Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different chloride salts (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) on the characteristics of salted meat products through the determination of moisture, pH, aw, chloride, ash levels, cooking loss, and instrumental color during the processing steps. Four salted meat treatments were elaborate using the following salts in the wet and dry salting steps: FC1: 100% NaCl; F1: 50% NaCl + 50% KCl; F2: 50% NaCl + 25% CaCl2; F3: 50% NaCl + 25% KCl + 25% CaCl2. The addition of CaCl2 led to the lowest pH and changes in aw, moisture, ash levels, and instrumental color when compared to the other treatments, which was different from the control (100% NaCl) and F1 (50% NaCl + 50% KCl), thus evidencing the great effect of CaCl2 on the characteristics of salted meat products during the whole processing. The partial replacement of NaCl by KCl and/or CaCl2 greatly increased the cooking loss of salted meat products. The replacement of NaCl by KCl promoted similar quality parameters.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of adding wheat fiber and partial pork back fat on the quality characteristics of bologna sausage. The compound central rotating design was used with treatments containing fixed levels of inulin (5%) and oat fiber (1%) and variable levels of wheat fiber (0-4%) and pork back fat (0-10%). The pH and protein were similar in all the treatments, the fat was lower than the control treatment and the moisture content was higher than the control treatment (CF) without fibers. The wheat fiber increased the hardness and reduced cohesiveness and scores were given for overall impression. We found that it was possible to prepare low-fat bologna sausage with the addition of 6.58% fiber (5% inulin, 1% oat fiber and 0.58% wheat fiber), whilst retaining good sensory acceptability, thus reducing the pork back fat levels by between 25 and 42.75%.

The impact of sodium chloride reduction and its substitution for micronized salt on consumer acceptance of turkey ham was investigated. Five formulations - F1 (control - 2.0% NaCl), F2 (1.7% NaCl), F3 (1.4% NaCl), F4 (1.7% micronized NaCl), and F5 (1.4% micronized NaCl) - were evaluated with respect to sodium chloride content and by consumers using a nine-point hedonic scale for overall acceptability and CATA (check-all-that-apply) using 24 sensory descriptors. Trained panelists characterized the products using the flash profiling technique. Reductions in the salt content by up to 30% did not affect the overall acceptability of the samples by the consumers. However, the consumers characterized the formulations with lower salt content as "less salty and less seasoned" in comparison to the contents in the control. Products containing 1.7% NaCl were considered very similar to the control. The results obtained indicate that it is possible to reduce NaCl content by 30% without affecting consumer acceptance of the product. The use of micronized salt did not affect the sensory characteristics when compared with those of formulations containing the same level of sodium chloride indicating that micronized salt does not influence perception of salt.

A aplicação de linhaça em carne e produtos cárneos através da adição como ingrediente não-cárneo não foi ainda devidamente avaliada. Essa estratégia tecnológica, se bem otimizada, poderia melhorar substancialmente o valor nutricional de produtos cárneos e promover apelos saudáveis consistentes. Sabendo disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de óleo, ou farinha, ou semente de linhaça dourada sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e o perfil de ácidos graxos de hambúrgueres bovinos. Os hambúrgueres foram preparados com 5,0% de óleo (OL), farinha (FL), ou de semente (SL), além de uma formulação controle (FC). Para os produtos crus contendo linhaça, o teor de umidade (74,22 a 68,61%) diminuiu e os teores de cinzas (1,61 a 2,00g 100g-1), proteínas (15,62 a 16,46g 100g-1), gorduras (6,20 a 9,74g 100g-1), carboidratos (2,02 a 3,97 g 100g-1) e calorias (127,71 a 161,62kcal 100g-1) aumentaram. As amostras cruas e cozidas contendo linhaça dourada tiveram um aumento benéfico de ácidos graxos ômega-3 (n-3) (0,85 a 2,98g 100g-1), e uma redução da relação n-6/n-3 (<1), além de um aumento da relação poli-insaturados/saturados (>0,50), melhorando assim o perfil nutricional.

Flaxseed application in meat and meat products by adding not flesh ingredients has not yet been properly assessed. This technology strategy, if well optimized, could substantially improve the nutritional value of meat products and promote healthy appeals consistent. Knowing that, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding golden flaxseed oil, or flour, or seed in the physico-chemical properties and fatty acid profile of beef patties. Beef patties were prepared with 5.0% of oil (FO), or flour (FF), or seed (FS), plus a control formulation (FC). For raw products containing flaxseed, the moisture content (74.22 to 68.61%) was decreased and the ash (1.61 to 2.00g 100g-1), protein (15.62 to 16.46g 100g-1), fat (6.20 to 9.74g 100g-1), carbohydrate (2.02 to 3.97 g 100g-1), and calorie (127.71 to 161.62kcal 100g-1) contents were increased. The raw and grilled samples containing golden flaxseed had increased beneficial omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (0.85 a 2.98g 100g-1), a decreased n-6/n-3 ratio (<1), and an increased polyunsaturated/saturated ratio (>0.50), thus improving the nutritional profile.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de linhaça‑dourada e derivados sobre os teores de colesterol e a oxidação lipídica em hambúrguer bovino. Foram elaborados hambúrgueres com 5,0% de óleo, ou farinha, ou sementes de linhaça‑dourada, além de uma formulação‑controle (sem adição de linhaça ou derivados). Os hambúrgueres foram mantidos congelados, a ‑18ºC, por 90 dias. Determinou-se o teor de colesterol e a estabilidade oxidativa dos produtos crus e grelhados. Os menores teores de colesterol foram observados nos produtos com óleo de linhaça. No entanto, a adição de linhaça e derivados aumentou a oxidação lipídica em hambúrguer bovino (maiores valores de malonaldeído), após o armazenamento.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding golden flaxseed and derivatives on cholesterol and lipid oxidation of beef burger. Burgers were prepared with 5.0% oil, or flour, or seeds of golden flaxseed, besides a control formulation (without the addition of flaxseed or derivatives). They were kept in a freezer for 90 days, at ‑18ºC. Cholesterol content and oxidative stability of raw and grilled products were determined. The lowest cholesterol levels were observed in the products with flaxseed oil. However, the addition of flaxseed and derivatives increased the lipid oxidation in beef burgers after storage (higher contents of malonaldehyde).

Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a substituição de 50% de NaCl por KCl em mortadela com adição de misturas de ervas e especiarias (coentro, cebola, pimenta branca, cardamomo e pimenta Jamaica). As formulações testadas apresentaram redução significativa nos teores de sódio, sem alterações importantes na estabilidade de emulsão, textura e características microbiológicas. A utilização de 50% de KCl causou uma redução na qualidade sensorial com significativa diminuição na percentagem de intenção de compra dos consumidores. As formulações com adição de ervas e especiarias apresentaram melhores resultados para avaliação sensorial, evidenciando que essa estratégia é capaz de reduzir os efeitos negativos resultantes da utilização de KCl.

In this study, the replacement of 50% NaCl by KCl in Bologna sausage with the addition of herbs and spice blends (coriander, onion, white pepper, cardamom, and Jamaican pepper) was evaluated. The formulations tested showed a significant reduction in the sodium content with no major alterations in the emulsion stability, texture, and microbiological characteristics. The use of 50% KCl caused a reduction in the sensory quality leading to a significant decrease in the consumers' purchase intention. The formulations with the addition of herbs and spice blends presented better results in the sensory evaluation indicating that this strategy can reduce the negative effects resulting from the use of KCl.

Objetivou-se analisar a composição química e perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da carne dos frangos (peito e coxa/sobrecoxa) alimentados com rações contendo 10 e 20% de cevada e ração controle. Os AG foram avaliados por cromatografia gasosa. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) na composição química da carne do peito. Na coxa/sobrecoxa, a dieta com 20% de cevada diminuiu as cinzas (p < 0,05). Em relação à composição de AG saturados, apenas o ácido mirístico do peito tratado com 10% de cevada foi diminuído (p < 0,05). Nenhuma dieta influenciou no teor de AG monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados (p > 0,05). Quanto à relação ω6/ω3, a maior foi observada nos animais alimentados com 20% de cevada, em ambos os cortes, sendo considerada a de pior qualidade. Conclui-se que a ração com 20% de cevada foi pior do que as demais e a com 10% de cevada foi melhor que a ração testemunha, principalmente avaliando-se a quantidade de AG saturados que foi diminuída.

The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and the fatty acids (FA) profile of broiler chicken (breast and thigh/on-thigh) fed diets containing 10 and 20% of barley and a control diet. The FAs were evaluated by gas chromatography. There was not a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the breast chemical composition. In the thigh/on-thigh cut, the ration containing 20% of barley reduced the ashes (p < 0.05). Regarding the saturated FA composition, only the breast myristic acid treated with 10% of barley was reduced (p < 0.05). None of the diets influenced the polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) FA's content (p > 0.05). As for the ω6/ω3 ratio, the highest one was observed in the 20% barley fed animals, in both cuts, being considered the worst quality. It can be concluded that the 20% barley ration was worse than the others and the 10% barley ration was better than the control ration, especially when considering the saturated FA quantity that was reduced.