ABSTRACT Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining technique which attained significant awareness due to its ability to produce high-quality welds without melting the base materials. The distribution of temperature across the plates during the FS Welding process is critical for determining the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and residual stresses of the welded joints. This research article aims to develop a comprehensive finite element (FE) model to predict the temperature distribution during the FS Welding process. The FE model incorporates the coupled thermo-mechanical behaviour of the FS Welding process, considering the heat generation and temperature-dependent material characteristics, plastic deformation and friction, and also the effect of tool geometry. The model is validated using experimental measurements, and the results obtained shows the simulated values representing the highest temperature obtained with respect to experimental values are within an error percentage of 3% from the experimental values and thereby validating the FEA procedure. FSW (FSW solidstate solid state highquality high quality materials evolution properties joints (FE thermomechanical thermo temperaturedependent dependent characteristics friction geometry measurements 3 procedure

ABSTRACT Sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composites are the subject of this study, which intends to evaluate the influence of fibre orientation on the interlaminar shear strength and thermal parameters of these composites. When it comes to defining the mechanical and thermal performance of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites, the orientation of the fibres is a significant factor, as established by the examination of the current literature. There have been observations that the overall qualities of the composite can be improved by the hybridisation of sisal fibre with other reinforcements, such as glass or carbon fibres. Insights into the ideal fibre orientation that can maximise the interlaminar shear strength and thermal stability of the sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composites are anticipated to be provided by the result of the experimental investigation. Due to the influence of sisal fibre orientations such as 0/90°, 90°, and ± 45° orientation, an experimental investigation was carried out in order to assess the ILSS and thermal property of the material. According to the findings of this research, the orientation 90° demonstrates superior ILSS of 5.531MPa and thermal property 0.396 W/m*K of in comparison to the orientations 0/90° and ± 45° for the same purpose. study factor literature reinforcements 090 0 90 45 material research 5531MPa MPa 5 531MPa 0396 396 0.39 WmK W m K 0/90 purpose 09 9 4 039 39 0.3 0/9 03 3 0. 0/