Abstract: Within the context of agricultural ecosystems, understanding the nutritional physiology of insects and their host plant preferences is essential for optimizing pest management strategies and improving crop production. In this study, we conducted an in-depth examination of the nutritional physiology of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the context of different host plants, specifically wheat varieties, in comparison to maize. Our investigation focused on key parameters, including the Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) of S. frugiperda fed on different wheat varieties including: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08, and Akbar-19 in comparison to maize (NK-6654). The results revealed that S. frugiperda displayed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher RCR (8.08 g/g/day), RGR (1.50 g/g/day), and ECI (25.1 %) when feeding on maize, followed by Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR =7.00 g/g/day, RGR =1.24 g/g/day and ECI =21.4 %) and Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/day, RGR = 1.04 g/g/day and ECI =19.7 %) wheat varieties after 1 week of feeding. The lowest values of all these nutritional parameters were recorded on the Dilkash-20 variety (RCR = 2.98 g/g/day, RGR = 0.38 g/g/day, and ECI = 7.94 %). These findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional interactions between S. frugiperda and the host plants, shedding light on potential implications for pest management strategies and crop patterns.

Resumen: En el contexto de los ecosistemas agrícolas, comprender la fisiología nutricional de los insectos y sus preferencias de plantas hospedantes es fundamental para optimizar las estrategias de manejo de plagas y mejorar la producción de cultivos. En este estudio, llevamos a cabo un examen en profundidad de la fisiología nutricional del gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en el contexto de diferentes plantas hospedantes, específicamente variedades de trigo, en comparación con el maíz. Nuestra investigación se centró en parámetros clave, incluida la Tasa de consumo relativo (RCR), la Tasa de crecimiento relativo (RGR) y la Eficiencia de conversión de los alimentos ingeridos (ECI) de S. frugiperda alimentada con diferentes variedades de trigo, incluidas: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08 y Akbar-19 en comparación con el maíz (NK-6654). Los resultados revelaron que S. frugiperda mostró un RCR (8.08 g/g/día), un RGR (1.50 g/g/día) y un ECI (25.1 %) significativamente mayores (P < 0.05) cuando se alimentaba de maíz, seguido por Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR = 7.00 g/g/día, RGR = 1.24 g/g/día y ECI = 21.4 %) y Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/día, RGR = 1.04 g/g/día y ECI = 19.7 %) variedades de trigo después de 1 semana de alimentación. Los valores más bajos de todos estos parámetros nutricionales se registraron en la variedad Dilkash-20 (RCR = 2.98 g/g/día, RGR = 0.38 g/g/día y ECI = 7.94 %). Estos hallazgos ofrecen información valiosa sobre las interacciones nutricionales entre S. frugiperda y las plantas hospedantes, arrojando luz sobre las posibles implicaciones para las estrategias de manejo de plagas y los patrones de cultivo.

Abstract The current study aims at using non-hatchable artemia eggs of local origin and making use of these eggs by decapsulating and presenting them as food for the larvae of the Cyprinus carpio as a source of animal protein with high nutritional value instead of throwing them away. The results showed that the second parameter (A2) was highly significant at the level (P≤0.05) in the growth rates of the larvae that were fed on decapsulated artemia eggs alone, and it was better than the two control parameters (A1), in which the larvae were fed with feed designated for Cyprinus carpio fish. It also outperformed the third parameter (A3), in which the feed was mixed with artemia eggs with 50% decapsulation, which also outperformed the control parameter with high significance at the same level (P≤0.05). nonhatchable non hatchable away A2 A (A2 P≤0.05 P005 P 0 05 (P≤0.05 alone A1, A1 , (A1) fish A3, A3 (A3) 50 decapsulation P≤0.05. . (A P≤0.0 P00 (P≤0.0 (A1 (A3 5 P≤0. P0 (P≤0. P≤0 (P≤0 P≤ (P≤ (P

Resumo A medicina tradicional é mais barata e facilmente disponível à população local para cuidar das doenças mais frequentes nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo inventariar medicamentos de plantas locais, documentar seus usos e avaliar seu valor de mercado em 2015-2018 durante as temporadas de primavera, verão e inverno. Foram feitas 15 viagens, 5 em cada temporada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 165 moradores na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, com dados analisados por meio de frequência relativa de citação (RFC), valor de uso (UV), nível de fidelidade (FL), fator de consenso de informantes (CIF), e o índice de Jaccard (JI) para encontrar as espécies utilizadas mais frequentes e conhecidas na área. Um total de 86 espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias de plantas vasculares, 33 gêneros foram documentados como medicamente importantes. A família Asteraceae foi observada como a família dominante entre todas as famílias com 10 espécies, a folha foi a parte mais utilizada e a decocção 36% foi o tipo de preparação mais preferido. A erva foi a forma de vida predominante (67%). O UV máximo (0,92) foi demonstrado pelas espécies de J. adhatoda L., enquanto A. sativum L. mostra RFC máximo (0,58), o maior valor de ICF representado por diarreia e dermatite 0,92, e alto valor de FL é registrado 100%. De acordo com nossas coleções, as espécies selvagens foram 45%, as espécies invasoras 38% e as cultivadas 17% registradas, as espécies dicotiledôneas foram registradas mais 81%. Sete espécies medicinais estão sendo economicamente importantes e exportadas para o mercado local e internacional do mundo, enquanto as espécies de P. integrima L. foram as espécies mais exportadas de acordo com os comerciantes locais. A área investigada é rural e a população local depende das plantas da área para suas necessidades de saúde e outros usos como vegetal, lenha, forragem etc. O resultado atual de RFC, UV, ICF, FL e JI mostra que a flora medicinal precisa ser investigada farmacológica e fitoquimicamente para comprovar sua eficácia. A documentação do conhecimento medicinal é importante para preservar esse precioso conhecimento antigo antes que se perca para sempre, devido às mudanças tecnológicas e ambientais do mundo.

Abstract Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant’s age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of RFC, UV, ICF, FL, and JI shows that medicinal flora needs to be pharmacologically and phytochemically investigated to prove their efficacy. The documentation of medicinal knowledge is important to preserve this precious old knowledge before it is lost forever, due to technological and environmental changes in the world.

BACKGROUND: In the current era, innovation has become the basis for the success of all industries. In reality, fast innovation facilitated by rapidly changing technological discoveries is critical to global economic progress. AIM: The primary goal of this article is to examine the effect of knowledge exchange and development of supervisory support, trust, training, information technology, and industrial cluster resources on innovation capabilities in the dairy sector of Pakistan. SETTING: From a total of 520 small and medium enterprise (SMEs) dairy farms, 227 owners and managers were carefully chosen to participate in the survey. METHOD: The current study's research framework was based on the resources and diffusion of innovation perspective theories. The data were gathered from dairy farm owners and managers in Punjab, Pakistan. SmartPLS-SEM was used to examine the multivariate connection among the variables. RESULTS: The current research finds that training and development, supervisory assistance, and industrial cluster resources strongly influence knowledge sharing. Furthermore, trust has a favourable influence on innovative capabilities. However, the mediation effect of knowledge sharing (KS) did not support information technology (IT) training and development (T) and innovative capabilities (IC CONCLUSION: According to findings in the study, T as a form of learning connect employees through the sharing of new ideas, allowing the business to improve and the concept to be modified. This study found that supervisory assistance significantly impacts innovative capabilities and knowledge sharing.

This article examined the recent emergence of the national and international issue of religious polarisation and identity, which affects some groups' populism and fanaticism. Regarding social phenomena, religion and identity are intertwined like the two sides of a coin. This discourse has an impact how to interpret diversity on religious issues that are caused by political influences. Given the polarisation of identity politics and religion, the national and state campaign slogan 'unity in diversity' is merely wishful thinking. The polarisation of identity and religion is heavily implicated in the Indonesia-Philippines border case; consequently, in some instances, the 'seeds' of these cases are discovered, eventually resulting in group fanaticism. This article employed the historical way of writing while also taking a social science angle that interacts with the research being done. For some communities, religion and identity may take on symbolic meaning, affecting how well they adapt and are accepted. However, the qualities of a community group or region are also shaped by historical events. According to the study's findings, religion and ethnic identity have played important roles in long-standing historical processes and impacted them. This study is anticipated to 'suppress' the problem of political division involving religion and identity because the identification of 'border' communities depends not only on entity and identity issues but also on the community's culture. CONTRIBUTION: The contribution in this study is that it has an impact on religious issues and cultural identity relations perspectives.

O manejo de plantas daninhas é uma preocupação primordial do arroz semeado em plantio direto (ASPD), pois o crescimento delas se torna uma grande restrição ao rendimento das culturas. Um estudo de campo de dois anos foi estabelecido para avaliar o efeito de várias medidas de controle de plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento das culturas, produção de grãos e qualidade de grãos de ASPD. O experimento envolveu cinco medidas diferentes de controle de plantas daninhas: capina manual, capina, cultivo entre fileiras com forcado, capina com ferramenta agrícola em entrelinhas e tratamento com herbicida (Nominee 100 SC). A extensão do controle das plantas daninhas (em comparação com o controle não capinado) variou entre 50% e 95%. A maior produtividade da cultura foi obtida utilizando-se capina manual. Capina manual, cultivo com forcado e tratamento com herbicida aumentaram o número de perfilhos férteis de arroz formados por unidade de área e peso de mil grãos. O cultivo com forcado proporcionou nível eficaz e econômico de controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do ASPD.

Weed management is a primary concern in direct seeded rice (DSR) cropping because weed growth becomes a major constraint on crop yield. A two year field study was set up to evaluate the effect of various weed control measures on crop growth, grain yield and grain quality of DSR. The experiment involved five different weed control measures: hand weeding, hoeing, inter-row tine cultivation, inter-row spike hoeing and herbicide treatment (Nominee 100 SC). The extent of weed control (compared to a non-weeded control) ranged from 50-95%. The highest crop yield was obtained using hand weeding. Hand weeding, tine cultivation and herbicide treatment raised the number of fertile rice tillers formed per unit area and the thousand grain weight. Tine cultivation provided an effective and economical level of weed control in the DSR crop.

Métodos baseados em espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para a determinação de duas drogas anti-diabetes, i.e., metformina HCl e glimepirida em formulações de comprimidos, são descritos. Os métodos envolvem o uso de discos de KBr, cautelosamente preparados, com padrões e amostras de metformina HCl e glimepirida. Espectros de FTIR foram adquiridos na região de infravermelho média. A extração e pré-concentração foram evitadas. Para a quantificação da metformina HCl, uma banda de IR proeminente, com localização fixa em 3173 cm-1 com dois pontos na linha base, entre 3550-2850 cm-1 e para a glimepirida, uma banda com localização fixa em 1708 cm-1, com dois pontos na linha base, entre 1800-1600 cm-1 foram selecionados para a calibração usando a lei de Beer. Para a metformina HCl, desenvolveu-se calibrações usando padrões na faixa entre 0,300 mg a 3,100 mg, enquanto que para a glimepirida, as calibrações foram desenvolvidas usando padrões na faixa entre 0,400 a 2,450 mg. Precisão e reprodutibilidade dos métodos propostos foram avaliadas e classificadas como satisfatórias com coeficientes de regressão excelentes, recuperação aceitável e baixos desvios do padrão. Os métodos de FTIR foram aplicados com sucesso na quantificação de formulações de fármacos contendo metformina HCl e glimepirida como substâncias ativas e os resultados comparáveis aos valores citados.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) based methods for the determination of two anti-diabetic drugs, i.e., metformin HCl and glimepiride in tablet formulation are described. The methods involve the use of carefully prepared KBr discs with standards and samples of metformin HCl and glimepiride. FTIR spectra were acquired in the mid IR region. Extraction and pre concentration procedures were totally avoided. For quantification of metformin HCl, a prominent IR band appearing at fixed location height 3173 cm-1 with two point baseline between 3550-2850 cm-1 and for glimepiride IR band at fixed location height 1708 cm-1 with two point baseline between 1800-1600 cm-1 were selected for Beer's law calibrations. For metformin HCl, calibrations were developed using standards in the range between 0.300 mg to 3.100 mg whereas for glimepiride, calibrations were developed using standards in the range between 0.400 mg to 2.450 mg. Accuracy and reproducibility of proposed methods were evaluated and found to be satisfactory with excellent regression coefficients, acceptable recoveries and low standard deviations. The FTIR methods were successfully applied for the quantification of pharmaceutical tablets formulation containing metformin HCl and glimepiride as active substances and the results were found to be comparable with the quoted values.