial para construir un equilibrio en el contexto institucional: protección legal, certidumbre social y habilidades gerenciales para enfrentar el mercado de una manera innovativa, proactiva y asertiva.

Abstract This study analyzes the entrepreneur reasons to create firms in a necessity/opportunity profile. The objective was to detail the effects of regulatory, normative and cognitive burdens on entrepreneurs’ behavior. The entrepreneur ecosystem combines economic and social conditions where entrepreneurs display their business activities. The study was transversal, probabilistic and explicative. The survey measured the institutional burdens and the entrepreneur profile (necessity vs opportunity). The sample tested was of 250 firms from Aguascalientes. The statistical method was linear regression. The results show that normative burdens are more significant to entrepreneurship figure when the firm was created by an opportunity business. The regulatory burden was highly variable in both sides (necessity vs opportunity profile). This social perspective causes institutional arrangements that has effects on environemental trust, business opportunities could be seized by entrepreneurial skills developed with institutional forces based on legal protection and certainty.

Resumen El presente estudio analiza las razones por las que un emprendedor ha creado su empresa en dos perfiles principales: por necesidad o por oportunidad, con el objetivo de detallar como los emprendedores se ven influenciados por los aspectos regulativos, normativos y cognitivos, siendo estos conocidos como el ecosistema emprendedor que combina las condiciones económicas y sociales que forman el contexto donde los empresarios realizan sus actividades económicas. El estudio fue de corte transversal, probabilística y explicativa, se aplicó una encuesta para medir los aspectos institucionales y el perfil del emprendedor; fue aplicado en 250 micro y pequeñas empresas de la ciudad de Aguascalientes. Para testar los objetivos de la investigación se utilizó la técnica estadística de regresión lineal. Los resultados revelan que los aspectos normativos tienen efectos significativos para la figura emprendedora que ha iniciado su negocio a partir de la detección de una oportunidad en el mercado. Los aspectos regulativos fueron altamente variables en ambos perfiles. El problema fue analizado desde una perspectiva social lo que causa un bagaje institucional que influye en la confianza del entorno, proporcionando oportunidades de negocio que, si se cuentan con las habilidades emprendedoras necesarias, pueden ser aprovechadas por los emprendedores, ya que proporcionan protección y certidumbre.

Resumen El estudio del contexto institucional es un tópico relevante para medir aquellos factores que afectan las intenciones de crear una empresa. Teniendo como base la literatura de la teoría institucional se analiza a los productores de chile en México. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de las cargas regulatorias, normativas y cognitivas sobre la intención emprendedora de los agricultores. Se realizó un estudio empírico con 94 productores localizados en el estado de Aguascalientes. Las hipótesis planteadas se contrastaron a partir de regresiones lineales multivariantes. Se obtuvieron importantes resultados de la influencia de las cargas normativas y cognitivas sobre las intenciones de querer emprender por parte de los productores desempeñándose como una entidad formal. De igual forma, este trabajo tiene contribuciones a la literatura relacionada a la formación académica y sus implicaciones en las intenciones emprendedoras, específicamente siendo una variable que favorece la penetración de las cargas institucionales en el emprendimiento.

Abstract The study of the institutional context is a relevant topic to measure the factors that affect the intentions of creating a firm. Based on the literature of institutional theory and the theory of planned behavior, chile producers in Mexico are analyzed. The study aims to analyze the influence of regulative, normative and cognitive burdens on the entrepreneurial intention of farmers. An empirical study was carried out with 94 producers located in the state of Aguascalientes. The hypotheses raised were contrasted from multivariate linear regressions. Important results were obtained from the influence of the normative and cognitive burdens on the intentions of entrepreneurship on the part of the producers working as a formal entity. Similarly, this work has crucial contributions to the literature related to academic training and its implications for entrepreneurial intentions, specifically being a variable that favors the penetration of institutional burdens into entrepreneurship.