ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of adding dapagliflozin as an intensification strategy for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods: A historical cohort study was conducted in 123 adult patients over 18 years old who were diagnosed with uncontrolled T2DM, who received dapagliflozin add-on to their dual base treatment: metformin plus glibenclamide (n = 32), metformin plus saxagliptin (n = 29), metformin plus exenatide (n = 28), or metformin plus insulin (n = 34). The endpoints were evaluated using analysis of variance. Results: All the patients completed a 52-week follow-up. Overall, 52.85% of patients were female, the Hispanic population represented the largest proportion of patients in all groups (60.98%), and the mean ± SD patient age and body weight were 55.05 ± 7.58 years and 83.55 ± 9.65 kg, respectively. The mean ± SD duration of T2DM, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were 5.93 ± 2.98 years, 8.1 ± 0.53%, and 166.03 ± 26.80 mg/dL, respectively. The grand mean changes of HbA1c, FPG, body weight and blood pressure showed a decreasing trend during the study period and it was statistically significant in all groups (p-value = <0.001). The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c target (<7%) was highest in the group that used a dapagliflozin add-on to metformin plus saxagliptin. Conclusion: The addition of dapagliflozin as an alternative for intensification of dual therapy consistently improved, not only FPG and HbA1c, but also body weight and blood pressure, with statistically significant results.

Abstract: The objectives of this study were: a) establish the frequency, age and reason for hemicastration, b) determine the most frequently removed testicle and c) compare the athletic performance between unilaterally castrated and intact Chilean rodeo stallions. Two hundred and sixteen Chilean Horse stallions participating in the 2016 Chilean rodeo qualifying rounds and National Championship (CRNC) were evaluated. Owners and/or riders were interrogated about age, hemicastration, age at hemicastration, removed testicle, reason and effects of hemicastration on athletic performance of stallions. The statistical analysis was descriptive and the results were expressed in means and percentages. Chi-square test was used to compare the performance between unilaterally castrated and intact stallions. Performance was qualified based on qualification to the CRNC and ultimately participation in the Champion series. Fifty-three percent of the stallions were unilaterally castrated (47% left testicle; 53% right testicle) (P>0.05). Mean age of hemicastration was 6.97±2.24 years. Main reasons reported for hemicastration were: traumatic (76%), increased volume (13%) and preventive (11%), but not all of them with medical confirmation. Seven owners or riders were unaware of the reason of hemicastration. Forty-six percent of the qualified stallions to the CRNC (P>0.05) and 29% of the qualified to the Champion series were unilaterally castrated (P=0.0122). It was concluded that half of the 2016 elite Chilean Horse stallions were unilaterally castrated, without preference for a testicle, after the age of initiation of sporting activity. A 43.5% of hemicastration in Chilean rodeo stallions are performed preventively or based on subjective assessments of owners and riders without veterinary diagnosis, however, it is unclear that hemicastration affected the athletic performance in these cases.

In Chile, there have been two studies on classic stereotypic behavior in Chilean horses breed. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of classic stereotypies in Chilean horses stabled of the counties of Pinto and Coihueco, Biobío Region, Chile, and its association with sex and age. All Chilean horses registered and stabled in both counties were studied (n=103). Presence or absence of classic stereotypies (crib-biting, weaving and box-walking) was determined by direct observation of 20 min per hour for 4 hours. Data were analyzed dividing horses by sex into three groups: stallions (n = 36), geldings (n = 33) and mares (n = 34). Based on their age, they were divided into three groups: 3-5 years old (n = 14), 5(-1)5 years old (n = 83) and >15 years old (n = 6). Results were expressed as simple percentages. The effects of age and sex were analyzed statistically by Fisher's exact test with a significance level at 0.05. Total prevalence of classic stereotypies was 6.8% (1.94% crib-biting, 0.98% weaving and 3.88% box-walking). No statistic differences were found regarding sex or age. Results suggest that Chilean horses showed a normal prevalence of classic stereotypies and that box-walking is the most common stereotypic behavior in horses of this breed.

En Chile se han realizado dos estudios de estereotipias clásicas en caballos de raza chileno, ambos con resultados diferentes respecto a la prevalencia total y estereotipia más frecuente en esta raza. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia total y de cada una de las estereotipias clásicas en caballos chilenos estabulados de las comunas de Pinto y Coihueco, Región del Biobío, Chile, y su asociación con el sexo y edad. Se estudió la totalidad de los caballos chilenos inscritos y estabulados en ambas comunas (n = 103). Se determinó la presencia o ausencia de aerofagia, balanceo y/o paseo circular en pesebrera en cada caballo mediante observación directa, 20 min por hora, durante 4 horas. Para analizar los datos, los equinos fueron divididos de acuerdo al sexo en 3 grupos: machos enteros (n = 36), machos castrados (n = 33) y hembras (n = 34). De acuerdo a la edad se dividieron en 3 grupos: 3-5 años (n = 14), 5(-1)5 años (n = 83) y >15 años (n = 6). Los resultados son expresados como porcentajes simples. El efecto de las variables sexo y edad fue analizado mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher con un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. La prevalencia total de estereotipias clásicas fue 6,8% (1,94% aerofagia, 0,98% balanceo y 3,88% paseo circular en pesebrera). No se encontró diferencias estadísticas asociadas a la edad y sexo. Los resultados sugieren que los caballos chilenos presentan una prevalencia normal de estereotipias clásicas y que el paseo circular en pesebrera es la más frecuente en caballos de esta raza.

Se ha intentado abrir una conexión entre los fundamentos de la electroquímica, el desarrollo de procesos de la producción de aluminio y la higiene y seguridad industrial. En este trabajo se evaluaron los factores de riesgos a los que se exponen los trabajadores del área de reducción de una planta de aluminio en la región de Guayana - Venezuela, a fin de establecer las medidas necesarias para su control, para lo cual se realizó una Inspección, mediante un análisis por observación directa de las instalaciones, equipos y procesos productivos. Se analizó información sobre los aspectos humanos (actitudes, aptitudes, comportamiento y organización), las características físicas de las instalaciones, la información tomada sobre los posibles riesgos, a través del análisis estadístico y documental y de las normas y reglamentos aplicables en cada caso. Además, se confeccionó una lista sobre los aspectos que deben ser inspeccionados en función de los conocimientos que se poseen sobre las características y riesgos de las instalaciones, equipos, máquinas, procesos, con la finalidad de verificar el cumplimiento de un mínimo de normas de higiene y seguridad laboral, al igual que chequear y detectar cualquier falla o irregularidad. Se realizaron entrevistas y encuestas al personal del área en estudio. La investigación se basó en la consulta de todas las fuentes de información posibles, en cuanto a los aspectos de higiene y seguridad, a fin de informar sobre el estado actual del conocimiento relativo al campo en estudio, conocer asuntos prácticos y/o teóricos relacionados al tema, la identificación de “verdades” y/o ¨supuestos¨ acerca de algunos aspectos del proceso bajo estudio. Se trató de delimitar el punto más crítico del problema para poder formular preguntas adecuadas.

The aim of this work is the opening of a connection between the basis of electrochemistry related to industrial processes such as production of aluminium, and the hygiene and industrial safety. An assessment of exposure of workers in a reduction plant of aluminium in Guayana, to establish the necessary measurements to control the risk factors. An inspection, consisting of the analysis by direct observation of the facilities, equipment and processes, was also applied. It was necessary to collect and process information concerning the human aspects (attitudes, skills, behavior and organization), the technical characteristics of the installations, the information on the possible risks, documentary and statistical analysis and the rules and regulations. A list of inspection was made to point the aspects that must be inspected by who have knowledge about the characteristics and risks of facilities, equipment, machines, processes, to verify that in the area of reduction, meet minimal standards of hygiene and safety at work, Interviews were also conducted research based on consultation of all possible sources of information on the aspects of hygiene and safety, allowing us to report on the state of the art about the field under study, learning practical or theoretical issues related to the topic, the identification of "truths" and/or assumptions of some aspects of the process under study, we have tried to identify the most critical problem for appropriate questions point.

El piojo masticador Werneckiella equi es un ectoparásito comúnmente encontrado en equinos; puede causar irritación, llevando a hiperqueratosis, prurito intenso y alopecia. Existen diversos productos en el mercado utilizados para el tratamiento de ectoparásitos; sin embargo, la información disponible sobre su efectividad es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la abundancia y distribución de W. equi y la eficacia de triclorfón en el control de los phthirapteras en caballos mestizos, utilizando una dosis única, aplicada mediante aspersión. Se utilizaron 34 caballos mestizos naturalmente infestados con piojos, que se distribuyeron al azar en dos grupos: Control (sin tratamiento; n=17) y Tratado con triclorfón diluido al 0,15% (n=17). La distribución y abundancia de los piojos fue estimada por medio de recuento directo de los phthirapteras en diferentes zonas del cuerpo del caballo, observándose solo diferencias significativas (P≤0,05) en la región de la mano con respecto a zona del abdomen y dorso lateral del tronco. La efectividad fue evaluada a los 28 días posttratamiento, observándose diferencias significativas entre el grupo Control y Tratado, resultando en un porcentaje de eficacia del 93,5% y demostrándose que triclorfón aplicado al 0,15% muestra un efectivo tratamiento para piojos en equinos.

The chewing louse, Werneckiella equi, is an ectoparasite commonly found in equine. This parasite may cause irritation, leading to hyperkeratosis, intense pruritus, and alopecia. There are several products in the market used in the treatment of ectoparasites; however, available information regarding their effectiveness is scarce. A study was undertaken to determine both the abundance and distribution of W. equi and the efficacy of trichlorfon (an organophosphate) in controlling the horse lice, using a single dose, employing the spray method. A total of 34 crossbred horses, naturally infested with lice were used. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups: Control group (without treatment; n=17); and Treatment group (n=17): animals treated with 0.15% w/v trichlorfon. The distribution and abundance of lice were determined by direct counting of phthiraptera in different areas of the horse body. The results show only minor significant differences (P≤0.05) in the hand region, when compared to the abdomen and the dorso-lateral trunk. The efficacy was evaluated 28 d posttreatment, showing significant differences between the two groups, being the treatment efficacy of 93.5%. It is concluded that trichlorfon, when applied as a 0.15% w/v spray, results in an effective treatment for equine lice.

La polidactilia es una anomalía congénita de muy baja incidencia en caballos. A una potranca mestiza de 6 semanas de edad con polidactilia en sus cuatro miembros se le realizó un examen clínico y radiológico. Los exámenes mostraron la presencia de un dígito supernumerario en ambos miembros anteriores, correspondiente a la primera y segunda falange del dígito II, con su respectivo hueso metacarpiano. En ambos miembros posteriores, se observó que un segundo dígito se originaba a nivel de la articulación metatarso-falángica; ambos dígitos eran del mismo tamaño y estaban formados por tres falanges, los que articulaban con el metatarsiano III. En ambos miembros posteriores, las primeras falanges estaban parcialmente fusionadas a nivel proximal. En el miembro posterior izquierdo había osteomielitis y fractura en el dígito lateral. Debido al compromiso del hueso y al dolor, se realizó eutanasia. No se realizó análisis citogenético. De acuerdo con la clasificación existente, la polidactilia encontrada en los miembros anteriores corresponde a la forma atavística y la encontrada en los posteriores a la forma teratogénica. Hasta lo que nosotros sabemos, este es el primer caso de polidactilia en los cuatro miembros registrado en América del Sur y en los últimos 55 años a nivel mundial.

Polydactyly is a congenital anomaly of very low incidence in horses. A 6-week-old filly with polydactyly in all four limbs was admitted for a clinical and radiological examination. This examination showed the presence of a supernumerary digit for the digit II with respect to the metacarpal bone and the first and second phalanges in both forelimbs. In both hindlimbs a supernumerary digit was observed to originate at the level of the phalangic metatarsal joint. Both digits were the same size, and formed by three phalanges and were articulated with the metatarsi bone III. First phalanges of both digits were partially fused proximally. In the left hindlimb had osteomelitis, and a fracture in the lateral digit. Due to bone compromise and pain, euthanasia was performed. Cytogenic analysis was not performed. According to the used classification polydactyly described in the forelimbs corresponds to atavistic, and described in the hindlimbs to teratogenic form. As far as we know, this is the first case of polydactyly in all four limbs described in South America and the first in the world in the last 55 years.

The purpose of this study was to add information about current situation of the Thoroughbred racehorses fasciolosis in Chile. The study was made between January and February 2006. Fecal samples were taken from 269 horses (92 females and 177 males), whose age ranges from 2 and 11 years. And they were analyzed by means of sedimentation examination in order to find the presence of Fasciola hepática eggs. The coproparasitologic study was complement with a survey to the horse trainer. For the analysis of the results we used the statistical test of %² and Fisher exact test. We detected 28 (10,4%) positive to the F. hepática eggs. Significant differences were found (p < 0,05) by age and between the animals that received flukicide drug treatment and the not treated.

El propósito de este estudio es entregar información sobre la situación de la fasciolosis en los equinos fina sangre de carrera del Club Hípico Concepción (Región del Bio-Bio, Chile). Se tomaron muestras de 269 equinos (92 hembras y 177 machos), con un rango de edad entre 2 y 11 años. En cada uno de los animales, se obtuvo una muestra de heces, la que fue analizada mediante examen de sedimentación para detectar la presencia de huevos de Fasciola hepática. De los 269 equinos examinados, se detectaron 28 (10,41%) positivos aF hepática. Se encontraron sólo diferencias de infección por edad, siendo los menores los que presentaron mayores prevalencias (p < 0,05).

Death rates due to Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) are widely used to assess regional and national cardiovascular health status. However, their validity is questionable, essentially because they are based on death certificates (DCs). The present study was conducted in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Barquisimeto (Lara State, Venezuela), from June 1991 to July 1992. The purpose was to establish the validity of the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in DCs of intrahospital deaths. Efforts were made to locate all clinical charts and any other relevant information. To validate the diagnosis of MI in the DC we used the MONICA project criteria. During the study period a total of 247 eligible DCs were recorded. Sufficient clinical information was located for 136 cases (55%). The results were as follows: definite MI 62 cases (45.6%); probable MI 31 cases (22.8%); and non MI 43 cases (31.6%). These results may indicate an overestimation of MI death rates of about 32% [95% Confidence Interval = 23.8% 39.4%]. Since these data are from a region with an organized cardiovascular health system, it is expected that the overestimation for the rest of the country may be even higher. Thus, in order to enhance quality and accuracy of DCs, it is necessary to develop a system to improve adherence to existing norms for filling out and processing such forms.

Las tasas de mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica (CI) han sido utilizadas ampliamente en el diagnóstico de la salud cardiovascular de regiones y países. Sin embargo, su validez ha sido cuestionada fundamentalmente por lo que le da origen: el certificado de defunción (CDD). El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de establecer la validez del diagnóstico "infarto de miocardio (IM)" como causa de muerte en los CDD de muertes intra-hospitalarias en la ciudad de Barquisimeto, Estado Lara, Venezuela. Entre julio de 1991 y junio de 1992, se identificaron todos los CDD con las características mencionadas, se trató de ubicar la historia clínica correspondiente a cada caso y cualquier otra información clínica pertinente. Se registraron 247 CDD elegibles y se ubicó información clínica adecuada en 136 casos (55%). Aplicando los criterios del Proyecto MONICA, se encontraron M-definitivo en 62 casos (45,6%), IM-probable en 31 casos (22,8%) y No-IM en 43 casos (31,6%). Los resultados indican que existe un sobre registro de casos de muerte por IM del 32% (intervalo de confianza del 95% = 23,8-39,4). A la luz de estos resultados es necesario estudiar los factores que inciden en la exactitud de los diagnósticos IM en los CDD. Con esto tendríamos elementos para revisar las normas y los procedimientos empleados en la producción y manejo de los CDD, así como preparar un programa de educación para mejorar la precisión de los mismos.

Death rates due to Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) are widely used to assess regional and national cardiovascular health status. However, their validity is questionable, essentially because they are based on death certificates (DCs). The present study was conducted in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Barquisimeto (Lara State, Venezuela), from June 1991 to July 1992. The purpose was to establish the validity of the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in DCs of intrahospital deaths. Efforts were made to locate all clinical charts and any other relevant information. To validate the diagnosis of MI in the DC we used the MONICA project criteria. During the study period a total of 247 eligible DCs were recorded. Sufficient clinical information was located for 136 cases (55%). The results were as follows: definite MI 62 cases (45.6%); probable MI 31 cases (22.8%); and non MI 43 cases (31.6%). These results may indicate an overestimation of MI death rates of about 32% [95% Confidence Interval = 23.8% 39.4%]. Since these data are from a region with an organized cardiovascular health system, it is expected that the overestimation for the rest of the country may be even higher. Thus, in order to enhance quality and accuracy of DCs, it is necessary to develop a system to improve adherence to existing norms for filling out and processing such forms.

Las tasas de mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica (CI) han sido utilizadas ampliamente en el diagnóstico de la salud cardiovascular de regiones y países. Sin embargo, su validez ha sido cuestionada fundamentalmente por lo que le da origen: el certificado de defunción (CDD). El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de establecer la validez del diagnóstico "infarto de miocardio (IM)" como causa de muerte en los CDD de muertes intra-hospitalarias en la ciudad de Barquisimeto, Estado Lara, Venezuela. Entre julio de 1991 y junio de 1992, se identificaron todos los CDD con las características mencionadas, se trató de ubicar la historia clínica correspondiente a cada caso y cualquier otra información clínica pertinente. Se registraron 247 CDD elegibles y se ubicó información clínica adecuada en 136 casos (55%). Aplicando los criterios del Proyecto MONICA, se encontraron M-definitivo en 62 casos (45,6%), IM-probable en 31 casos (22,8%) y No-IM en 43 casos (31,6%). Los resultados indican que existe un sobre registro de casos de muerte por IM del 32% (intervalo de confianza del 95% = 23,8-39,4). A la luz de estos resultados es necesario estudiar los factores que inciden en la exactitud de los diagnósticos IM en los CDD. Con esto tendríamos elementos para revisar las normas y los procedimientos empleados en la producción y manejo de los CDD, así como preparar un programa de educación para mejorar la precisión de los mismos.