Introduction: Duodenal lesions are infrequent. Aim: To characterize patients with duodenal lesions observed between January 2008 and December 2013 at the Southern Metropolitan Health Service, in Santiago, Chile. Materials and Method: Data were obtained from the Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital and El Pino Hospital records. The patients included were those observed between January 2008 and December 2013. Age, gender, clinical characteristics, location, diagnostic methods, anatomopathological findings and treatment were analyzed. On April 24th 2019 was obtained the date of death of all patients at the National Civil Registry. The statistical analysis was performed with the software STATA 15.1. Results: 157 patients with duodenal lesions were found, 65 presented duodenal adenocarcinoma and 71 patients had duodenal polyps, 25 of them were adenomas. Univariate analysis of survival showed that patients with polyps associated with carcinoma and duodenal adenocarcinomas had a lower survival rate (p = 0.013, HR 6.584 y p < 0.001, HR 7.604, respectively). In patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma, those who underwent surgery with curative intent, and those who receive chemotherapy had a better overall survival than those who did not received therapy (p < 0.001, HR 0.351 y p = 0.001, HR 0.276, respectively). Discussion: We propose endoscopic study in at-risk populations and treatment with curative intent for patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma without distant metastases. The estimated incidence of duodenal adenocarcinoma in our population is 1.1 per 100,000 inhabitants and seem to be higher than other published.

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones duodenales son infrecuentes. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con lesiones duodenales observados entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2013 en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur, en Santiago de Chile. Materiales y Método: Se obtuvieron los datos de los registros del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau y Hospital El Pino. Los pacientes incluidos fueron los observados entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2013. Se analizaron edad, género, características clínicas, localización, métodos diagnósticos, hallazgos anatomopatológicos y tratamiento. El 24 de abril de 2019 se obtuvo la fecha de fallecimiento de todos los pacientes del Registro Civil. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software STATA 15.1. Resultados: Se encontraron 157 pacientes con lesiones duodenales, 65 presentaron adenocarcinoma duodenal y 71 pacientes pólipos duodenales, 25 de ellos fueron adenomas. Análisis univariado de sobrevida evidenció que los pacientes con pólipos asociado a carcinoma y los adenocarcinomas duodenales, presentaron una sobrevida inferior (p = 0,013, HR 6,584 y p < 0,001, HR 7,604, respectivamente). En los pacientes con adenocarcinoma duodenal, aquellos que se sometieron a una cirugía con intención curativa, y aquellos que recibieron quimioterapia tuvieron una sobrevida global mejor que aquellos que no recibieron terapia (p < 0,001, HR 0,351 y p = 0,001, HR 0,276, respectivamente. Discusión: La incidencia estimada del adenocarcinoma duodenal en nuestra población es de 1,1 por cada 100.000 habitantes, la que es más alta que otras publicadas. Proponemos estudio endoscópico en poblaciones de riesgo y tratamiento con intención curativa para los pacientes con adenocarcinoma duodenal sin metástasis a distancia.

Introduction: Hepatic resection is the standard treatment for the liver tumors and in most cases the only potentially curative option. The most feared complication, in the major hepatic resection, is the postoperative liver failure. A new technique has recently been published in the literature: Liver partition associated to a portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy. This technique allows an accelerated hipertrophy of the remnant liver, facilitates greater resection surgery, reducing the risk of postoperative hepatic ischemia. The results reported in the literature are promising. We report the first case in Chile with its evolution to 2 years and a discussion about the topic.

La resección hepática es el tratamiento estándar para los tumores hepáticos malignos y en la mayoría de los casos la única opción potencialmente curativa. La complicación más temida, en las grandes resecciones, es la insuficiencia hepática postquirúrgica. Una nueva técnica ha sido recientemente publicada en la literatura: La partición hepática asociada a la ligadura de la vena portal para realizar una hepatectomía por etapas. Esta técnica permite una hipertrofia acelerada del hígado remanente que posibilita una cirugía resectiva mayor, disminuyendo el riesgo de isquemia hepática postquirúrgica. Los resultados expuestos en la literatura son promisorios. Presentamos el primer caso clínico en Chile con su evolución a 2 años y una discusión del tema.

Background: The pregnancies in patients with spinal cord injury represent a challenge for obstetrics. The most common complications are infections of the respiratory and urinary tract, and the most severe is the autonomic hyperreflexia. Vaginal delivery is possible in lesions below T5, but above that level the inability to perceive contractions, to identify labor and perform straining leads to the need for a scheduled cesarean. Objective: To describe our experience and review the most appropriate management of paraplegic pregnant. Methods: Retrospective study in the period 2003-2014. There were 10 patients with 24 pregnancies: 6 spontaneous abortions, 1 induced abortion, leaving 17 for analysis pregnancies (one twin pregnancy). The evaluation is independent of the etiology or location of the lesion. Perinatal and maternal complications were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 33 years. The mean gestational age at delivery was 37 weeks: 12 to term (70.59%), 4 preterm deliveries (23.53%) and one unknow. There were 10 cesarean sections (58.82%) and 7 vaginal deliveries (41.18%). Average birth weight of 2940 g, none with intrauterine growth restriction. Conclusions: Our experience shows a high rate of prematurity and cesarean section, but with good maternal and perinatal outcomes, which makes it permissible for these patients can fulfill their procreative desire, overcoming his disability.

Antecedentes: Las gestaciones en pacientes con daño medular representan un reto para la obstetricia. Las complicaciones más frecuentes son las infecciones de las vías respiratorias y de las vías urinarias, y la más grave la hiperreflexia autonómica. El parto vaginal es posible en lesiones por debajo de T5, pero por encima de ese nivel, la imposibilidad de percibir las contracciones, de identificar el trabajo de parto y realizar pujos lleva a la necesidad de una cesárea programada. Objetivo: Exponer nuestra experiencia y revisar el manejo más adecuado de la embarazada parapléjica. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el periodo 2003-2014. Hubo 10 pacientes con 24 gestaciones: 6 abortos espontáneos, un 1 aborto inducido, quedando para el análisis 17 gestaciones (1 embarazo gemelar). La evaluación es independiente a la etiología o localización de la lesión. Se analiza las complicaciones perinatales y maternas. Resultados: La edad media fue 33 años. La edad gestacional media al parto fue 37 semanas: 12 de término (70,59%), 4 de pretérmino (23,53%) y una desconocida (5,88%). Hubo 10 cesáreas (58,82%) y 7 partos vaginales (41,18%). Peso medio neonatal de 2940 g, ninguno con retraso de crecimiento intrauterino. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia muestra una alta tasa de prematuridad y de cesáreas, pero con buenos resultados maternos y perinatales, que hace permisible que estas pacientes puedan cumplir su deseo genésico, superando su discapacidad.

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Various techniques have been developed with different outcomes and complications. A new technique with promising results recently described in the literature: the gastric plication, which would not have the complications of using mechanical suture and would imply a reduction of costs. We report the first case in Chile under this technique.

La cirugía bariátrica es un tratamiento efectivo para la obesidad mórbida. Diversas técnicas se han desarrollado con diferentes resultados y complicaciones. Una nueva técnica con resultados prometedores se ha descrito recientemente en la literatura: la plicatura gástrica, la cual no tendría las complicaciones del uso de sutura mecánica e implicaría una reducción de los costos. Presentamos el caso clínico del primer paciente en Chile sometido a esta técnica.

Background: Adnexal torsion constitutes one of the major surgical emergencies in gynecology commonly leading to adnexal removal based on visual assessment of vascular damage. Aims: The goal of present study is to establish the accuracy of the surgeon's visual impression in correctly doing the decision-making. Methods: All cases of adnexal torsion undergoing surgery between January 2006 and July 2009 were recruited. A pathological review was conducted in all cases undergoing adnexal removal to assess the presence of irreversible vascular damage. A correlation was done between pathologist and surgeon assessment using pathological report as gold standard. Results: During the period of study a total of 51 patients were operated. The average age was 35.5 ± 2 years (range: 8-80 years). The 72.6% of cases was approached by laparoscopy and in 60.7% of cases adnexal removal was done. In 38.7% of those cases treated with adnexal removal a massive ischemic necrosis or complete infarction was demonstrated at biopsy. As longer the time interval was between diagnosis and surgery, major the incidence was of vascular damage (log regression, p<0.01). Slight agreement was observed between surgeon and pathologist (kappa 0.2 ± 0.16, p<0.02). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for visual assessment of ischemic necrosis done by surgeon were 88.9%, 26.3%, 36.4%, 83.3% respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that visual assessment has a low positive predictive value for irreversible vascular damage. In those cases with presumptive diagnosis of adnexal torsion, an early surgical approach should be prompted to preserve the adnexa.

Antecedentes: La torsión anexial es una complicación frecuente en ginecología que motiva una cirugía de urgencia y muchas veces conlleva la anexectomía como tratamiento basado en la impresión visual cirujano. Objetivo: Evaluar la contabilidad de la impresión visual del cirujano para la toma de decisiones. Método: Se estudiaron las torsiones anexiales operadas entre enero de 2006 y julio de 2009. Se revisaron las placas de los casos sometidos a anexectomía y se determinó la presencia de compromiso vascular irreversible. Se correlacionó la impresión visual del cirujano con la del patólogo usando la biopsia como estándar dorado. Resultados: En el período de estudio se operaron 51 pacientes. La edad promedio fue 35,5 ± 2 años (rango: 8-80 años). El 72,6% de los casos fue abordado por laparoscopia y en 60,7% de los casos se realizó anexectomía. En 38,7% de los casos sometidos a anexectomía se demostró en la biopsia un infarto hemorrágico masivo. A mayor intervalo de tiempo entre diagnóstico y cirugía, mayor fue la probabilidad de compromiso vascular (regresión logística, p<0,01). La concordancia entre la impresión del cirujano y del patólogo fue leve (kappa 0,2 ± 0,16 p<0,02). La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la impresión visual del cirujano para necrosis isquémica fueron 88,9%, 26,3%, 36,4%, 83,3% respectivamente. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra que la apreciación visual del cirujano es un mal predictor de daño vascular irreversible. Ante la sospecha diagnóstica de torsión debe preconizarse el abordaje quirúrgico precoz e intentar preservar el ovario.

Endometrial cancer is a relevant gynecologic neoplasm, with accelerated changes in its management. Surgery is the treatment of choice, but it can have a high rate of complications and delay in adjuvant therapies due to the surgical trauma that it inflicts. This article reviews the role of laparoscopy in the management of women with endometrial cancer, highlighting the oncologic safety, benefits and complications. Comparing laparotomy with laparoscopy, in experienced hands, it has the same results concerning to survival, recurrence and complete staging, with a lower rate of complications. Celioscopy could be the tool of the future in the management of endometrial cancer.

El cáncer de endometrio es una neoplasia ginecológica relevante en todo el mundo, con cambios acelerados en su manejo. La cirugía es el tratamiento de elección, pero puede llegar a tener una alta tasa de complicaciones y retraso en el inicio de terapias adyuvantes por el trauma quirúrgico que provoca. Este artículo revisa el rol de la laparoscopia en el manejo de las pacientes con cáncer endometrial, haciendo hincapié en su seguridad oncológica, beneficios y complicaciones. Al comparar la vía clásica por laparotomía, la laparoscopia, en manos experimentadas, tiene similares resultados respecto de sobrevida, recurrencia y etapificación completa, pero con una menor tasa de complicaciones. La vía endoscópica podría ser la herramienta del futuro en el manejo del cáncer de endometrio.

Labor is a risk condition for acute fetal hypoxia, this hypoxia can be detected by using cardiotocography (CTG). When CTG suggest hypoxia, intrauterine resuscitation techniques must be implemented, such as lateral positioning of the mother, intravenous fluid administration and suspension of oxytocin administration. Among intrauterine resuscitation techniques it is discussed the use of maternal hyperoxygenation and acute tocolysis. Here we review the evidence supporting utility and safety of these two techniques. We found only limited evidence supporting the beneficial role of maternal hyperoxygenation after nonreassuring CTG, plus concerns about its safety. Acute tocolysis has proven to be efficient in normalizing CTG, independent of the presence of uterine hyperactivity, with an overall benefit of 80%. Evidence supports the use of B-mimetics and nitroglycerin. We recommend to include acute tocolysis and maternal hyperoxygenation (just for limited time), among intrauterine resuscitation techniques for abnormal CTG.

El trabajo de parto es un evento de riesgo para hipoxia fetal aguda, lo que puede detectarse en alteraciones del Monitoreo Electrónico Fetal Intraparto (MEFI). Frente a un MEFI sugerente de hipoxemia fetal, existen maniobras estándar de resucitación intrauterina como lateralización de la paciente, aporte de volumen intravenoso y suspensión de la infusión oxitócica. Se debate la utilidad de la hiperoxigenación materna y la tocolisis aguda. Revisamos la evidencia científica relevante sobre la utilidad y seguridad de estas dos maniobras. Encontramos sólo limitada evidencia respecto del efecto benéfico de la hiperoxigenación materna frente a alteraciones del MEFI, existiendo dudas de su inocuidad. La tocolisis aguda ha demostrado ser eficaz en lograr la normalización del MEFI, independiente de la presencia de hiperactividad uterina, con una efectividad cercana al 80%. La evidencia apoya el uso de B-miméticos y Nitroglicerina. Recomendamos incluir en la práctica clínica habitual la tocolisis aguda y la hiperoxigenación materna sólo por lapsos breves, junto a las maniobras habituales de resucitación intrauterina frente a un MEFI alterado.

Background: During the last few years, multiple new medical schools have emerged in Chile, associated to the constant preoccupation to provide a good quality medical care. This created the need to evaluate medical training programs and to open a discussion about the attributes that a good physician should have. Aim: To evaluate the medical student's perception of the ideal medical doctor profile. Material and methods: An analytical, descriptive and cross sectional study was designed. Eleven second year, 11 third year, nine fourth year, 13 fifth year, 6 sixth year and 8 seventh year students were studied. Data collection was gathered by focus groups. Codes and triangulation were used for data analysis. Results: As attitudes and moral-ethical values, students valued the absence of discrimination a listening attitude and empathy. Among job related issues, they valued responsibility and punctuality. Emotional and legal self-care were valued as self related attitudes. Among skills, competences and capacities, a value was given to communicational skills, team work and professional easiness. Knowledge about medical and non medical topics was appraised. The valued attributes among duties and activities were patient diagnosis, treatment and education, team leadership and continuous medical training. Conclusions: These findings should help to design new curricula for medical schools (Rev Méd Chile 2006; 134: 947-54)

PURPOSE: Langerhans' cells histiocytosis (LCH) is an uncommon disease, presenting clinically with a very wide spectrum of symptoms. We point out the diagnostic procedure of LCH by means of scintigraphy studies, that is almost pathognomonic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a case of eosinoplilic granuloma with a typical bone scintigraphy, described in the literature as just one lesion with intense uptake in the 5th rib. CONCLUSIONS: Bone scintigrapgy is useful for the diagnosis of LCH and the management of the patients.

PROPÓSITO: La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una enfermedad rara, que clínicamente se presenta con un espectro muy amplio. Destacamos el manejo diagnóstico de la HCL con estudios gammagráficos, que son casi patognomónicos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En este trabajo presentamos un caso de granuloma eosinófilo con una imagen típica en la gammagrafía ósea, lesión única hipercaptante en 5º arco costal. CONCLUSIONES: La gammagrafía ósea es útil en el diagnóstico de HCL y en el manejo de dichos pacientes.

We determined the neutralizing activity of 12 ethanolic extracts of plants against the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of Bothrops asper venom in Swiss Webster mice. The material used consisted of the leaves and branches of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae), Ficus nymphaeifolia (Moraceae), Struthanthus orbicularis (Loranthaceae) and Gonzalagunia panamensis (Rubiaceae); the stem barks of Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae); the whole plant of Pleopeltis percussa (Polypodiaceae) and Trichomanes elegans (Hymenophyllaceae); rhizomes of Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae), Heliconia curtispatha (Heliconiaceae) and Dracontium croatii (Araceae), and the ripe fruit of Citrus limon (Rutaceae). After preincubation of varying amounts of each extract with either 1.0 µg venom for the edema-forming effect or 2.0 µg venom for the defibrinating effect, the mixture was injected subcutaneously (sc) into the right foot pad or intravenously into the tail, respectively, to groups of four mice (18-20 g). All extracts (6.2-200 µg/mouse) partially neutralized the edema-forming activity of venom in a dose-dependent manner (58-76% inhibition), with B. orellana, S. orbicularis, G. panamensis, B. rosademonte, and D. croatii showing the highest effect. Ten extracts (3.9-2000 µg/mouse) also showed 100% neutralizing ability against the defibrinating effect of venom, and nine prolonged the coagulation time induced by the venom. When the extracts were administered either before or after venom injection, the neutralization of the edema-forming effect was lower than 40% for all extracts, and none of them neutralized the defibrinating effect of venom. When they were administered in situ (sc at the same site 5 min after venom injection), the neutralization of edema increased for six extracts, reaching levels up to 64% for C. limon.

This work determines the "in vitro" susceptibility to linezolid of 64 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), isolated from infectious osteoarticular processes, and it is compared with that of teicoplanin. One hundred per cent of the strains isolated were inhibited by linezolid in concentrations between 0.25 and 3 µg/ml, and by teicoplanin in concentrations of 0.38 to 2 µg/ml. Linezolid MIC50 was 0.75 µg/ml and that of teicoplanin was 1µg/ml. For both antimicrobials, MIC90 was 1.5 µg/ml. The good "in vitro" evaluation of linezolid against MRSA and its excellent bio-availability when administered by the oral route makes it an attractive therapeutic option in the management of osteoarticular infections produced by MRSA. Nevertheless the use in this indication has not been approved yet by the Food and Drug Administration

En este trabajo se analiza la susceptibilidad in vitro de 64 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistentes (SAMR), aisladas de procesos infecciosos osteo-articulares frente a linezolid y se compara con la de teicoplanina. El 100% de las cepas analizadas fue inhibido por linezolid entre 0,25 y 3 µg/ml y por teicoplanina entre 0,38 y 2 µg/ml. La CIM50 de linezolid fue 0,75 µg/ml y la de teicoplanina fue 1 µg/ml. La CIM90 para ambos antimicrobianos fue 1,5 µg/ml. La buena evaluación in vitro de linezolid frente a SAMR y su excelente biodisponibilidad por vía oral, lo hacen una atractiva opción terapéutica en el manejo de las infecciones osteo-articulares causadas por SAMR. Sin embargo, su uso para esta indicación aún no ha sido aprobado por la Food and Drug Administration.

Three horse-derived antivenoms were tested for their ability to neutralize lethal, hemorrhagic, edema-forming, defibrinating and myotoxic activities induced by the venom of Bothrops atrox from Antioquia and Chocó (Colombia). The following antivenoms were used: a) polyvalent (crotaline) antivenom produced by Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica), b) monovalent antibothropic antivenom produced by Instituto Nacional de Salud-INS (Bogotá), and c) a new monovalent anti-B. atrox antivenom produced with the venom of B. atrox from Antioquia and Chocó. The three antivenoms neutralized all toxic activities tested albeit with different potencies. The new monovalent anti-B. atrox antivenom showed the highest neutralizing ability against edema-forming and defibrinating effects of B. atrox venom (41 ± 2 and 100 ± 32 µl antivenom/mg venom, respectively), suggesting that it should be useful in the treatment of B. atrox envenomation in Antioquia and Chocó