RESUMO A produção de soja convencional vem se restabelecendo a cada ano, pois o mercado internacional tem exigido produtos com elevado desempenho agronômico e qualidade nutricional, livres de organismos geneticamente modificados. Objetivou-se avaliar a adaptabilidade de genótipos de soja convencional na região sudoeste do estado de Goiás (Rio Verde, Montividiu e Santa Helena de Goiás), nas safras 2017/2018 e 2018/2019. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados e foram testados oito genótipos (as cultivares BRS284, BRS283, BRS232, BRS317, NT11-1277, INT3459 e M6101 e a linhagem NT1478SP). Foram avaliados a produtividade de grãos e de óleo, bem como os teores de óleo e proteína. Análises multiambientes foram realizadas utilizando-se um modelo de variância residual heterogêneo, e a análise GGE biplot foi utilizada para descrever as inter-relações entre genótipos e ambientes. Os genótipos mais adaptados e estáveis foram BRS 317 para produtividade de grãos e BRS 283 para rendimento de óleo. Além disso, eles se comportaram de forma mais próxima do ideótipo para a região específica, enfatizando serem promissores. NT1478SP apresentou o maior teor de proteína. Na safra 2018/2019, Montividiu mostrou-se mais discriminativo para a produção de soja convencional, quanto à produtividade de grãos e de óleo.

ABSTRACT The conventional soybean production has been re-establishing itself every year, due to the fact that the international market has demanded products with high agronomic performance and nutritional quality, free of genetically modified organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the adaptability of conventional soybean genotypes in the southwestern Goiás state (Rio Verde, Montividiu and Santa Helena de Goiás), Brazil, during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 crop seasons. A randomized blocks design was used, being tested eight genotypes (the cultivars BRS284, BRS283, BRS232, BRS317, NT11-1277, INT3459 and M6101 and the line NT1478SP). The grain and oil yields, as well as the oil and protein contents, were evaluated. Multi-environment analyses were performed using a heterogeneous residual variance model, and the GGE biplot analysis was used to describe the interrelationships between genotypes and environments. The most adapted and stable genotypes were BRS 317 for grain yield and BRS 283 for oil yield. They also corresponded more closely to the ideotype for the specific region, thus proving to be promising. NT1478SP showed the highest protein content. In the 2018/2019 crop season, Montividiu was more discriminating for the conventional soybean production, regarding grain and oil yields.

Abstract The selection of sweet sorghum genotypes is based on multiple agronomical and technological traits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of inter-trait recovery information in improving the selective accuracy of the predicted genetic values of sweet sorghum progenies, and to compare several selection indices in terms of selection gains using single- and multi-trait mixed models. The trials were conducted in two sites. The traits flowering time, plant height, green mass production, total soluble solids content, and tons of Brix per hectare were assessed. Significant genetic variance was observed for all traits, except for total soluble solids content. The multi-trait analysis provided more accurate estimates of genetic parameters and predictions of the progeny genetic values, and higher selection gain than the single-trait analysis. The direct selection for TBH and the FAI/BLUP index resulted in balanced genetic gains for the assessed traits.

Abstract Forage plant breeders often use visual scores to assess agronomic traits because of the costs associated with in-depth phenotyping in the initial stages of breeding cycles. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the number of graders on the effectiveness of indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes and determine an optimal number of graders in the early-stage trials of Urochloa ruziziensis. For that purpose, five graders assessed 2.219 U. ruziziensis genotypes in an augmented block design. Biomass production and vigor scores were evaluated in two cuts and were analyzed using a linear mixed model approach. Vigor scores were analyzed considering each grader's score and the combinations of two, three, four, and five graders. Genetic variance was significant for both traits. Visual evaluation was effective in identifying productive genotypes based on the statistical criteria. The optimal number of graders for indirect selection of high-yielding U. ruziziensis genotypes is three.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the selection of plants bred by different pedigree methods using selection among, among and within and only within families. The haploid induction rate of 14 S0:1 and seven S2:3 families, all crossed with the single-cross hybrid GNZ9501, was evaluated. An experimental area of the Department of Biology of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), in Lavras, Minas Gerais, in the growing seasons 2012/2013 and 2014/2015, was used for the experiments. In each growing season, one experiment per was carried out, arranged in a complete randomized design, with one and two replications, respectively. Haploid induction was most effective in the families 2 and 6 in both growing seasons. Selection among and within families resulted in higher genetic gains for haploid induction. The results indicated a high genetic variability for haploid induction rate in plants within families.

ABSTRACT. The breeding program of Urochloa ruziziensis evaluates many genotypes in initial phases. Evaluations through grades might make the selection less costly. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of visual selection for green biomass yield in relation to different selection strategies, such as mass selection by phenotypic mean, BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) and at random. For this purpose, 2,309 regular genotypes were evaluated in an augmented block design in two cuts. The evaluators gave grades for plant vigor, and later, the plots were measured for green biomass yield. The coincidences of the selected genotypes were estimated by different selection strategies. Then, 254 clones of the genotypes selected in different strategies were evaluated in a clonal test in a triple lattice design in four cuts. The statistical analyses were performed in SAS using the Mixed procedure. The regular genotype level and clone-mean basis heritabilities were 31.16 and 62.91%, respectively, for green mass yield. The expected selection gains were 21.09% (visual), 25.43% (phenotypic mean), and 27.5% (BLUP). Moreover, the realized heritabilities for these strategies were 15.58, 11.87, and 15.86%, respectively, which might be associated with genotype by environment interaction. Therefore, the visual selection could be a useful strategy in initial phases of a U. ruziziensis breeding program because the efficiency was moderate to high in relation to phenotypic mean and BLUP.

ABSTRACT Biomass sorghum is an alternative feedstock to cogenerate energy and produce second-generation ethanol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Genotype by Environment Interaction (GEI) in biomass sorghum and to identify the hybrids that associate high adaptability and stability using the Toler nonlinear regression, the Genotypes plus Genotype by Environment (GGE) biplot, and the Annicchiarico recommendation index. Thirty-three experimental photoperiod-sensitive single-cross hybrids and three checks were evaluated in relation to the traits: flowering time, plant height, moisture content, green mass yield, and dry mass yield. It was observed that the effects of hybrids, environment, and GEI were expressive. The GEI was predominantly complex for the traits related to the biomass yield. The Toler, GGE biplot and Annicchiarico methods show complementarity. The experimental hybrids 1, 8, 22, 31 and 33 are promising because of associating stability and lower recommendation risk. The hybrids 1 and 8 present broad adaptability, while the hybrids 22, 31 and 33 exhibit specific adaptability to high quality environments.

Abstract Perennial grass hybrids of Urochloa are evaluated for at least two years during the screening stage trials (SS) and advanced trials (AD) in breeding programs, an expensive and time-consuming process. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential for early selection of cultivars in this breeding scheme. We used multiple measurements of agronomic and nutritive value traits of Urochloa humidicola and Urochloa decumbens in the SS, and Urochloa ssp. in the AD. Repeatability coefficient, genetic correlation, selection efficiency (SE), and Spearman correlations were estimated. The results indicated that reliable early selection could be applied, decreasing the evaluation period to one year and a half for SS, and to one year for AD. These results were confirmed by high genetic and rank correlations, and overall SE above 50%. This proposed change in the breeding scheme could save considerable time, labor, and resources and accelerate the release of improved cultivars.

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and to select promising common cashew tree genotypes in commercial growing areas in four environments in Piauí (Piracuruca - P, Barro Duro - B, Teresina - T, and Ipiranga do Piauí - I) using the mixed model approach. Genetic variances were significant for most of agromorphological and physicochemical traits of the cashew nut and accessory fruit. The physicochemical traits exhibited more genetic variability and less environmental influence. The genetic correlations among traits were significant, positive, and of medium to high magnitude, except for titratable acidity and total soluble solids. The prominent genotypes for the agromorphological traits were 115(I), 110(I), 92(T), 38(P), 108(I), and 103(I); for titratable acidity, 31(P), 118(I), and 74(B); for total soluble solids, 124(I) and 112(I); and for total soluble solids/titratable acidity, 109(I) and 47(P). The selected genotype 115(I) exhibited superior performance for most of the traits.

RESUMO Nos programas de melhoramento de milho das empresas privadas é comum realizar os chamados ensaios avançados de produto (PAT) em vários ambientes de cultivo no intuito de melhor posicionar os novos híbridos, bem como oportunizar a avaliação por parte dos produtores. Neste trabalho objetivou-se descrever a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de híbridos de milho a partir de PATs em multiambientes utilizando a abordagem multivariada AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) combinada com métodos univariados. Foram considerados os dados de produtividade de grãos de doze híbridos de milho avaliados numa rede de PATs conduzidos pela empresa DuPont Pioneer em 80 ambientes nos estados de Minas Gerais e Goiás na safrinha de 2014. Foi empregada a análise AMMI e adicionalmente foram aplicados os métodos de regressão linear bissegmentada e os índices de Lin e Binns (1988) e de Annicchiarico (1992). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os híbridos sob teste, bem como marcante variação macroambiental. O efeito da interação híbridos por ambientes foi expressivo. A aplicação do método AMMI possibilitou o estudo da interação híbridos por ambientes a partir de PATs de milho. Os híbridos 7 e 8 são recomendados para os ambientes de maior qualidade ambiental, enquanto que os híbridos 3, 5 e 12 apresentam adaptabilidade ampla. Os índices de Lin e Binns (1988) e de Annicchiarico (1992) destacam o híbrido 8 como o mais promissor, por associar elevada produtividade e menor risco de adoção pelos produtores nos ambientes de cultivo testados.

ABSTRACT In maize breeding programs conducted by private companies, it is common to perform the product advanced trials (PAT) in several cultivation environments in order to better recommend the new hybrids, as well as to provide opportunities for the farmers to evaluate their products. The aim of this study was to describe the adaptability and stability of maize hybrids from unreplicated PATs using a multivariate approach combined with univariate methods. We considered the grain yield data of twelve maize hybrids evaluated in a PATs network conducted by the company DuPont Pioneer in 80 cultivation environments in the states of Minas Gerais and Goias, in second-crop of 2014. The AMMI analysis was employed and additionally we applied the methods based on bisegmented linear regression, Lin and Binns index (1988) and Annicchiarico index (1992). Significant differences were verified among the tested hybrids. The macro-environmental variation and the effect of hybrid by environment (H x E) interaction were expressive. The application of the AMMI method allowed the study of the H x E interaction based on maize PATs. Hybrids 7 and 8 are recommended for higher quality environments, while hybrids 3, 5 and 12 present wide adaptability. The Lin and Binns (1988) and Annicchiarico (1992) indexes highlight the hybrid 8 as the most promising for associating high productivity and lower risk in the tested cultivation environments.

Abstract In breeding of sweet sorghum hybrids, non-additive genetic effects are important in phenotypic expression of the traits of interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the general combining ability (GCA) of sweet sorghum lines and the specific combining ability (SCA) of the hybrids for agronomic and technological traits. Five fertility restorer lines, four male-sterile lines, and their hybrids from partial diallel crosses were evaluated in experiments laid out in a 5 x 6 triple rectangular lattice design in the municipalities of Lavras, MG and Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. Diallel analysis was performed using the Griffing model adapted to partial diallel crosses. There was a significant effect of GCA and SCA for most of the traits evaluated, indicating the participation of additive or dominant genes in inheritance. The restorer lines CMSX508, BRS 511, CMSXS643, and CMSXS646 show potential for use as parents in sorghum breeding programs.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos de características no estágio juvenil de diferentes progênies de açaí (Euterpe oleracea), bem como proceder à seleção entre e dentro daquelas mais promissoras para produção de frutos. Foram avaliadas 34 progênies de meios-irmãos e 16 progênies de irmãos germanos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições e parcela de uma planta. Nove caracteres foram mensurados em cinco colheitas, e os dados foram avaliados por meio da abordagem de modelos mistos. A variância genética foi significativa para a maioria dos caracteres. As herdabilidades na média de progênies exibiram magnitudes moderadas, com variação de 51% para número de folhas mortas a 59% para comprimento da bainha foliar. Em geral, as correlações genéticas entre os caracteres foram positivas e com magnitudes de moderada a muito alta. Os ganhos genéticos foram mais expressivos para os caracteres altura de planta, comprimento da bainha foliar e comprimento do coleto. As progênies de irmãos germanos P33, P37 e P42 mostraram-se promissoras para produção de frutos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters of traits at the juvenile stage of different assai palm (Euterpe oleracea) tree progenies, as well as to select among and within the most promising for fruit production. A total of 34 half-sib and 16 full-sib progenies were evaluated in a completely randomized design with eight replicates and one plant per plot. Nine traits were measured in five harvests, and the data were analyzed using the mixed model approach. The genetic variance was significant for most of the traits. Progeny-mean heritabilities showed moderate magnitudes, ranging from 51% for number of dead leaves to 59% for leaf sheath length. In general, the genetic correlations were positive and had magnitudes varying from moderate to very high. The genetic gains were more expressive for the traits plant height, leaf sheath length, and girth circumference. The full-sib progenies P33, P37, and P42 are promising for fruit production.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial per se de linhagens macho-estéreis e restauradoras de sorgo-sacarino (Sorghum bicolor), bem como detalhar a heterose manifestada quanto a algumas características relacionadas direta ou indiretamente à produção de etanol, à taxa de acúmulo e à previsibilidade. As avaliações foram realizadas com 20 genótipos, dos quais 4 linhagens restauradoras de fertilidade (R), 3 linhagens macho-estéreis (A) e 12 híbridos experimentais (H) resultantes do cruzamento dialelo parcial entre as linhagens A e R, além de um híbrido comercial CV198 como testemunha, em quatro épocas de colheita. Os experimentos foram realizados nos municípios de Lavras e Sete Lagoas, no Estado de Minas Gerais. As características mensuradas foram altura de planta, produção de massa verde, extração de caldo, conteúdo de sólidos solúveis totais e megagramas de Brix por hectare. As linhagens macho-estéreis A1 e as restauradoras R1 e R2 apresentam melhor potencial per se, ao se considerar todos os caracteres e a sua taxa de acúmulo e a previsibilidade de comportamento, nas diferentes épocas de colheitas. A heterose é significativa para todos os caracteres. Os híbridos H11, H13, H14, H21, H22 e H33 são promissores por seu maior desempenho per se e maior heterose.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential per se of male-sterile and fertility-restorer lines of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), as well as to detail the heterosis manifested for some traits directly or indirectly related to ethanol production, accumulation rate, and predictability. Evaluations were performed for 20 genotypes, of which 4 are fertility-restorer lines (R), 3 are male-sterile lines (A), and 12 are experimental hybrids (H) resulting from the partial diallel cross between lines A and R, besides a commercial hybrid CV198 used as a check, in four harvest seasons. The experiments were carried out in the municipalities of Lavras and Sete Lagoas, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The measured traits were plant height, green mass production, juice extraction, total soluble solids content, and megagrams of Brix per hectare. The male-sterile A1 and the fertility-restorer R1 and R3 lines show the best potential per se, considering all traits and their accumulation rate and predictability over harvest times. Heterosis is significant for all traits. The H11, H13, H14, H21, H22, and H33 hybrids are promising because of their better performance per se and higher heterosis.

RESUMO A seleção recorrente é uma alternativa viável para o melhoramento da cultura do milho pipoca, todavia faz-se necessário verificar frequentemente o progresso obtido. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar o progresso genético realizado para capacidade de expansão (PE) e rendimento de grãos (GY) após quatro ciclos de seleção recorrente e comparar com o progresso esperado, estimado ao final de cada ciclo, levando em consideração o relacionamento genético entre as progênies, via abordagem de modelos mistos univariada e multivariada. Na estimação dos parâmetros genéticos e ganhos com a seleção por via indireta, utilizou-se os ciclos 1, 2, 3 e 4 da população UFLA. Na estimação dos ganhos realizados, foram usados os seguintes ciclos: UFLA (original), e os ciclos 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4, avaliados em três ambientes. A abordagem multivariada proporcionou estimativas mais acuradas em relação à univariada. Houve ganho genético para PE no programa de seleção recorrente. Contrariamente, não foi observado ganho para GY usando as diferentes estratégias de estimação.

ABSTRACT Recurrent selection is a viable alternative for popcorn breeding. However, frequent verification of progress attained is required. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic progress attained for popping expansion (PE) and grain yield (GY) after four cycles of recurrent selection and to compare this progress with the expected progress estimated at the end of each cycle while considering the genetic relationships between the progenies via univariate and multivariate mixed-model approaches. To estimate the genetic parameters and gains from indirect selection, cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4 of a UFLA population were used. To estimate the genetic gains achieved, the following cycles were used: UFLA (original) and cycles 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, evaluated in three environments. The multivariate approach provided more accurate estimates than did the univariate approach. There was genetic gain for PE in the recurrent selection program. In contrast, gain was not observed for GY using the different estimation strategies.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar ganhos genéticos obtidos por diferentes índices de seleção aplicados a múltiplos caracteres agronômicos de sorgo-sacarino (Sorghum bicolor). Foram feitas avaliações de 189 progênies F5 e sete testemunhas, em delineamento de blocos incompletos, com três repetições. Mensuraram-se os caracteres produtividade de matéria verde, teor de sólidos solúveis totais, extração de caldo, teor de sacarose no caldo e sólidos solúveis totais por hectare. Analisaram-se os índices de soma de postos de Mulamba e Mock (ou índice de ranks), da soma dos valores padronizados (ou índice Z), índice padronizado pela média e índice padronizado pela média modificado. As correlações e as percentagens de coincidência na seleção das progênies foram elevadas entre o índice Z, o índice padronizado pela média e o índice padronizado pela média modificado. Entre os índices de seleção testados, o de soma de postos de Mulamba e Mock foi o menos eficiente. A seleção simultânea de progênies de sorgo-sacarino permite ganhos genéticos expressivos para todos os caracteres mensurados.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare the genetic gains obtained by different selection indices applied to various agronomic traits of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Evaluations were carried out for 189 F5 progenies and seven controls, in an incomplete block design, with three replicates. The measured traits were green matter yield, content of total soluble solids, juice extraction, sucrose content in juice, and total soluble solids per hectare. The rank summation index of Mulamba and Mock (or index of ranks), standardized value summation index (or Z index), standardized by the mean index, and the modified standardized by the mean index were analyzed. The correlations and coincidence percentages in the progeny selections were high between the Z index, the standardized by the mean index, and the modified standardized by the mean index. Among the tested selection indices, the rank summation index of Mulamba and Mock was the less efficient. The simultaneous selection of sweet sorghum progenies allows expressive genetic gains for all measured traits.

Abstract The genotype x environment interaction is frequently observed in many crops and studies on environmental stratification and genotype adaptability have been proposed to understand it. The aim of this study was to carry out factor analysis in data from multi-environment experiments by the mixed model approach (REML/BLUP). Instead of adjusted phenotypic means, a matrix containing the genotypic effects added to the effects of the genotype x environment interaction (G+GE) was used, predicted via REML/BLUP in joint analysis (designated as R-FGGE). In the study, data from 36 common bean lines evaluated in 15 environments were used. By this proposal, 46.7% of the environments were gathered in two groups, one with four and the other with three environments. The R-FGGE has the same characteristics as the previous proposals, that is, ease of identification of mega-environments and genotypes with broad adaptability, along with the advantages associated with the mixed model methodology.