ABSTRACT Management of Quilombola systems are primitive agricultural systems based on the ancestral knowledge of Afro-Brazilian enslaved people. Here, the aim was to understand the impact of these primitive farming methods on the distribution of available nitrogen (N) forms in the soil profile of two Brazilian Cerrado phytophysiognomies. The soil was sampled in Cerradão (high Cerrado) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (low Cerrado) at six soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, and 50-60 cm). The following management systems were considered: pasture (PP1 and PP2), maize cultivation (M1 and M2), citrus-cassava intercropping (T1), and citrus monoculture (T2). In addition, the soil was sampled in the native area of Cerradão (NC1) and Cerrado Stricto sensu (NC2). Three N forms were determined: i) available nitrogen (Av-N), ii) ammonium (NH4+-N) and iii) nitrate (NO3–-N) contents. The Av-N content decreased with increasing soil depth only in NC1 and NC2. The NO3–-N content was similar at all soil depths for maize and pasture, while the content decreased at soil depth for NC1, NC2, and T1. NH4+-N was similar in M2 and PP2, but it increased in T2, ranging from 6.17 mg kg–1 to 17.54 mg kg–1. Overall, the dynamics of available N forms varied according to the Cerrado phytophysiognomy and the management systems and NO3–-N was the most constant N form in the soil profile. Therefore, although the management of Quilombola systems is less intensive, they negatively affect the dynamics and N availability, mainly where management is less conservative, that is, in maize and citrus monocultures. AfroBrazilian Afro people Here (N phytophysiognomies high low 010, 010 0 10, 10 (0-10 1020, 1020 20, 20 10-20 2030, 2030 30, 30 20-30 3040, 3040 40, 40 30-40 4050, 4050 50, 50 40-50 5060 60 50-6 cm. cm . cm) considered PP1 PP (PP PP2 , PP2) M1 M (M M2, M2) citruscassava cassava T1, T1 T (T1) T2. T2 (T2) addition NC (NC1 NC2 (NC2) determined i AvN, AvN Av (Av-N) ii NH4+N NH4N NHN NH4+ NH4 NH (NH4+-N iii NO3–N NO3N NON NO3– NO3 NO (NO3–-N contents 617 6 17 6.1 kg1 kg 1 kg– 1754 54 17.5 Overall Therefore intensive availability conservative monocultures 01 (0-1 102 2 10-2 203 3 20-3 304 4 30-4 405 5 40-5 506 50- (T1 (T2 (NC (NC2 (Av-N 61 6. 175 17. (0- 10- 20- 30- 40- (T (0 (

ABSTRACT: Soil management systems exert different effects on soil attributes, especially on the organic matter content, and, consequently, the soil aggregation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land uses practiced by quilombola family farmers on water stable aggregates, glomalin and organic carbon in soil aggregates. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm from areas cultivated under the following management systems: 1) conventional corn plantation (MA), 2) cultivation of citrus trees intercropped with annual crops (AC) (a conservationist approach), 3) pasture of Brachiaria (Urochloa spp.) (PA), and, as reference, an area of the Cerrado (CR) free of any anthropogenic interference. The studied areas were evaluated in a completely randomized design, with five replications, in a subplot scheme. The plots were the management systems and the subplots the depths. Soil macro-aggregates were predominant at both depths and the aggregate stability indices were higher than 90 % for all management systems. Total organic carbon in the two aggregate classes (micro and macro-aggregates) correlated with the MWD (mean weight-diameter), but not with the easily extractable glomalin (EEG) related soil protein. Soil micro and macro-aggregates, EEG and MWD discriminated management systems and are important soil quality indicators. The carbon content in both micro-aggregates (C-MIC) and macro-aggregates (C-MAC) of the intercropped system (AC) was higher than in the CR. The soil attributes that best separated the areas were C-MIC, MWD and EEG in macro-aggregates for the depth of 0-10 cm, and EEG in micro-aggregates, together with MWD and C-MAC for the depth of 10-20 cm.

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar a mobilidade de Pb e Zn no solo. Instalou-se um experimento, em casa-de-vegetação, em vasos preenchidos com amostras de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, submetidas a doses de resíduos siderúrgicos, sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3×5, com três repetições, combinando-se três resíduos siderúrgicos (carepa de aciaria, lama de filtro-prensa e lama de fosfato), com cinco doses de cada resíduo (0 t ha-1, 1 t ha-1, 2 t ha-1, 4 t ha-1 e 8 t ha-1). Cultivou-se capim-elefante, por 120 dias, e, posteriormente, realizou-se o cultivo de feijão, durante 75 dias. Neste período, avaliaram-se as concentrações de Pb e Zn no lixiviado. Não houve lixiviação de Pb, porém, o Zn apresentou bastante mobilidade na coluna de solo. Em solo adubado com carepa de aciaria e lama de filtro-prensa, não foram observados riscos de contaminação do lençol freático por Zn e Pb, entretanto, a dose de 8 t ha-1 de lama de fosfato elevou os teores de Zn no lixiviado acima do máximo permitido pela legislação. Tal fato limita o uso deste último resíduo em doses altas. Os demais resíduos (carepa de aciaria e lama de filtro-prensa) devem ser testados em experimentos de campo, visando à sua possível utilização agrícola.

In order to evaluate the dynamics of Zn and Pb in the soil, a greenhouse experiment was set up in pots filled with soil samples (Typic Hapludox) treated with increasing doses of iron smelting residues. It was set under a completely randomized design, in a 3×5 factorial scheme, with three replications, combining three iron smelting residues (mill scale, filter press mud, and phosphate mud), with five doses for each residue (0 t ha-1, 1 t ha-1, 2 t ha-1, 4 t ha-1, and 8 t ha-1). Elephant grass was cultivated during 120 days, followed by common beans, for 75 days. In that period, contents of Zn and Pb were determined in the leachate. No Pb was found in the leachate, but Zn proved to be quite mobile in this soil. In soils treated with mill scale and filter press mud, no risk of groundwater contamination was observed, however, the 8 t ha-1 phosphate mud rate increased Zn contents in the leachate above the maximum allowed by environmental regulations. This fact limits the use of such residue for agricultural purposes. The other two residues should be evaluated in field-scale tests aiming their agricultural use.

Uma grande variedade de produtos tóxicos é emitida durante o processo de tratamento do couro nos curtumes que usam o cromo III para obter o couro wet blue. O resíduo sólido (raspas e aparas) contém cerca de 3 % de Cr III, que representa um sério problema ambiental e não tem, atualmente, destino adequado. O resíduo de couro após extração de Cr (colágeno) foi utilizado como fonte nitrogenada para o capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Napier), em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, aplicando-se quatro doses do colágeno (4, 8, 16 e 32 t ha-1) e três tratamentos adicionais (testemunha; adubação com N mineral e resíduo de couro wet blue- sem a extração do Cr). O colágeno é uma boa fonte nitrogenada alternativa para crescimento do capim-elefante até a dose de 16 t ha-1. O resíduo de couro wet blue não disponibilizou N durante o cultivo de capim-elefante. Isso mostra que a extração do Cr utilizando-se o ácido fosfórico é fundamental para uso do rejeito de couro como fonte nitrogenada na agricultura. A aplicação do colágeno supriu a necessidade de N para plantas de capim-elefante, semelhantemente à adubação com N mineral.

Large amounts of solid wastes are produced in tanneries, which use chromium (III) to obtain wet blue leather hides. The solid residues (leather scraps and strips) contain around 3 % chromium (III), which represent a serious environmental problem and, presently, have no adequate destination. The leather waste after chromium extraction (collagen) was used as a nitrogen source for elephantgrass- Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Napier. Four doses of collagen (4, 8, 16, and 32 t ha-1) and three additional treatments (control; mineral fertilizer N; and wet blue leather residue without Cr extraction) were used. Collagen as alternative nitrogen source has a positive effect on elephantgrass growth at rates up to 16 t ha-1. Little N became available to elephantgrass plants after application of wet blue leather residues. These results show that the phosphoric acid extraction of chromium is necessary if leather waste is to be used as a nitrogen source in agriculture. The application of collagen supplied the N need of elephantgrass plants, similarly to mineral N fertilization.