ABSTRACT The paper presents a decomposition of the net interest paid by the Brazilian government, in 2002-2021, dividing the expenditure in four parts: the real-interest-rate cost, the inflation cost, the carry cost of fixed-income assets and exchange-rate swaps. The analysis also details the carry cost in terms of the government’s main financial assets: (international reserves and loans to the BNDES), showing that the financial adjustment of 2016-2021 reduced the equilibrium primary balance in around 2.5% of GDP. government 20022021, 20022021 2002 2021, 2021 2002-2021 parts realinterestrate real rate fixedincome fixed income exchangerate exchange swaps governments s international BNDES, BNDES , BNDES) 20162021 2016 2016-202 25 2 5 2.5 GDP 2002202 200 202 2002-202 2016202 201 2016-20 2. 200220 20 2002-20 201620 2016-2 20022 2002-2 20162 2016- 2002-

RESUMO O artigo apresenta a decomposição dos juros líquidos pagos pelo governo brasileiro em 2002-2021, dividindo a despesa em quatro partes: juro real, correção monetária, custo de carregamento de ativos e resultado dos swaps cambiais. A análise também detalha o custo de carregamento em termos dos principais ativos de renda fixa do governo brasileiro (reservas internacionais e empréstimos ao BNDES), demonstrando que o ajuste financeiro de 2016-2021 reduziu o resultado primário de equilíbrio em cerca de 2,5% do PIB. 20022021, 20022021 2002 2021, 2021 2002-2021 partes real monetária cambiais reservas BNDES, BNDES , BNDES) 20162021 2016 2016-202 25 2 5 2,5 PIB 2002202 200 202 2002-202 2016202 201 2016-20 2, 200220 20 2002-20 201620 2016-2 20022 2002-2 20162 2016- 2002-

There is robust evidence of the hypochlorous acid (HClO)-mediated damage in biomolecules, and nicotine boosts the chlorination potency of HClO. We present experimental and theoretical evidence of the mechanism by which nicotine catalyzes the chlorination of pyranine. The rate constants for chlorination of pyranine by HClO were measured in the presence (5.3 × 105 mol 1 L s-1) and absence of nicotine (4.2 × 103 mol-1 L s-1), revealing the catalytic effect of the alkaloid. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, based on B3LYP-GD3(BJ)/6-311++G(3df,2p)/SMD(Water)//B3LYP-GD3(BJ)/6-311++G(2d,p)/SMD(Water) level of theory, were performed and showed a decreased activation energy for chlorine transfer and hydrogen abstraction when nicotine chloramine intermediated the reaction. The atomic polar tensor (APT) charges on the chlorine atom of HClO (+0.084) were lower than the chlorine of nicotine chloramine (+0.149), revealing the higher electrophilic character of nicotine chloramine. In conclusion, the increased electrophilic nature of HClO provoked by nicotine explains its catalytic effect. HClOmediated mediated biomolecules 5.3 53 5 3 (5. 10 s1 s s-1 4.2 42 4 2 (4. mol1 mol- s1, , alkaloid DFT (DFT calculations B3LYPGD3BJ/6311++G3df,2p/SMDWater//B3LYPGD3BJ/6311++G2d,p/SMDWater B3LYPGD3BJ6311G3df2pSMDWaterB3LYPGD3BJ6311G2dpSMDWater BLYPGDBJGdfpSMDWaterBLYPGDBJGdpSMDWater B3LYP GD3 BJ /6 311++G 3df,2p /SMD Water //B3LYP 2d,p 6 311 G 3df 2p SMD 2d p B LYP GD df d B3LYP-GD3(BJ)/6-311++G(3df,2p)/SMD(Water)//B3LYP-GD3(BJ)/6-311++G(2d,p)/SMD(Water reaction APT (APT +0.084 0084 0 084 (+0.084 +0.149, 0149 +0.149 149 (+0.149) conclusion 5. (5 s- 4. (4 B3LYPGD3BJ 6311 G3df SMDWater G2d LYPGD pSMDWaterB dpSMDWater BLYP / 311G 3df2p dfp 2dp dp 31 +0.08 008 08 (+0.08 014 +0.14 14 (+0.149 ( BLYPGDBJ 631 Gdf Gd +0.0 00 (+0.0 01 +0.1 (+0.14 63 +0. (+0. (+0.1 +0 (+0 + (+

Resumen: La transición epitelio-mesénquima (TEM) es la capacidad de las células epiteliales y mesenquimales de intercambiar de fenotipo de forma transitoria; su identificación en células tumorales carcinoma- tosas se ha asociado con fenotipos clínicos agresivos. En sarcomas, este evento biológico se encuentra en estudio. Objetivo: evaluar la expresión de dos factores de transcripción involucrados en la TEM mediante inmunohistoquímica en osteosarcoma en pacientes pediátricos y su asociación con desenlaces clínicos. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo en menores de 18 años con diagnóstico de osteosarcoma. Se realizó inmunohistoquímica para Snail y Twist-1 en muestras obtenidas al momento del diagnóstico. Posteriormente fue explorada la correlación entre la positividad de los marcadores con los desenlaces clínicas y con la supervivencia global. Resultados: 53 pacientes fueron incluidos. Para Snail, se encontró positivo en localización citoplasmático en 26 casos (49,1%) y esto se correlacionó con la presencia de metástasis múltiples (p = 0,02) y metástasis de localización ósea distantes (p = 0,01). Twist fue positivo en localización nuclear en 45 casos (84,9%) y no se encontraron aso ciaciones con las variables clínicas analizadas. Conclusiones: Snail y Twist-1, se detectaron en una frecuencia importante en muestras de pacientes pediátricos con osteosarcoma. Snail citoplasmático se correlacionó con presencia de enfermedad metastásica múltiple y metástasis óseas distantes. La positividad de ambos marcadores sugiere la activación de estas proteínas como reguladores de eventos de TEM en este tumor y se plantea un rol en los fenómenos que se relacionan con la presentación clínica de la enfermedad.

Abstract: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the ability of epithelial and mesenchymal cells to exchange phenotypes transiently. Its identification in carcinomatous cells has been associated with aggressive clinical phenotypes. In sarcomas, this ability is under study. Objective: to evaluate the expression of two transcription factors involved in EMT by immunohistochemistry in pediatric osteosarcoma and its association with clinical outcomes. Patients and Method: A retrospective cohort study in children under 18 years of age with osteosarcoma diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Snail and Twist-1 expressions from samples collected at the time of diagnosis. Correlations between immunohistochemistry and the clinical outcomes and overall survival were performed. Results: 53 patients were included. There were 26 positive cytoplasmic cases (49.1%) in Snail expression and were correlated with the presence of multiple metastases (p = 0.02) and distant bone metastases (p = 0.01). On the other hand, 45 cases (84.9%) were positive in Twist-1 expression in the nuclear location, showing no association with the analyzed clinical variables. Conclusions: Snail and Twist-1 were frequently expressed in pediatric cases of osteosarcoma. Cytoplasmic Snail was correlated with the presence of multiple metastatic disease and distant bone metastases. The positivity of both markers suggests the activation of these proteins as regulators of EMT events in this tumor, suggesting a role in the phenomena related to the clinical presentation of the disease.

Abstract This paper describes the Brazilian economic policy during 2011-2019, encompassing Dilma Rousseff’s, Michel Temer’s and the first year of Jair Bolsonaro’s administrations. The focus is on macroeconomic policy, and the analysis describes how the authorities reacted to the exogenous shocks during the period under analysis and the very own evolution of the Brazilian economy. The central argument is that the Rousseff administration tried to expand the social policies of Lula, but it faced a very adverse scenario and had to revert to a defensive policy. There was also a series of errors of economic policy in the period, usually based on the optimistic assumption that the economy would recover quickly after an adverse shock. When that did not happen, the monetary and fiscal situation of the country became more and more fragile, which culminated in Rousseff’s impeachment and the ascent of an extreme right-wing government, Bolsonaro’s, to power.

Resumen Este artículo describe la política económica de Brasil de 2011 a 2019: abarca las administraciones de Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer y el primer año de la de Jair Bolsonaro, y se enfoca en la política macroeconómica. Asimismo, describe la reacción de las autoridades ante los choques exógenos durante el periodo analizado y la evolución de la economía de Brasil. El argumento central es que la administración de Rousseff trató de expandir las políticas sociales de Lula, pero se enfrentó a un escenario lleno de adversidades y tuvo que dar marcha atrás para adoptar una política defensiva. En dicho periodo hubo también una serie de errores de política económica debidos usualmente a la suposición optimista de que la economía se recuperaría rápidamente tras un choque adverso. Cuando esto no ocurrió, la situación monetaria y fiscal del país se volvió cada vez más frágil, lo que culminó con la destitución de Rousseff y con la llegada de un gobierno de extrema derecha -el de Bolsonaro- al poder.

Imiquimod (IMQ), an immune response modifier, is used for topical treatment of basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis. The very poor aqueous solubility of imiquimod gives rise to difficulties in designing aqueous formulations with this drug. One approach that is widely used to enhance drug solubility is complexation with cyclodextrins. The formation of the inclusion complex between IMQ and β-cyclodextrin was investigated in solution and in solid state. IMQ aqueous solubility was improved in the presence of citric acid. The experimental results and molecular modeling indicated the formation of the inclusion complex in aqueous solution of citric acid pH 3.0; however, the low apparent stability constant suggested weak interaction between β-cyclodextrin and IMQ which hampered the use of this approach to improve imiquimod aqueous solubility and the development of an aqueous formulation containing IMQ in the same concentration as in the commercial product.

Benzbromarone (BZB) is a drug that has diuretic activity and is used in the gout treatment. Its therapeutic efficiency is decreased by its low water solubility (11.8 mg L-1) and highly hydrophobic aspect (logP 2.7), which are responsible for affecting its intestinal absorption and bioavailability. BZB inclusion complex (IC) aims at increasing the drug solubility in water and reduce adverse effects resulting in more efficient formulations. The coprecipitation encapsulating method was used to obtain the IC of BZB in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and the complex (BZB@β-CD) was characterized via physical-chemical analysis. A comparative study of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and configuration interaction singles (CIS), along with “our own N-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics” (ONIOM) method, has been carried out on the UV-Vis absorption of BZB and BZB@β-CD. The qualitative description of the simulated spectrum, given by ONIOM(CIS:PM6), is in accord with the formation of BZB@β-CD. It only became possible when phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was used to prepare the solutions, since the complex formation did not occur in deionized water or buffered acid. Furthermore, by using the Job plot, the Scatchard method and fluorescence, it was possible to conclude that the complex molecular stoichiometry was 1:1 (1 BZB to 1 β-CD).

The fact that the dissymmetry lgeb (g-factor) of camphor is large has been known for decades, and the interpretation of the observed data has also been known for a long time. However, due to the ability of quantum chemical methods to describe chiroptical phenomena more appropriately, additional approaches based on these methods have been successful employed. The g-factor lgebra in S-camphor and L-tryptophan have been investigated by UV-Vis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopies of the n ® p* electronic transition. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations at CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) level of theory including Grimme’s dispersion effects have been performed. The lgebra effect was added using solvation model based on density (SMD) approach in solvation environment. The results permit insights into the ground and excited states electronic properties associated with the g-factor. The theoretical spectra showed good similarity with the experimental ones. The theoretical ECD of camphor was found at 282 nm, whereas the experimental shows its maximum at 290 nm. Regarding the maximum value of the molar absorptivity lgebrante, the theoretical and experimental values were 16.2 and 30.2 M-1 cm-1, respectively. The same concordance was obtained for g-factor, as follows: -0.0445 and -0.0886, for experimental and theoretical results, respectively.