OBJECTIVES: Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), all health services worldwide underwent profound changes, leading to the suspension of many elective surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of elective colorectal surgery during the pandemic. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, single-center study. Patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic between March 10 and September 9, 2020, were included. Patient data on sex, age, diagnosis, types of procedures, hospital stay, mortality, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) preoperative screening tests were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 103 colorectal surgical procedures were planned, and 99 were performed. Four surgeries were postponed due to positive preoperative screening for SARS-CoV-2. Surgical procedures were performed for colorectal cancer (n=90) and inflammatory bowel disease (n=9). Laparoscopy was the approach of choice for 43 patients (43.4%), 53 (53.5%) procedures were open, and 3 (3%) procedures were robotic. Five patients developed COVID-19 in the postoperative period, and three of them died in the intensive care unit (n=3/5, 60% mortality). Two other patients died due to surgical complications unrelated to COVID-19 (n=2/94, 2.1% mortality) (p<0.01). Hospital stay was longer in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection than in those without (38.4 versushttps://doi.org/10.3 days, respectively, p<0.01). Of the 99 patients who received surgical care during the pandemic, 94 were safely discharged (95%). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that elective colorectal surgical procedures may be safely performed during the pandemic; however, preoperative testing should be performed to reduce in-hospital infection rates, since the mortality rate due to SARS-CoV-2 in this setting is particularly high.

RESUMO Racional: Devido à falta de padrões normais de manometria anorretal no Brasil, os dados utilizados estão sujeitos a padrões de normalidade descritos em diferentes nacionalidades . Objetivo: Determinar os valores e a faixa da manometria anorretal de pessoas em idade produtiva, sem distúrbios do assoalho pélvico, comparando os parâmetros obtidos entre homens e mulheres. Métodos: Análise prospectiva de dados clínicos, como gênero, idade, raça, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e manometria anorretal, de voluntários de uma referência universitária brasileira em distúrbios do assoalho pélvico. Resultados: Quarenta pessoas foram incluídas, com idade média de 45,5 anos nos homens e 37,2 nas mulheres (p=0,43). De acordo com homens e mulheres, respectivamente em mmHg, as pressões de repouso foram semelhantes (78,28 vs. 63,51, p=0,40); pressões de contração (153,89 vs. 79,78, p=0,007) e pressão total de compressão (231,27 vs. 145,63, p=0,002). Os homens apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de contração esfincteriana, assim como o comprimento médio do canal anal funcional (2,85 cm nos homens vs. 2,45 cm nas mulheres, p=0,003). Conclusões: Os níveis normais de pressão esfincteriana no Brasil diferem dos utilizados até o momento como padrão normal da literatura. O gênero masculino apresenta maior tônus do esfíncter anal externo em relação ao feminino, além de maior extensão do canal anal funcional

ABSTRACT Background: Due to the lack of normal standards of anorectal manometry in Brazil, data used are subject to normality patterns described at different nationalities. Aim: To determine the values and range of the parameters evaluated at anorectal manometry in people, at productive age, without pelvic floor disorders comparing the parameters obtained between male and female. Methods: Prospective analysis of clinical data, such as gender, age, race, body mass index (BMI) and anorectal manometry, of volunteers from a Brazilian university reference in pelvic floor disorders. Results: Forty patients were included, with a mean age of 45.5 years in males and 37.2 females (p=0.43). According to male and female, respectively in mmHg, resting pressures were similar (78.28 vs. 63.51, p=0.40); squeeze pressures (153.89 vs. 79.78, p=0.007) and total squeeze pressures (231.27 vs. 145.63, p=0.002). Men presented significantly higher values of anorectal squeeze pressures, as well as the average length of the functional anal canal (2.85 cm in male vs. 2.45 cm in female, p=0.003). Conclusions: Normal sphincter pressure levels in Brazilians differ from those used until now as normal literature standards. Male gender has higher external anal sphincter tonus as compared to female, in addition a greater extension of the functional anal canal

RESUMO Racional: A realização de procedimentos minimamente invasivos para o manejo de distúrbios colorretais, possibilitou ampliar a indicação de laparoscopia para o manuseio de diversas complicações pós-operatórias precoces e tardias. Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência com reoperações laparoscópicas para complicações precoces após ressecções colorretais laparoscópicas. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a ressecções colorretais laparoscópicas que apresentaram complicações cirúrgicas no pós-operatório abordadas por via laparoscópica. Os pacientes selecionados foram aqueles com diagnóstico precoce de complicações, estabilidade hemodinâmica sem distensão abdominal significativa e sem comorbidades clínicas que impedissem o procedimento. Resultados: Em quatro anos, nove de 290 (3,1%) pacientes submetidos a ressecções colorretais laparoscópicas foram reabordados pela mesma via de acesso. Havia cinco pacientes do sexo masculino e idade média foi de 40,67 anos. Os diagnósticos de doença primária incluíram adenocarcinoma (n=3), polipose adenomatosa familiar (n=3), colite ulcerativa (n=1), inércia colônica (n=1) e megacólon chagásico (n=1). Os procedimentos iniciais incluíram quatro proctocolectomias totais com anastomose íleo-anal em bolsa ileal; três ressecções anteriores; uma totalização de colectomia total; e uma hemicolectomia direita. A deiscência da anastomose foi a complicação mais comum que resultou em reoperação (n=6). Houve apenas um caso de desfecho desfavorável, com óbito no 40º dia da primeira abordagem após complicações consecutivas. Os demais casos tiveram desfecho favorável . Conclusão: Em casos selecionados, o acesso laparoscópico pode representar alternativa de abordagem segura e minimamente invasiva para complicações da ressecção colorretal. No entanto, a reoperação laparoscópica deve ser cuidadosamente selecionada, considerando o tipo de complicação, a condição clínica do paciente e a experiência da equipe cirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Background: Recently, with the performance of minimally invasive procedures for the management of colorectal disorders, it was allowed to extend the indication of laparoscopy in handling various early and late postoperative complications. Aim: To present the experience with laparoscopic reoperations for early complications after laparoscopic colorectal resections. Methods: Patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resections with postoperative surgical complications were included and re-treated laparoscopically. Selection for laparoscopic approach were those cases with early diagnosis of complications, hemodynamic stability without significant abdominal distention and without clinical comorbidities that would preclude the procedure. Results: In four years, nine of 290 (3.1%) patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resections were re-approached laparoscopically. There were five men. The mean age was 40.67 years. Diagnoses of primary disease included adenocarcinoma (n=3), familial adenomatous polyposis (n=3), ulcerative colitis (n=1), colonic inertia (n=1) and chagasic megacolon (n=1). Initial procedures included four total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis; three anterior resections; one completion of total colectomy; and one right hemicolectomy. Anastomotic dehiscence was the most common complication that resulted in reoperations (n=6). There was only one case of an unfavorable outcome, with death on the 40th day of the first approach, after consecutive complications. The remaining cases had favorable outcome. Conclusion: In selected cases, laparoscopic access may be a safe and minimally invasive approach for complications of colorectal resection. However, laparoscopic reoperation must be cautiously selected, considering the type of complication, patient’s clinical condition and experience of the surgical team.

RESUMO Racional: Desde 1990, foi proposto que a localização distal e proximal do câncer de cólon pode seguir diferentes aspectos biológicos, epidemiológicos, patológicos e prognósticos. Essas diferenças podem ter consequências para o tratamento de pacientes com câncer colorretal. Objetivo: Comparar as características entre pacientes com câncer de cólon direito e esquerdo, com gravidade e características tumorais que influenciam na sobrevida desses pacientes. Método: Avaliação dos resultados do tratamento cirúrgico dos pacientes com câncer de cólon em longo prazo com dados coletados retrospectivamente. Resultados: O lado do tumor não influenciou o tempo de sobrevida (p=0,112) no modelo de regressão. Apenas o estágio da doença influencia no tempo de sobrevida. Os pacientes com câncer de cólon direito apresentam estadiamento mais avançado (III ou IV) e apresentam risco de morte 3,23 vezes maior. Conclusão: O prognóstico do câncer de cólon localizado no lado esquerdo é melhor comparado ao direito. Os pacientes com câncer de cólon direito têm estágio e idade mais avançados e tumor mucinoso.

ABSTRACT Background: Since 1990 it was proposed that distal and proximal location of colon cancer might follow different biological, epidemiology, pathology and prognosis, probably due to embryologic different development of the two segments of the colon, which may represent two separate disease entities. These differences might have consequences for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. Aim: To compare the characteristics between patients with right and left colon cancer, with severity and tumor characteristic that influence in the survival of these patients. Method: Were evaluated the outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with colon cancer with data collected retrospectively from prospectively collected database. Results: The tumor’s side did not influence survival time of patients with colon cancer (p=0.112) in the regression model. Only the diseases stage leads to influence on survival time; patients with right colon cancer have more advanced staging (III or IV) and present a risk of death greater in 3.23 times. Conclusion: This analysis provides evidence that the prognosis of localized left-sided colon cancer is better compared to right-sided colon cancer. Also, the patients with right colon cancer have more advanced stage, mucinous tumor and are older.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O tratamento do câncer de reto médio e distal evoluiu muito nas últimas décadas devido à disseminação da técnica de excisão total do mesorretal e ao uso de quimioterapia e radioterapia neoadjuvantes. No entanto, essa abordagem multidisciplinar pode afetar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes de várias maneiras que merecem ser adequadamente avaliadas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida imediata e tardia relacionada à saúde em pacientes tratados de câncer retal com intenção curativa. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo que incluiu pacientes com câncer primário de reto médio ou baixo não metastático. Foram aplicados os questionários EORTC QLQ-C30 e EORTC-CR38 antes, 3 meses e 12 meses após o tratamento. As médias dos escores dos questionários foram estratificadas em quatro categorias para fins de comparação dos resultados nos diferentes momentos. RESULTADOS: Vinte e nove pacientes responderam aos 1º e 2º questionários e 12 responderam os três questionários. A idade média foi de 50,8 anos e 62% do sexo feminino. Preservação esfincteriana foi possível em 89,6%. As médias de escores globais de saúde e qualidade de vida melhoraram tanto após 3 meses quanto após 12 meses. Função cognitiva, dor, insônia, constipação, sintomas gastrointestinais, problemas esfincterianos, perda de peso melhoraram tanto no período imediato quanto tardio. Problemas sexuais masculinos e femininos e perspectiva futura pioraram tanto no período precoce quanto tardio. As demais funções ou sintomas ou itens não se alteraram. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da complexidade do tratamento do câncer de reto dentro de um serviço especializado, a qualidade de vida ficou preservada ou melhor na maioria das características estudadas.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The treatment of median and distal rectal cancer has evolved a lot in the last decades due to the dissemination of the technique of total mesortal excision and the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, this multidisciplinary approach can affect patients’ quality of life in a number of ways that deserve to be adequately assessed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate immediate and late health related quality of life in patients with rectal cancer treated with curative intent. METHODS: Prospective study including patients with non-metastatic mid or low rectal cancer. EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC-CR38 questionnaires were applied before, 3 months and 12 months after treatment. The mean scores of the questionnaires were stratified into 4 categories for the purpose of comparing the results at different moments. RESULTS: Twenty nine patients completed the 1st and 2nd questionnaires and 12 completed the three questionaries. Patient´s mean age was 50.8 years and 62% were female. Sphincter preservation was possible in 89.6%. Overall health scores and quality of life improved after three months after 12 months. After three months, sexual satisfaction, female sexual problems and future perspective were worsen, but gastrointestinal symptoms, sphincter problems, and weight loss were improved. After 12 months the Future Perspective deteriorated, but there was improvement of the problems related to stoma, sphincter problems and body image. CONCLUSION: Despite the complexity of the treatment of rectal cancer within a specialized service, quality of life was preserved and was satisfactory in most of the studied aspects.

RESUMO Racional: O câncer colorretal é o terceiro câncer mais comum no mundo. No Brasil é a principal causa no trato gastrointestinal. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores de riscos pré, peri e pós-operatório para recorrência e sobrevida global de pacientes com câncer de cólon esquerdo operado durante um período de dez anos. Métodos: Os pacientes com câncer de cólon esquerdo operados foram retrospectivamente avaliados. Os seguintes fatores foram estudados: gênero, idade, localização do tumor, estádio T, número de linfonodos, estágio N, estágio M, tipo histológico e diferenciação tumoral. Foi analisada a influência desses fatores na sobrevida global de cinco anos. Resultados: 173 pacientes foram submetidos à colectomia para câncer de cólon esquerdo. O gênero masculino predominou com 50,9%. A média de idade foi de 60,8 anos. Quinze (8,7%) tumores foram localizados no ângulo esplênico, 126 (72,8%) no sigmóide e 32 (18,5%) e no descendente. A média do tempo de internação foi de sete dias. A sobrevida média foi de 47,5 meses. Aos 60 meses sete doentes (4%) perderam o seguimento, 38 (21,9%) faleceram e 135 (78%) estavam vivos. O tempo de sobrevida global foi de 48 meses. Conclusão: Os estádios avançados (T3-T4, N e M+) foram os únicos fatores associados à menor sobrevida em longo prazo em câncer de cólon esquerdo.

ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. In Brazil, it is the leading cause of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Aim: To evaluate the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative risk factors for recurrence and overall survival of patients with left colon cancer operated during a ten-year period. Methods: Patients with left colon cancer surgically treated underwent clinical preoperative workout and cancer staging. The following factors were studied: gender, age, tumor location, T stage, lymph node yield, N stage, M stage, histological type, and tumor differentiation. It was analyzed the influence in five-year overall survival. Results: A total of 173 patients underwent left colectomy for colon cancer. There was a slight predominance of male gender with 50.9%. The mean age was 60.8 years old. Fifteen (8.7%) tumors were located at splenic flexure, 126 (72.8%) at sigmoid colon, and 32 (18.5%) at descending colon. The median length of hospital stay was seven days. Mean survival was 47.5 months. At 60 months seven patients (4%) lost follow-up, 38 patients (21.9%) deceased and 135 patients (78%) were alive. Overall survival time was 48 months. Conclusion: Advanced stages (T3-T4, N+ and M+) were the only factors associated with poor long term survival in left colon cancer.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the clinical and pathological factors associated with perioperative morbidity, mortality and oncological outcomes after multivisceral en bloc resection in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS: Between January 2009 and February 2014, 105 patients with primary colorectal cancer selected for multivisceral resection were identified from a prospective database. Clinical and pathological factors, perioperative morbidity and mortality and outcomes were obtained from medical records. Estimated local recurrence and overall survival were compared using the log-rank method, and Cox regression analysis was used to determine the independence of the studied parameters. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02859155. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 60 (range 23-86) years, 66.7% were female, 80% of tumors were located in the rectum, 11.4% had stage-IV disease, and 54.3% received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The organs most frequently resected were ovaries and annexes (37%). Additionally, 30.5% of patients received abdominoperineal resection. Invasion of other organs was confirmed histologically in 53.5% of patients, and R0 resection was obtained in 72% of patients. The overall morbidity rate of patients in this study was 37.1%. Ureter resection and intraoperative blood transfusion were independently associated with an increased number of complications. The 30-day postoperative mortality rate was 1.9%. After 27 (range 5-57) months of follow-up, the mortality and local recurrence rates were 23% and 15%, respectively. Positive margins were associated with a higher recurrence rate. Positive margins, lymph node involvement, stage III/IV disease, and stage IV disease alone were associated with lower overall survival rates. On multivariate analysis, the only factor associated with reduced survival was lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Multivisceral en bloc resection for primary colorectal cancer can be performed with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality and may lead to favorable oncological outcomes.

Background: Indications for colostomy in colorectal diseases are obstruction of the large bowel, such as in cancer, diverticular disease in the acute phase, post-radiotherapy enteritis, complex perirectal fistulas, anorectal trauma and severe anal incontinence. Some critically ill patients cannot tolerate an exploratory laparotomy, and laparoscopic assisted colostomy also requires general anesthesia. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of performing colostomy assisted by colonoscopy and percutaneous colopexy. Materials and methods: Five pigs underwent endoscopic assisted colostomy with percutaneous colopexy. Animals were evaluated in post-operative days 1, 2, 5 and 7 for feeding acceptance and colostomy characteristics. On day 7 full colonoscopy was performed on animals followed by exploratory laparotomy. Results: Average procedure time was 27 minutes (21-54 min). Postoperative mobility and feeding of animals were immediate after anesthesia recovery. Position of the colostomy, edges color, appearance of periostomal area, as well as its function was satisfactory in four animals. Retraction of colostomy was present in one pig. The colonoscopy and laparotomy control on the seventh day were considered as normal. A bladder perforation that was successfully repaired through the colostomy incision occurred in one pig. The main limitation of this study is its experimental nature. Conclusion: Endoscopic assisted colostomy with percutaneous colopexy proves to be a safe and effective method with low morbidity for performing colostomy in experimental animals, with possible clinical application in humans.

RACIONAL: Câncer colorretal é o tipo mais comum das neoplasias gastrointestinais. Há muitas controvérsias na literatura acerca do valor prognóstico do sítio da neoplasia. Muitos estudos revelam maiores taxas de sobrevida para tumores em cólon direito, com piora do prognóstico à medida que as lesões se situam mais distalmente. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico de pacientes com câncer de cólon direito estádios I-IV operados em um período de dez anos e identificar os fatores prognósticos que foram associados com menor sobrevida global. MÉTODOS: Em 10 anos, 187 pacientes foram submetidos à colectomia direita com intenção curativa. Foram estudados os seguintes fatores: gênero, idade, localização do tumor, o número de linfonodos obtidos no espécime, comprometimento linfonodal, estádio T e presença de metástases à distância. Estes fatores foram avaliados quanto à possibilidade de serem indicadores prognósticos na sobrevida em cinco anos. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 65 (±12) anos e 105 (56,1%) eram mulheres. A localização, mas comum foi o cólon ascendente (48,1%), seguido do ceco (41,7%) e o ângulo hepático (10,2%). A média de tempo de internação hospitalar foi 14 (±2.8) dias. A distribuição do estádio T foi T1 (4,8%), T2 (7,5%), T3 (74,9%) e T4 (12,8%). Acometimento linfonodal ocorreu em 46,0% e metástases à distância em 3,7%. Um mínimo de 12 linfonodos ressecados foram obtidos em 87,2% dos espécimes cirúrgicos. Em 84.5% os tumores eram não-mucinosos. A média de sobrevida foi de 38,3 (±30.8) meses. A sobrevida geral foi afetada pelo estádio T, N, M e pelo estádio final. O acometimento linfonodal (RR=2,06) e os estádios III/IV (RR=2,81) foram fatores prognósticos negativos independentes. CONCLUSÕES: Estádio avançado e envolvimento linfonodal foram os fatores associados com a pior sobrevida em longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. There are many controversies in the literature about the prognostic value of primary tumor location. Many studies have shown higher survival rates for tumors in the right colon, and worse prognosis for lesions located more distally in the colon. AIM: To analyze the results of surgical treatment of right-sided colon cancers patients operated in one decade period and identify the prognostic factors that were associated with lower overall survival in stages I-IV patients. METHODS: A retrospective review from the prospectively collected database identified 178 patients with right-sided colon cancer surgically treated with curative intent. Demographic factors (gender and age), tumor factors (site, T stage, N stage, M stage, histological type and tumor differentiation), and lymph node yield were extracted to identify those associated with lower overall survival. RESULTS: Mean age was 65 (±12) years old, and 105 (56.1%) patients were female. Most common affected site was ascending colon (48.1%), followed by cecum (41.7%) and hepatic flexure (10.2%). Mean length of hospital stay was 14 (±2.8) days. T stage distribution was T1 (4.8%), T2 (7.5%), T3 (74.9%), and T4 (12.8%). Nodal involvement was present in 46.0%, and metastatic disease in 3.7%. Twelve or more lymph nodes were obtained in 87.2% of surgical specimens and 84.5% were non-mucinous tumors. Mean survival time was 38.3 (±30.8) months. Overall survival was affected by T stage, N stage, M stage, and final stage. Lymph node involvement (OR=2.06) and stage III/IV (OR=2.81) were independent negative prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Right-sided colon cancer presented commonly at advanced stage. Advanced stage and lymph node involvement were factors associated with poor long term survival.

RACIONAL: A cirurgia para hemorróidas sintomáticas é necessária em quase 10% dos pacientes. Embora, a literatura sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da doença hemorroidária seja muito grande, os dados relativos à hemorroidectomia ou hemorroidopexia realizadas por residentes de treinamento é limitado. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados destes procedimentos em uma instituição de ensino. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os dados de todos os pacientes que se submeteram ao tratamento cirúrgico para hemorróidas entre1995 e 2007 em uma única instituição. Residentes supervisionados realizaram todos os procedimentos. As técnicas foram comparadas com base no tempo operatório, permanência hospitalar, morbidade e eficácia a longo prazo. RESULTADOS: Trezentos e trinta e três pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 182 homens (54,6%), com idade média de 45,3 anos (± 12,02). Hemorróidas de terceiro grau foram a principal indicação (81,7%). Milligan-Morgan foi o procedimento mais comumente realizado (57%), seguido por Ferguson e hemorroidopexia grampeada. A média de tempo operatório foi significativamente menor no grupo hemorroidopexia grampeada quando comparado com os procedimentos abertos e fechados: 49,4 ± 29,3 min vs 61,1 ± 26,5 e 67,1 ± 28,3, respectivamente (p=0,0034). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto às complicações pós-operatórias ou à taxa de reoperação. O tempo de internação foi significativamente maior no grupo Milligan-Morgan quando comparado com Ferguson e grampeamento (1,41 ± 0,86 dias vs 1,19 ± 0,43 vs 1,16 ± 0,37, respectivamente). Recorrência sintomática, taxas de reoperação e o uso de ligadura elástica foram semelhantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Os residentes sob supervisão pode executar Milligan-Morgan, Ferguson e grampeamento hemorroidário com baixa incidência de complicações e bons resultados a longo prazo. O grampeamento foi associado com menor tempo operatório, enquanto Milligan-Morgan foi correlacionada com maior tempo de hospitalização.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for symptomatic hemorrhoids is needed in almost 10% of the patients. Although, literature about the surgical management of hemorrhoidal disease is vast, data concerning hemorrhoidectomy or hemorrhoidopexy performed by training residents is limited. AIM: To analyze the results of these procedures in a teaching institution. METHODS: Data from all patients who underwent surgical treatment for hemorrhoids from 1995 to 2007 in a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. Residents supervised by assisting doctors performed all procedures. Techniques were compared based on operative time, hospital stay, morbidity, and long-term efficacy. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty three patients were included in the study, 182 males (54.6%), with a mean age of 45.3 years (± 12.02). Third degree hemorrhoids were the main indication (81.7%). Milligan-Morgan was the most commonly performed procedure (57%), followed by Ferguson and stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Mean operative time was significantly lower in the stapled hemorrhoidopexy group when compared to the open and closed procedures: 49,4 ± 29.3 min vs. 61.1 ± 26.5 and 67.1 ± 28.3, respectively (p=0.0034). There was no statistically significant difference among the groups regarding postoperative complications or reoperation rate. Length of stay was significantly higher in the Milligan-Morgan group when compared to Ferguson and stapled hemorrhoidopexy (1.41 ± 0.86 days vs. 1.19 ± 0.43 vs. 1.16 ± 0.37 respectively). Symptomatic recurrence, reoperation rates and band ligation usage were similar among groups. CONCLUSION: Residents under supervision can perform Milligan-Morgan, Ferguson and stapled hemorrhoidopexy with low incidence of complications and good long-term results. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy technique was associated with a shorter operative time, while Milligan-Morgan correlated with a longer length of stay.

INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma espino-celular do canal anal é doença que atinge os adultos de meia idade e corresponde a 4% dos cânceres do trato gastrointestinal baixo. Na população geral a incidência é de 1 em 100.000 habitantes, e entre os homens que fazem sexo com homens essa incidência atinge 35 por 100.000 habitantes, sendo que os portadores de HIV têm esse risco duplicado (70 por 100.000 habitantes). MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão da literatura com consulta nos periódicos das bases Medline/Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs cruzando os descritores Rastreamento, Lesões pré-cancerosas, Neoplasias do ânus e HIV. Além da revisão bibliográfica, foi adicionada a este trabalho a experiência pessoal dos autores, e a obtida no Departamento de Gastroenterologia - Divisão Cirúrgica, no ICESP - Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo Octávio Frias de Oliveira, no Departamento de Moléstias Infeciosas - Casa da AIDS e no Serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. CONCLUSÕES: HIV+ é um grande fator de risco no desenvolvimento de carcinoma espino-celular anal em indivíduos infectados por HPV. A avaliação desses pacientes não deve se restringir à erradicação de condilomas, mas principalmente incluir o rastreamento de lesões displásicas subclínicas potencialmente neoplásicas. Apesar dos métodos de rastreamento ainda não serem ideais, o grande benefício do rastreamento baseia-se no fato de oferecer acompanhamento rigoroso, tornando possível à prevenção ou detecção cada vez mais precoce do carcinoma espino-celular anal.

INTRODUCTION: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is a disease that affects the middle-aged adults and accounts for 4% of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract below. In the general population the incidence is 1 in 100,000, and among men who have sex with men the incidence is 35 per 100,000 inhabitants, those with HIV have doubled this risk (70 per 100,000 inhabitants). METHODS: Was performed literature review in consultation with periodic Medline / Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo crossing Trackingm, Precancerous conditions, Anus neoplasms and HIV descriptors. Besides the review,was added to this work the authors'personal experiences, and obtained at the Department of Gastroenterology - Surgical Division, in ICESP - Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira, in Department of Diseases Infectious - House of AIDS and in the Department of Coloproctology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: HIV + is a major risk factor in developing squamous cell carcinoma anal in individuals infected with HPV. The evaluation of these patients should not restrict itself to the eradication of warts, but mainly include the screening of subclinical dysplastic lesions potentially neoplastic. Despite the screening methods are still not ideal, the great benefit of screening is based on the fact offer closely monitored, making possible the prevention or detection of increasingly early anal squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico do câncer do reto passou por grande refinamento técnico após a incorporação da excisão total do mesorreto. A possibilidade de tratamento por laparoscopia ainda permanece como motivo de controvérsia. Assim, uma revisão atualizada do assunto é pertinente para ajudar a orientar a conduta aos pacientes com esse tumor. MÉTODO: Foram consultadas as bases de dados disponíveis pelo Medline/Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs cruzando os seguintes unitermos: câncer colorretal, laparoscopia, cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: Até a presente data, ainda permanece motivo de controvérsia se o tratamento do câncer de reto deve ser realizado de forma rotineira por laparoscopia. Não existem dados na literatura que suportem a realização minimamente invasiva da excisão total do mesorreto para o tratamento do câncer de reto fora de protocolo de pesquisa, especialmente pela ausência de índices de sobrevida e de recidiva local com pelo menos cinco anos de seguimento.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment of rectal cancer has undergone great technical refinement after total mesorectal excision. The possibility of laparoscopic approach still remains controversial. Thus, an updated review of the matter is relevant to help to guide physicians in surgical treatment. METHOD: It was done an extensive review of papers on databases available through Medline / Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo crossing the following keywords: colorectal cancer, laparoscopic surgery, surgery. CONCLUSION: To date, there still remains a matter of controversy whether the treatment of rectal cancer should be routinely performed by laparoscopy. There are no published data that support the achievement of minimally invasive total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer treatment outside the research protocol, notably a lack of survival rates and local recurrence with at least five years of follow-up.

A microcirurgia endoscópica transanal (TEM) é procedimento alternativo minimamente invasivo ao tratamento cirúrgico radical para excisão de tumores benignos e malignos do reto. Ela oferece possibilidade operatória aos procedimentos cirúrgicos convencionais (ressecção anterior baixa ou amputações abdominoperineais), as quais acarretam alta morbimortalidade. Baseada na revisão da literatura e na experiência própria dos autores, esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar o método e as indicações para a TEM.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) provides a minimally invasive alternative to radical surgery for excision of benign and malignant rectal tumors. TEM aims to provide an alternative to conventional abdominal surgery (low anterior resection or abdominoperineal amputations), which carries not inconsiderable morbidity and mortality. Based on review of the literature and in the authors experience, this review present the method and indications for TEM.