Abstract Aim: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of considering single/ combined and raw/ standardized measures from the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) and Fitnessgram tests on the relation between GMC and HRPF in four age-groups. Method: Participated five-hundred thirty-one children and adolescents (279 boys). The individuals were divided into four groups: 4 to 7, 7 to 9.5, 9.5 to 12, 12 to 15 years of age. We utilized the KTK and Fitnessgram tests to measure, respectively, GMC and HRPF. Bootstrap correlations and χ2 tests were performed for all individuals, and each group controlling for sex. Results: For the raw scores, correlations were around (absolute) r = 0.37, except body composition, with large decreases when controlling for age and sex. For standardized tests, considering either the GMC quotient or GMC categories, correlations were all significant (around r = 0.34). Finally, considering broad categories (apt/non-apt and coordinated/non-coordinated), the association was 0.16. Conclusions: We found clear influences of the measure utilized on the association between GMC and HRPF measures.

It has been suggested that guidance, encouragement and opportunity are crucial factors for children’s motor development. They are especially important to promote the mastery of fundamental movement skills. The present study investigated the association between two elements related to those factors - proposed curriculum of physical education and the most popular sport in a given country - and the incidence of mastery in the FMS in children from 4 to 10 years of age. In order to carry out a cross-cultural comparison, three studies from different countries (Portugal, China and USA) that used TGMD-II were selected. The results indicated association between proposed curriculum and the number of children mastering FMS. This association increases in older age groups of children from USA, the most structured curriculum related to FMS, presenting the highest average percentage of mastery. Additionally, we did not find association of the most popular sports in a given country with the mastery of the related skill. These results are interpreted as evidence for the importance of guidance on the mastery of FMS.

Este estudo investigou os efeitos da meta estabelecida no desempenho e aderência de indivíduos experientes. Foram realizadas três fases: pré-teste, prática e pós-teste. Treze atletas universitários (24.3±4.8 anos de idade) foram divididos em dois grupos onde realizaram arremessos de três metros do basquetebol: G10% - no qual 10% do desempenho do pré-teste foram acrescidos para o estabelecimento da meta, e G30%, no qual 30% foi acrescido para estabelecimento da meta. Após a última fase, os indivíduos responderam a um questionário de avaliação do comprometimento a meta. A expectativa era que o grupo com maior percentagem no estabelecimento da meta iria demonstrar piores resultados e menor comprometimento com a meta estabelecida devido a dificuldade imposta. As análises mostraram que apesar da melhora significativa de ambos os grupos, os diferentes percentuais no estabelecimento de metas foram similares na mudança do desempenho. Entretanto, o acréscimo de 10% ao desempenho no pré teste permitiu maior comprometimento com a meta.

The present study investigated the effects of goal setting in the performance and adherence to the goal in experienced individuals. The study design was composed of a pretest, practice and a posttest. Thirteen collegiate-athletes (24.3±4.8 years old) was divided into two groups to perform three-meter-shots of basketball: G10% - which 10% of the performance in the pretest was added for the goal setting - and G30%, which 30% was added for the goal setting. After the last trial in the posttest, the participants answered a questionnaire of goal adherence. The expectation was that the higher percentage group would have worse performance and fewer adherences to the goal because the set goal was too difficult to achieve. Although we observed an improvement in the performance of both groups, no differences were found between them in the pre and posttest. However, G10% group showed higher frequency of adherence to the set goal.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar se instruções de foco externo de atenção comparado ao foco interno e sem foco determinado afetariam de forma diferente a performance motora de crianças. Adicionalmente, buscou-se mensurar a adoção das instruções prescritas sobre o foco de atenção pelos participantes. Vinte e três crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 10.04 ± .06 anos realizaram uma tarefa motora de agilidade em três condições diferentes: foco externo, foco interno e sem foco determinado. Estes realizaram cinco tentativas de prática de cada condição experimental em dias distintos e tiveram seus tempos de movimento registrados. Após cada tentativa, todos os participantes responderam a uma pergunta em relação ao foco de atenção utilizado. As análises apontaram superioridade da condição sem foco determinado e de foco interno em relação à condição foco externo. Em relação à adoção do foco de atenção, as crianças se utilizaram prioritariamente dos focos de atenção instruídos pelo experimentador. Porém, na condição sem foco determinado utilizaram o foco externo (65%) na maioria das tentativas. Conclui-se que as instruções relacionadas ao foco de atenção externo não beneficiaram a performance motora de uma tarefa de agilidade em crianças.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether instructions external focus of attention compared to internal focus and no particular focus differently affect motor performance of children. Additionally, we attempted to measure the adoption of the prescribed instructions on the focus of attention by the participants. Twenty-three children, of both sexes, mean age 10.04 ± .06 years performed a motor task agility in three different conditions: external focus, internal focus and no particular focus. They performed five trials of practice each experimental condition on different days and had their times recorded movement. After each trial, all participants answered a question regarding the focus of attention used. The analysis showed superiority of condition without specific focus and internal focus in relation to external focus condition. Regarding adoption of the focus of attention, the children used the priority focus of attention instructed by the experimenter. However, participants in the no particular focus condition used external focus (65%) in most of the attempts. We conclude that the instructions related to the external focus of attention not benefited the motor performance of a task agility in children.