Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a variação anual e os efeitos do modo de variabilidade atmosférica El Niño (Canônico e Modoki) na Coluna Total de Ozônio (CTO) sobre o Nordeste Brasileiro (NEB) entre 1997 e 2018 utilizando dados dos sensores Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) e Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Foi constatada uma variação mensal média em toda área estudada com comportamento típico de domínio do ciclo anual na variabilidade sazonal, apresenta valor mínimo no mês de maio e máximo em outubro. Observou-se uma tendência de decaimento na série dos valores médios durante o período analisado. Análises de agrupamento revelaram que diferentes regiões da NEB possuem comportamentos e valores médios de CTO diferenciados. Análise de ondeletas expôs ciclos de doze meses de duração atuando na CTO em toda área estudada, ciclos de seis meses, demonstrando que o ciclo semianual domina a variabilidade sazonal em menores latitudes, e ciclos de dois-três anos, representando a importante atuação da Oscilação Quase Bienal (OQB). As médias das anomalias mostram que eventos El Niño afetam a CTO causando, predominantemente, diminuição de seus valores. Esses eventos em modalidade Modoki tem maior potencial em afetar a CTO que os Canônicos com anomalias negativas de maior intensidade.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the annual variation and the effects of the atmospheric variability mode El Niño (Canonical and Modoki) on the concentration of the Total Ozone Column (TOC) on the NEB between 1997 and 2018 using data generated by the sensors Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). An average monthly variation was observed, with typical behavior of the annual cycle domain in the seasonal variability, presenting a minimum value in May and maximum in October. There was a declining trend in the series of average values for the entire area. Cluster analysis revealed that different regions of the study area have slightly different behaviors and mean values of the total ozone column. Wavelet analysis was used, which exposed cycles of twelve months in length throughout the studied area, six-month cycles, demonstrating that the semi-annual cycle dominates seasonal variability in lower latitudes, and also two to three years cycles, representing the important performance of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Anomaly averages show that El Niño events affect TOC causing predominantly a decrease in their values. These Modoki events have a greater potential to affect TOC variations than canonical events, with negative anomalies of greater intensity.

Resumo Este estudo apresenta a segunda etapa da avaliação espaço-temporal das tendências a longo prazo nos valores da Coluna Total de Ozônio (CTO) sobre o Nordeste Brasileiro (NEB) durante a atuação do modo de variabilidade atmosférica El Niño - Oscilação Sul (ENOS), com foco na fase La Niña (modalidades Canônica e Modoki). O objetivo é analisar a variação anual e os efeitos desse fenômeno na região de estudo no período entre 1997 e 2018. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de sensoriamento remoto, gerados pelos sensores Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) e Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), disponibilizados pela National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), e analisados através de médias, valores de anomalias e diagramas hovmoller. Foi constatado que eventos La Niña provocam, predominantemente, aumento na concentração de ozônio sobre o NEB. Nos períodos de atuação desse modo de variabilidade a desaceleração da Circulação Brewer-Dobson (CBD) é causada pela intensificação dos ventos alísios gerando acúmulo de ozônio na região tropical. Entre as duas modalidades, fenômenos Modoki apresentam esse efeito mais intensificado. O maior (+6,5) e menor (-3,0) valor médio mensal de anomalia obtidos ocorreram durante sua atuação, registrados na região norte do NEB em julho e setembro, respectivamente.

Abstract This study presents a second stage of the spatio-temporal assessment of long-term trends in ozone concentrations in Northeast Brazil (NEB) under the influence of the El Niño - South Oscillation (ENSO) with emphasis on the La Niña phase (Canonical and Modoki). The objective is to analyze the annual variation and the effects of this phenomenon in the Total Ozone Column (TOC) over the NEB, between 1997 and 2018. The data come from remote sensing, generated by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensors, made available by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and analyzed using mean, anomaly values and hovmoller diagrams. It was found that La Niña events cause, predominantly, an increase in the concentration of ozone over the NEB. During periods of action of this mode of variability, the deceleration of Brewer-Dobson circulation (CBD) is caused by the intensification of trade winds, generating ozone accumulation in the tropical region. Between the two modalities, Modoki show this effect more intensified. The highest (+6.5) and lowest (-3.0) average monthly anomaly values obtained occurred during his performance, recorded in the northern region of NEB in July and September, respectively.

The mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus has nutritional and medicinal characteristics that depend on the growth substrate. In nature, this fungus grows on dead wood, but it can be artificially cultivated on agricultural wastes (coffee husks, eucalyptus sawdust, corncobs and sugar cane bagasse). The degradation of agricultural wastes involves some enzyme complexes made up of oxidative (laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase) and hydrolytic enzymes (cellulases, xylanases and tanases). Understanding how these enzymes work will help to improve the productivity of mushroom cultures and decrease the potential pollution that can be caused by inadequate discharge of the agroindustrial residues. The objective of this work was to assess the activity of the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by two P. ostreatus strains (PLO 2 and PLO 6). These strains were used to inoculate samples of coffee husks, eucalyptus sawdust or eucalyptus bark add with or without 20 % rice bran. Every five days after substrate inoculation, the enzyme activity and soluble protein concentration were evaluated. The maximum activity of oxidative enzymes was observed at day 10 after inoculation, and the activity of the hydrolytic enzymes increased during the entire period of the experiment. The results show that substrate composition and colonization time influenced the activity of the lignocellulolytic enzymes.