ABSTRACT The use of agricultural residues in anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production promotes environmental and socioeconomic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the biogas production from dry coffee husks (DCH), wet coffee husks (WCH), and cattle manure (CM) in AD. Prototypes of Indian anaerobic benchtop digesters with a batch feeding system supplied with 100 CM, 100 DCH, and 100 WCH for anaerobic mono-digestion (AMoD) and 25:75 DCH:CM and WCH:CM for anaerobic co-digestion (ACoD) were used in the experiment. The dry husk was mechanically pre-treated with grinding in a manual mill. Moisture and total solid presented no statistically significant difference between the studied relationships but the coffee husk as a co-digestant acidified the medium to be digested. The 25:75 DCH:CM ratio anticipated biogas production (7th week) and showed higher potential for weekly and accumulated biogas production. The Gompertz model showed the best fit considering the coefficient of determination, mean relative error, standard deviation of the estimate, and mean squared deviation. Therefore, the coffee husk as a co-digestant of cattle manure is a potential lignocellulosic biomass for biogas production provided that the process is conducted under pre-treatment.

ABSTRACT Turning residual biomass into bioenergy promotes rational environmental waste disposal and turn it into a source of energy. In the last decade, the idea of using lignocellulosic biomass to make second-generation (2G) biofuels has become more popular in the energy industry. Thus, this study aimed to show the potential of residual lignocellulosic biomass as raw material for clean and sustainable energy and the technological advances focused on making it economically viable. A narrative review was adopted, in which the material used in the bibliographic survey was organized from scientific sources collected in high-relevance databases. The various factors presented in the review guarantee that the use of lignocellulosic biomass is considered a promising substrate. Furthermore, it indicates a solution to the competition between food supply and fuel production, which occurs with first-generation biofuels, which in the long term seem to be unsustainable. However, despite technological advances for its production and commercialization on a large scale, investment in scientific research is necessary to make the adopted technologies viable. decade secondgeneration second generation 2G G (2G industry Thus viable highrelevance high relevance databases substrate Furthermore firstgeneration first unsustainable However scale

RESUMO O aumento da eficiência de secadores solares com garantia de que o sistema permaneça acessível a todos os usuários pode ser alcançado com sua automação por meio de sensores de baixo custo e fácil utilização. Objetivou-se desenvolver, implantar e avaliar um sistema automático de monitoramento dos parâmetros de secagem em secador híbrido solar-elétrico (SHSE). Inicialmente, foi desenvolvido e instalado o sistema automático de aquisição de dados para a coleta dos parâmetros de massa da amostra e temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar de secagem. O sistema automatizado foi validado comparando-o com aparelhos convencionais de medição dos parâmetros em estudo. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de Tukey e regressão linear a p ≤ 0,05. O sistema ligar/desligar do exaustor funcionou de forma eficiente, reduzindo os erros relacionados à medição da massa. O GERAR Mobile App mostrou-se fácil de ser usado por possuir ícones intuitivos e compatibilidade com os sistemas operacionais mais utilizados para dispositivos móveis. As respostas na comunicação via Bluetooth foram rápidas. A utilização do Arduino, um microcontrolador de baixo custo, para automatizar a atividade de monitoramento permitiu estimar a massa do produto e coletar os dados de temperatura do ar de secagem e umidade relativa do ar por meio do DHT22. Este sensor mostrou boa correlação de leituras de massa e temperatura do ar entre o sistema automático e convencional, mas baixa correlação para umidade relativa do ar. Em geral, o sistema de aquisição de dados monitorou em tempo real os parâmetros para secagem de produtos agrícolas no SHSE.

ABSTRACT Increasing the efficiency of solar dryers with ensuring that the system remains accessible to all users can be achieved with their automation through low-cost and easy-to-use technique sensors. The objective was to develop, implement and evaluate an automatic system for monitoring drying parameters in a hybrid solar-electric dryer (HSED). Initially, an automated data acquisition system for collecting the parameters of sample mass, air temperature, and relative air humidity was developed and installed. The automatic mass data acquisition system was calibrated in the hybrid solar-electric dryer. The automated system was validated by comparing it with conventional devices for measuring the parameters under study. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey test and linear regression at p ≤ 0.05. The system to turn on/off the exhaust worked efficiently, helping to reduce the errors related to the mass measurement. The GERAR Mobile App showed easy to be used since it has intuitive icons and compatibility with the most used operating systems for mobile devices. The responses in communication via Bluetooth were fast. The use of Arduino, a low-cost microcontroller, to automate the monitoring activity allowed estimating the mass of the product and collecting the drying air temperature and relative air humidity data through the DHT22. This sensor showed a good correlation of mass and air temperature readings between the automatic and conventional system, but low correlation for relative air humidity. In general, the automatic data acquisition system monitored in real time the parameters for drying agricultural products in the HSED.

ABSTRACT Coffee growers who produce the robusta species (Conilon) have sought to increase productivity and drink quality by improving production techniques. Artificial vision systems can assist in increasing the efficiency of operations associated with crop management. This study aimed to obtain colorimetric characteristics of robusta coffee fruits at different stages of maturity and use them for classifying fruits from digital images. A digital camera with spectral resolution in the visible was used to acquire images from 60 samples of coffee fruits at the green, cherry, and over-ripe stages of maturity. Colorimetric variables were extracted from the RGB, HIS, and L*a*b* color models and correlated with the physicochemical attributes of the fruits. The principal component analysis associated with the k-means technique was applied to the colorimetric variables that showed a significant correlation with the physical-chemical attributes. The colorimetric variables were reduced to a principal component, which presented an explanatory percentage of the variance of 82.33%. The clustering obtained by the application of the k-means technique showed the feasibility of using images for the automatic classification of robusta coffee fruits, with an overall accuracy of 100%.

RESUMO Variáveis obtidas por métodos ópticos podem apresentar correlação com características relacionadas à qualidade e maturação de tomates. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este estudo analisar a correlação entre as variáveis colorimétricas e físico-químicas de tomates, agrupando-os em função do estádio de maturação, utilizando análise multivariada. O experimento foi realizado utilizando 150 frutos em três estádios de maturação (imaturos, coloridos e maduros). As variáveis físico-químicas foram obtidas por meio de métodos tradicionais. As variáveis colorimétricas foram obtidas a partir de uma câmera digital no espaço de cor RGB. A análise da correlação entre as variáveis colorimétricas e físico-químicas foi realizada por meio do coeficiente de Pearson. A análise de componentes principais associada à técnica de agrupamento k-means foi aplicada em três grupos de dados: variáveis RGB isoladas; variáveis colorimétricas calculadas pela relação entre as bandas RGB (índices colorimétricos); e variáveis físico-químicas. As variáveis colorimétricas apresentam maior capacidade explicativa da variação da maturação quando comparadas às variáveis físico-químicas. O conjunto de índices colorimétricos apresentou o maior desempenho no agrupamento (exatidão global = 0,98) dos tomates em função da maturação.

ABSTRACT Results of evaluations using optical evaluation methods may be correlated with tomato quality and maturation. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluated the correlation between tomato colorimetric and physico-chemical variables, clustering them as a function of maturation stages, using multivariate analysis. The experiment was conducted using 150 fruits and three maturation stages (immature, light red and mature). The physico-chemical variables were evaluated through traditional methods. The colorimetric variables were assessed on images in RGB color model taken with a digital camera. The correlation between colorimetric and physico-chemical variables was analyzed using the Pearson’s coefficient. Principal components analysis and k-means clustering method was applied to three data set: RGB isolated variables; colorimetric variables calculated by relation between the RGB bands (colorimetric indexes); and physico-chemical variables. The colorimetric variables present higher explanatory capacity of the maturation variation than physico-chemical variables. The colorimetric indexes presented higher performance in clustering (accuracy of 0.98) tomatoes as a function of maturation.

ABSTRACT One way of making livestock farming a more sustainable practice is to raise cattle organically. However, regardless of the production system, there is a generation of residues that can be converted into energy resources using biodigesters. This study aimed to evaluate the addition of inoculum in the anaerobic biodigestion of cattle manure under organic (OPS) and conventional production systems (CPS) in an Indian model biodigester. The physicochemical (pH, EC, TS, VS, DBO, and COD) and microbiological characteristics of the affluent and effluent, as well as the production, potential, and qualitative characteristics of the biogas, were evaluated. CPS showed higher reductions in TS, VS, BOD, and COD than OPS, with the highest effect of biogas production. Regarding the effect of inoculum addition, the treatment with 20% inoculum provided in both production systems high acceleration at the starting point of biogas production and increased energy potential, as well as high reductions in VS, BOD, and COD. Thus, there is a need to use 20% inoculum for high biogas productivity, regardless of the production system.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of biogas, as well as the biogas production potential resulting from the anaerobic biodigestion of dairy cattle manure under organic (CMOS) and conventional (CMCS) production system. Also, the concentration of thermotolerant coliforms was evaluated after the biodigestion process. Therefore, bench biodigesters prototypes were supplied with CMOS and CMCS for 30 weeks. The experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions for each treatment. Analysis of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), biogas production potential, most probable number (MPN) of thermotolerant coliforms were made. The cumulative biogas production was 6.18 L and 11.15 L, when using the CMOS and CMCS, respectively. Average biogas production potential of CMCS were 0.2; 2.6 and 2.9 L kg-1 substrate, ST and SV added, respectively and for CMOS 0.1; 1.4 and 1.9 L kg-1substrate, ST and SV added, respectively. After the anaerobic biodigestion process of CMOS and CMCS, it was observed that the concentrations of thermotolerant coliforms were well below than the limit established by law.

ABSTRACT The implementation of the ozonation process in the milling industry to control insect pests and improve wheat flour qualities requires understanding the behavior of ozone during ozonation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reaction kinetics of ozone gas in wheat flour. Wheat flour ozonation at concentrations of 0.54, 1.07, 1.61 and 2.14 mg L−1 was used in a prototype consisting of a cylinder and a mixing system with a helical thread. The iodometric titration method was used to quantify the ozone concentration in the air stream. The reaction kinetics were characterized by determining the saturation time and the decomposition kinetics (decay rate and half-life time). With increasing ozone concentration, less time was required to saturate the wheat flour. The saturation times were 812, 434, 370 and 342 min for ozone concentrations of 0.54, 1.07, 1.61 and 2.14 mg L−1, respectively. Increasing the ozone concentration did not influence the constant decay rate and half-life time. The ozone decomposition kinetics could be represented by a first-order model, with a decay rate constant of 0.23±0.008 min−1 and a half-life time of 3.02±0.081 min.

Neste trabalho o propósito foi avaliar o transporte do isotiocianato alilo (AITC), por meio do estudo do mecanismo de sorção e da difusão do AITC, nos grãos de milho. O procedimento experimental para o estudo da sorção foi conduzido pela injeção de AITC em frascos de vidro contendo os grãos. Modelos cinéticos de ordem zero, de primeira e de segunda ordem, foram ajustados aos dados de concentração do AITC com a finalidade de determinar a taxa de sorção (k). Para o estudo da difusão utilizou-se um protótipo em que os componentes são uma câmara de gás e uma coluna cilíndrica, para contenção dos grãos. A cada 110 min amostras na câmara e na coluna foram coletadas e imediatamente injetadas no cromatógrafo a gás. Para determinar o valor do coeficiente efetivo de difusão (Def) do AITC através de grãos de milho adicionou-se, à equação de difusão, o termo referente à taxa de sorção. O modelo cinético, foi o de primeira ordem e k foi 6,26 x 10-4 s-1. O Def do AITC através dos grãos, foi de 7,2 x 10-3 cm² s-1. Concluiu-se que o transporte do AITC por meio dos grãos de milho é lento devido ao baixo valor do Def e à elevada taxa de sorção deste componente pelos grãos.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the transport of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) by means of the sorption mechanism and the diffusion of AITC through maize grains. The experimental procedure to study the sorption mechanism was conducted by injection of AITC in glass flasks containing the grains. Kinetic models of zero, first and second order were fitted to AITC concentration data, with the purpose of determining the sorption rate (k). For the study of diffusion, a prototype was utilized in which the components are a gas chamber and a cylindrical column in which the grains were stored. At the interval of 110 min, samples in the chamber and in the column were collected, which were immediately injected into the gas chromatograph. In order to determine the effective diffusion coefficient (Def) of AITC through maize grains, the term referring to the sorption rate was added to the diffusion equation. The kinetic model of the first order was the one that best fitted the experimental data for the sorption mechanism, and k was 6.26 x 10-4 s-1. The Def of AITC through grains was 7.2 x 10-3 cm² s-1. It was concluded that the transport of AITC through maize grains is slow, due to the low value of Def and high sorption rate of this component by the grains.

Avaliaram-se as principais alterações qualitativas de soja armazenada em silos tipo bolsa e do óleo bruto extraído de soja com teores de água de 17,4% e 13,3%, armazenada em dois silos tipo bolsa, por 180 dias. Realizaram-se amostragens no dia do enchimento das bolsas, aos 30; 90 e 180 dias de armazenamento. Analisaram-se o teor de água, a condutividade elétrica, o percentual de germinação, a massa específica aparente da soja, além do teor de ácidos graxos livres e o índice de peróxido do óleo bruto extraído dela. Os teores de água da soja armazenada úmida e seca mantiveram-se próximos dos valores obtidos no início do período de armazenamento. Observou-se tendência de elevação da condutividade elétrica e decréscimo do percentual de germinação somente na soja úmida, principalmente após 90 dias de armazenamento. Não foi verificado decréscimo da massa específica aparente do material armazenado úmido e seco. Com relação aos parâmetros qualitativos do óleo bruto, observou-se que os valores obtidos se mantiveram abaixo do limite máximo exigido pela legislação para a comercialização de óleo bruto de soja. Pode-se concluir que os silos tipo bolsa representam alternativa viável do ponto de vista qualitativo para armazenagem de soja, e esse tipo de estrutura não ocasiona alterações qualitativas significativas no óleo bruto obtido desse material, em condições similares àquelas deste estudo.

This study reports major qualitative changes in the soybean grains and the extracted crude oil when stored in bag type silos. Grains with moisture content of 17.4 or 13.3% were stored in two bag type silos. Samples were taken 30, 90 and 180 days of storage , to determine moisture content, electric conductivity of the grain leachate, germination percentage, apparent specific grain mass, and free fatty acid content, and peroxide index of the crude oil extracted from these grains. The wet and dry grains remained with moisture contents similar to the original levels during the storage period. There was a tendency for to increase in the electric conductivity and decrease in the germination percentage of moist soybeans, especially after a ninety-day storage. The apparent grain density of moist or dry soybeans did not decrease. As regarding to the qualitative parameters of crude oil, the values remained below the legal limits required for marketing crude soybean oil. From the results it can be concluded that bag type silos represent a viable alternative for soybean storage without quality loss, and also storage in such structures does not lead to qualitative changes in the crude oil obtained from such grains.

Considerando que a temperatura da massa de grãos pode influenciar o período de exposição dos fumigantes, desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o propósito de investigar a influência de temperaturas crescentes da massa de grãos (20, 30, 35 e 40 ºC) no período de exposição do ozônio necessário para matar 50 e 95% de insetos adultos de Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Grãos de milho foram distribuídos em recipientes cilíndricos de PVC com conexões para injeção e exaustão de gás. Os insetos contidos em gaiolas foram colocados na camada mediana da massa de grãos em cada recipiente e estes, por sua vez foram fumigados com ozônio na concentração de 50 ppm. Os tempos letais (TL50 e TL95) para os insetos adultos de T. castaneum foram reduzidos com o aumento da temperatura da massa de grãos, de 20 para 30 ºC, porém a 35 ºC os tempos letais não foram reduzidos em relação às temperaturas menores, mas a 40 ºC os tempos letais foram reduzidos novamente, resultando no menor TL95.

Considering that the grain temperature may influence the exposure time of the fumigants, the present study was carried out to investigate the influence of increasing temperatures of the grain mass (20, 30, 35 and 40 ºC) on the exposure time to ozone required to kill 50 and 95% of adult insects of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Maize grains were distributed in cylindrical polyvinyl chloride recipients having connections for gas injection and exhaustion. The insects held in cages were placed at the median height of the grain mass in each recipient, which was then fumigated with ozone at the concentration of 50 ppm. The lethal times (LT50 and LT95) for adult insects of T. castaneum were reduced by increasing grain temperature, from 20 to 30 ºC; however, at 35 ºC the lethal times were not reduced compared with lower temperatures; but at 40 ºC the exposure time decreased again, resulting in lower LT95.

Neste trabalho a meta principal foi avaliar a suscetibilidade dos adultos de Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) e a qualidade fisiológica dos grãos de milho submetidos ao tratamento com ozônio, em diferentes camadas da massa de grãos, razão pela qual se construíram gaiolas de 3,0 cm de altura e 15,0 cm de diâmetro, em PVC, sendo o fundo e a tampa confeccionados em tecido do tipo organza; as gaiolas foram dispostas em recipientes cilíndricos, também em PVC, com 20 cm de diâmetro, 100 cm de altura e conexões para injeção e exaustão do gás ozônio. Tanto os insetos quanto os grãos de milho foram submetidos a uma atmosfera modificada com 50 mg kg-1 de ozônio injetado a um fluxo contínuo de 8,0 L min-1 em conexão localizada na base (plenum) do recipiente, em diferentes períodos de exposição. A espécie que se mostrou mais susceptível foi a S. zeamais, independentemente da sua distribuição na massa de grãos. O menor período de exposição para controlar 95% dos adultos de S. zeamais e T. castaneum foi de 23,76 e 64,19 h, respectivamente, quando distribuídos próximos à injeção do gás ozônio; em geral, os tratamentos com atmosfera modificada com 50 mg kg-1 de ozônio não afetaram a qualidade fisiológica dos grãos de milho.

The main goal of this work was to assess the susceptibility of adults of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the physiological quality of maize grains subjected to ozone treatment in different grain layers. PVC cages 3.0 cm high and 15.0 cm diameter were built with their bottom and cover closed with organza-like cloth; the cages were placed in cylindrical containers of PVC with 20 cm diameters and 100 cm heights and connections for injection and exhaustion of the ozone gas. Insects and maize grains were subjected to a modified atmosphere with 50 mg kg-1 ozone injected at a flow of 8.0 L min-1 through a connection at the bottom of the container (plenum) for different exposure times. Sitophilus zeamais was the most susceptible species regardless of its distribution in the grain mass. The exposure periods required to achieve 95% control of adults of S. zeamais and T. castaneum were 23.76 and 64.19 h respectively, when distributed near the ozone injection; overall the treatments with atmosphere modified by ozone injection at 50 mg kg-1 did not affect the physiological quality of maize grain.