SUMMARY: The pudu (Pudu puda), belongs to the Artiodactyla order and the Cervidae family, corresponding to the second smallest deer in the world and is endemic to Chile and Argentina. They are herbivores that feed on young leaves and shoots of certain trees, shrubs, herbs, fruits, and flowers. The status of is species is classified as Vulnerable; therefore, its hunting and capture is prohibited, this because its population has decreased substantially due to the loss and fragmentation of native vegetation, forest fires, attacks by feral dogs and poaching. There is little scientific anatomical information available on this species, and even more so regarding its digestive morphology, which is why studies are required to provide specific information on this deer. Two adult female pudu specimens were used, which were donated by the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) of Talca, Maule Region, Chile. Among the results, we can indicate that the oral cavity, salivary glands and esophagus resemble other domestic ruminants; there are also similarities with the field deer, however, there are differences such as the shape and development of the parotid gland; the parotid duct passes ventral to the masseter muscle and opens into a papilla at the level of the upper third premolar; the mandibular gland is divided into three wolves; the sublingual gland only has a polystomatic portion, the dorsal buccal glands are smaller than the ventral buccal glands, the ventral buccal gland is elongated and compact and the presence of a rounded intermediate buccal gland is observed, it has 11 palatal ridges per side in the hard palate and also the incisive papilla is found surrounding the dental pulvino. This information is relevant and corresponds to a report on the specific knowledge of this species, which is endemic, vulnerable, and protected.

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda), pertenece al orden Artiodactyla y a la familia Cervidae, corresponde al segundo cérvido más pequeño del mundo y es endémico de Chile y Argentina. Son herbívoros que se alimentan de hojas jóvenes y brotes de algunos árboles, arbustos, hierbas, frutos y flores. Esta especie está catalogada en estado Vulnerable, por lo que se prohíbe su caza y captura, esto debido a que su población ha disminuido sustancialmente a causa de la pérdida y fragmentación de la vegetación nativa, los incendios forestales, ataques de perros asilvestrados y caza furtiva. Existe escasa información científica anatómica de esta especie, y más aún referente a su morfología digestiva, por lo que se requieren estudios que aporten información específica de este cérvido. Se utilizaron dos cadáveres de pudú hembras adultas, los cuales fueron donados por el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) de Talca, Región del Maule, Chile. Dentro de los resultados, podemos indicar que la cavidad oral, glándulas salivares y esófago se asemejan a otros rumiantes domésticos, como también existen semejanzas con el venado de campo, sin embargo, existen diferencias como la forma y desarrollo de la glándula parótida; el conducto parotídeo pasa ventral al músculo masetero y se abre en una papila a nivel del tercer premolar superior; la glándula mandibular se divide en tres lobos; la glándula sublingual solo posee porción polistomática, las glándulas bucales dorsales poseen un menor tamaño que las bucales ventrales, la glándula bucal ventral es alargada y de forma compacta y se observa la presencia de una redondeada glándula bucal intermedia, poseen 11 crestas palatinas por lado en el paladar duro y además la papila incisiva se encuentra rodeando al pulvino dental. Esta información es relevante y corresponde a un aporte al conocimiento específico de esta especie, la cual es endémica, vulnerable y protegida.

SUMMARY: The pudu (Pudu puda) is classified as an artiodactyl of the Cervidae family. It is a native species found in Argentina and Chile. It is estimated that its population has been substantially reduced due to several causes, such as loss of forests, predation, hunting, and vehicle accident. Therefore, this species is protected due to its vulnerable conservation status. The extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb have great importance in the biomechanical functionality of the suspension of the limb, neck, and head, as well as participating in the movement of the thoracic wall and thoracic limb. The objective of the present study is to describe the extrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb of a specimen of pudu, comparing the results with those described for domestic ruminants in the classical anatomical bibliography. Basic procedures: All extrinsic muscles were analyzed, describing shape, distribution, origin, and insertion. The results indicate that the pudu specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to domestic ruminants; however, some differences should be considered. Main findings: The brachiocephalicus muscle has an evident clavicular intersection that separates it into cleidobrachialis, cervicalis, and mastoideus pars. The pectoralis superficialis muscle has two distinct and independent pars, and the pectoralis profundus muscle has a partial fusion with the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci muscles. The subclavius muscle is small and has an elongated shape and goes deep into the cephalic vein, just at the point it is a tributary of the external jugular vein. The results of this study present specific anatomical features of Pudu puda providing novel reference information and expanding scientific knowledge of this scarcely studied wild species.

RESUMEN: El pudu (Pudu puda) se clasifica como un artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae. Es una especie nativa que se encuentra en Argentina y Chile y se estima que su población se ha reducido sustancialmente debido a varias causas, tal como la pérdida de bosques, depredación, caza y accidentes de vehículo. Debido a lo anterior esta especie está protegida por su estado de conservación vulnerable. Los músculos extrínsecos del miembro torácico tienen gran importancia en la funcionalidad biomecánica de la suspensión del miembro, el cuello y la cabeza, además de participar en el movimiento de la pared torácica y el miembro torácico. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la musculatura extrínseca del miembro torácico de un ejemplar de pudu, comparando los resultados con los descritos para rumiantes domésticos en la bibliografía anatómica clásica. Se analizaron todos los músculos extrínsecos, describiendo la forma, distribución, origen e inserción. Los resultados indican que el espécimen de pudu tiene características anatómicas similares a las de los rumiantes domésticos; sin embargo, deben tenerse en cuenta algunas diferencias. Hallazgos principales: El músculo braquiocefálico tiene una interección clavicular evidente que lo separa en pars cleidobraquial, cervical y mastoideo. El músculo pectoral superficial tiene dos porciones distintas e independientes, y el músculo pectoral profundo tiene una fusión parcial con los músculos latissimus dorsi y cutáneo del tronco. El músculo subclavio es pequeño y tiene una forma alargada y se ubica profundamente a la vena cefálica, justo en el punto en el que es un afluente de la vena yugular externa. Los resultados de este estudio presentan características anatómicas específicas de Pudu puda proporcionando información de referencia novedosa y ampliando el conocimiento científico de esta especie silvestre escasamente estudiada.

ABSTRACT Gurltia paralysans (order Strongylida; family Angiostrongylidae) is a metastrongyloid parasite that causes chronic meningomyelitis in domestic cats in South America. The geographic distribution of G. paralysans includes rural and periurban areas of Chile and Argentina. However, feline gurltiosis has recently been reported in other South American countries, including Uruguay, Colombia, and Brazil, and was also recently reported in Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain). Feline gurltiosis is increasingly detected in domestic cats in southern Chile and its apparent geographic range is also increasing, together with an awareness of the disease among veterinarians. The life cycle of the parasite is unknown, but is probably indirect, involving gastropods as the intermediate host, as in other metastrongyloid nematode species. The clinical signs of G. paralysans infection include progressive pelvic limb ataxia, paraparesis, paraplegia, faecal or urinary incontinence, and/or tail paralysis. A definitive diagnosis of feline gurltiosis is still challenging and only possible with necropsy, when adult G. paralysans nematodes are detected within the spinal cord vasculature, together with macroscopic lesions, and characteristic morphological features. A seminested PCR method was recently developed for the in vivo diagnosis of this neglected parasite. Current treatment options include macrocyclic lactones and mylbemicn oxime, but the prognosis is poor in severe cases. In this article, we review G. paralysans infection in cats, focusing on the diagnosis shortcomings and the future directions of research into its biology and the associated neurological disease. Comprehensive updates on the epidemiology and clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of feline gurltiosis are provided.

Resumo Gurltia paralysans é o agente etiológico da gurltiose em gatos domésticos na América do Sul. Embora o ciclo biologico de G. paralysans seja desconhecido, provavelmente é indireto com gastrópodes atuando como hospedeiros intermediários (HIs), como no caso de vários nematoides da família Angiostrongylidae. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de larvas de G. paralysans em gastrópodes terrestres para avaliar seu papel no ciclo de vida do parasito. Amostras de gastrópodes terrestres (n = 835) foram coletadas em Punucapa, Valdivia, sul do Chile, onde casos de gurltiose foram relatados anteriormente. As amostras incluíram espécies das famílias Arionidae, Limacidae, Helicidae e Milacidae. Todos os gastrópodes foram submetidos à digestão enzimática para isolar as larvas de G. paralysans. 10% das amostras foram analisadas, utilizando-se seminested PCR para o gen 28S RNAr de G. paralysans, enquanto 2,6% foram analisados por exame histopatológico. Os resultados indicaram ausência de G. paralysans em todos os três métodos. Os dados permitem concluir que são necessários mais estudos para avaliar espécies específicas de gastrópodes aquáticos ou nativos, que atuam como possíveis hospedeiros intermediários nessa localização geográfica.

Abstract Gurltia paralysans is the causal agent of gurltiosis in domestic cats in South America. Although the life cycle of G. paralysans is unknown, it is thought that gastropods could act as intermediate hosts (IHs), as is the case for several nematodes in the Angiostrongylidae family. The aim of this study was to search for G. paralysans larvae in terrestrial gastropods and determine their role in the life cycle of this nematode species. Terrestrial gastropod samples (n=835) were collected in Punucapa, Valdivia, southern Chile, where cases of gurltiosis had been reported before. The samples included species from the families Arionidae, Limacidae, Helicidae and Milacidae. All gastropods were subjected to enzymatic digestion to isolate G. paralysans larvae. Ten percent of the gastropod samples were analyzed using seminested PCR targeting the 28S rRNA gene, while 2.6% were analyzed by histopathological examination. The results indicated the absence of G. paralysans when using any of the three methods. In conclusion, further studies are needed to evaluate specific species of aquatic or native gastropods acting as possible IHs (in this geographic location).

SUMMARY: The pudú (Pudu puda) is classified as an artiodactyl and is the smallest deer of the Cervidae family. It is estimated that its population has been reduced for a number of reasons, such as loss of forests, predation and hunting. The objective of this study is to describe the intrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb of a Pudu specimen, comparing the results with those described for domestic ruminants in anatomical literature. Musculature was studied from proximal to distal, dividing the limb into four topographic regions: scapular, brachial, antebrachial and hand regions. In addition, a morphometric study was conducted indicating the length, width and thickness of the muscles. The results indicate that the Pudu species has anatomical characteristics similar to those of domestic ruminants. However, some differences should be considered, such as the scapular portion of M. deltoides joins aponeurotically with M. infraspinatus; the two heads of M. carpis ulnaris are highly fused; the third tendon of M. biceps brachii; the M. triceps brachii is well developed and has four distinct muscle heads; the M. Anconeus remains independent of the lateral head of M. triceps brachii; the M. digitorum profundus features four heads and the M. interosseous is macroscopically tendinous. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species, which is scarcely studied.

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda) se clasifica como un artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae y es el ciervo más pequeño. Se estima que su población se ha reducido, esto debido a varias causas, como son la pérdida de los bosques, depredación, caza y atropellos. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la musculatura intrínseca del miembro torácico de un ejemplar de pudú, comparando los resultados observados con lo descrito para rumiantes domésticos en la bibliografía anatómica clásica. Se estudió la musculatura desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro en cuatro regiones topográficas: región escapular, braquial, antebraquial y de la mano. Además, se realizó un estudio morfométrico indicando el largo, ancho y grosor de los músculos. Los resultados indican que el ejemplar de pudú posee características anatómicas similares a rumiantes domésticos, sin embargo, se deben considerar algunas diferencias, tales como: la porción escapular del m. deltoides se une de manera aponeurótica con el m. infraespinoso; las dos cabezas del m. flexor ulnar del carpo se encuentran altamente fusionadas; no se observó el tercer tendón del m. bíceps braquial; el m. tríceps braquial es bien desarrollado y presenta cuatro cabezas musculares bien diferenciadas; el m. ancóneo permanece de manera independiente de la cabeza lateral del m. tríceps; el m. flexor digital profundo presenta cuatro cabezas y el m. interóseo es macroscópicamente tendinoso. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de esta especie que se encuentra poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.

Abstract: Linguatula serrata is the causative parasite of Linguatulosis, a disease that not only produces economic losses in cattle but also represents a public health risk due to its zoonotic nature. This study aimed to microscopically characterise the compatible lesions produced by this parasite in bovine liver collected at a slaughterhouse in the city of Curicó, Chile. Histologic compatible lesions with Linguatulosis were observed in 18 out of 269 livers. Furthermore, nymphs were visualised in 3 cases, allowing an etiologic diagnosis. Microscopic lesions containing nymphs demonstrated two patterns of inflammatory reactions, one pattern with a predominance of eosinophils, accompanied by lymphocytes and some macrophages, and another pattern with a predominance of lymphocytes and plasma cells with some macrophages. A microscopic characterisation was performed in compatible lesions without nymphs (n=15), defining 4 types of granulomas attributable to visceral Linguatulosis, according to the presence and features of cells at the centre of the lesion, the presence of presumably degenerated nymphal structures, location of inflammatory infiltrate, as well as location and amount of surrounding fibrous tissue. These lesions can concede a presumptive microscopic diagnosis. Also, different microscopic features of granulomas compatible with Linguatulosis analysed in this study suggest a temporal evolution of the lesions. The description of lesions generates a better understanding of the host-parasite interaction of this agent which has importance in both animal productivity and public health.

Resumo O cisne de pescoço negro é distribuído por toda a América do Sul, e enfrenta problemas de conservação no Chile, sendo protegido pela Lei Estadual de Caça. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar helmintos em cisnes e avaliar o dano tecidual por meio de histopatologia. Um total de 19.291 parasitas foi isolado de 21 aves examinadas, sendo 17 espécies identificadas, entre nematóides, trematódeos e tênias. Destes, 12 são novos registros de hospedeiros, 13 são reportados pela primeira vez no Chile, e 5 são novos registros para a região Neotropical. Além disso, os trematódeos Schistosomatidae gen. sp. e Echinostoma echinatum detectados têm importância zoonótica. Em relação à histopatologia, uma resposta inflamatória foi encontrada em todo o trato digestivo. Entretanto, é difícil estabelecer uma associação estrita de tais lesões com parasitas isolados, porque outros fatores também poderiam ser responsáveis. Em alguns casos, houve uma associação óbvia entre parasitas e lesões, embora a resposta inflamatória e a necrose fossem mínimas, como foi o caso dos gêneros Capillaria, Retinometra, Catatropis, Echinostoma e Schistosomatidae gen. sp. Entretanto, Epomidiostomum vogelsangi causou lesões granulomatosas com importante resposta inflamatória e necrose, mas sempre circunscrita às camadas superficiais da moela. Por outro lado, Paramonostomum não foi associado com uma resposta inflamatória óbvia apesar da alta carga parasitária.

Abstract Black-necked swans are distributed across South America and face conservation problems in Chile according to data of the State institution SAG. The aim of this study was to identify helminths and to assess associated tissue damage via histopathology. A total of 19,291 parasites were isolated from 21 examined birds; 17 species were identified, including nematodes, flukes, and tapeworms. Of these, 12 were new host records, 13 were reported for the first time in Chile, and 5 were new records for the Neotropical region. Further, the flukes Schistosomatidae gen. sp. and Echinostoma echinatum are of zoonotic concern. Regarding histopathology, an inflammatory response was found along the birds’ entire digestive tract. Nevertheless, it is difficult to declare that there is a clear association between such lesions and isolated parasites, as other noxa could be responsible as well. Although in some cases there was an evident association, such inflammatory responses and necrosis were minimal, as occurred with Capillaria, Retinometra, Catatropis, Echinostoma, and Schistosomatidae gen. sp. Nevertheless, Epomidiostomum vogelsangi caused granulomatous injuries, an important inflammatory response, and necrosis, but it always circumscribed to superficial layers of the gizzard. Conversely, Paramonostomum was not associated with an inflammatory response despite a high parasitic load.

ABSTRACT We aimed to identify faeces belonging to either Darwin’s fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) or kodkod (Leopardus guigna) by using molecular genetic techniques, and to describe and compare the gastrointestinal parasites harbored by both carnivores in Chiloé Island. We found that 60% (25/42) and 88% (28/32) of faeces of Darwin’s fox and kodkod had parasite eggs. This study provided the first record of Aspiculuris sp. and trematodes in Darwin’s fox and Aspiculuris sp., Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Isospora sp. and trematodes in kodkod, which may correspond to either prey- or host-originated parasites.

RESUMEN Nuestro objetivo fue identificar heces pertenecientes a zorro de Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) o güiña (Leopardus guigna) utilizando técnicas de genética molecular, y describir y comparar los parásitos gastrointestinales albergados por ambos carnívoros en la isla de Chiloé. Encontramos que 60% (25/42) y 88% (28/32) de heces de zorro de Darwin y güiña tuvo huevos de parásito. Este estudio entregó el primer registro de Aspiculuris sp. y tremátodos en zorro de Darwin y Aspiculuris sp., Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Isospora sp. y tremátodos en güiña, que podrían corresponder a parásitos de presas u hospederos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the uterine integrity of Purebred Chilean mares in relation to age and parity number. A total of 30 mares stratified according to age (young: 2-12 years, elder: >12 years) and parity (0, 1-2,> 2 parturitions). The integrity of the cervix was evaluated, and biopsies were performed for cytology and microbiological culture of the endometrium. Results showed that 73.3% of the mares had histopathological alterations without statistical association with age and parity. The uterine cytology showed that 43.3% of the mares had endometritis, a condition that showed significant association with age and parity. Escherichia coli was isolated in 8 of the 10 cases of bacterial endometritis of the study. Also, 13 mares presented abnormalities of the cervix, which was associated with age and parity. The results indicated that the age and parity number are factors that should be considered when evaluating the potential fertility of Purebred Chilean Mares.

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la integridad uterina de yeguas Pura Raza Chilena con relación a la edad y número de partos. Se trabajó con 30 yeguas estratificadas según edad (jóvenes: 2-12 años; añosas: >12 años) y número de partos (0, 1-2, >2 partos). Se evaluó la integridad del cérvix y se realizaron biopsias para citología y cultivo microbiológico del endometrio. El 73.3% de las yeguas presentaron alteraciones histopatológicas sin asociación estadística con edad y número de partos. La citología uterina demostró que el 43.3% de las yeguas cursaba con endometritis, condición que demostró asociación significativa con edad y número de partos. Escherichia coli fue aislada en 8 de las 10 endometritis bacterianas del estudio. Asimismo, 13 yeguas presentaron anormalidades del cérvix, lo cual se asoció con edad y número de partos. Los resultados indican que la edad y el número de partos son factores que deben ser considerados al evaluar la fertilidad potencial de las yeguas Pura Raza Chilena.

Abstract: Southern pudu (Pudu puda Molina, 1782) is the most austral native deer in South America, being distributed in Chile and Argentina, countries where it has conservation issues. Seven lungworms were isolated from the bronchi of one southern pudu from Los Ríos region. Such helminths were identified as adult females and males of Dictyocaulus eckerti Skrjabin, 1931, a lungworm isolated in wild and domestic deers from Europe, New Zealand and North America. There are previous reports of unidentified species of Dictyocaulus in P. puda from Southern Chile. However, this is the first record of P. puda acting as a natural host of D. eckerti. Due to the establishment of wild populations of European deers in Southern Chile, sharing grazing places between native and exotic deers could allow for the transmission of such parasites. Thus, the present report highlights the potential additional impact of exotic mammals over this threatened deer.

Resumen: El pudú (Puda puda Molina, 1782) es el ciervo nativo más austral de Sudamérica, se distribuye en Chile y Argentina y posee problemas de conservación. Se aislaron 7 nemátodos en los bronquios de un pudú proveniente de la región de Los Ríos. Los helmintos se identificaron como hembras y machos adultos de Dictyocaulus eckerti Skrjabin, 1931, un nemátodo pulmonar aislado en ciervos de Europa, Norteamérica y Nueva Zelanda. Existen reportes previos de especies no identificadas de Dictyocaulus en P. puda del Sur de Chile. Sin embargo, éste es el primer registro de P. puda actuando como hospedador de D. eckerti. Debido al establecimiento de poblaciones ferales de ciervos europeos en el Sur de Chile, se plantea que el compartir sitios de pastura permitiría la transmisión de dichos nemátodos. Es así como el presente trabajo entrega antecedentes sobre el potencial impacto adicional que poseen los mamíferos exóticos sobre este ciervo amenazado.

Abstract: Parasitological studies in Anseriformes from Chile are scarce, with only 2 studies in the black-necked swan Cygnus melancoryphus Molina, 1792. Thus, the aim of the present survey was to contribute with new parasitic records for this swan. Necropsy was performed in the digestive tract of 46 C. melancoryphus collected at the Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary. All examined birds were parasitized with at least 1 helminth species. The identified species were: Capillaria sp., Epomidiostomum vogelsangi Travassos, 1937, Hymenolepididae gen. sp., Catatropis verrucosa (Frölich, 1789) Odhner, 1905 and Echinostoma revolutum Frölich, 1802 sensu lato. Catatropis verrucosa and E. revolutum s. l. are new records for C. melancoryphus as well as for the Chilean helminth fauna. The nematodes registered a higher prevalence regarding the other helminths, probably because they have direct life cycles, facilitating their transmission to swans. The isolated cestodes and trematodes require invertebrates, tadpoles or fishes as intermediate hosts. However, C. melancoryphus, being a strictly herbivorous bird, is likely to consume these items accidentally. Finally, additional studies are necessary to assess the impact of these parasites on the health of this threatened swan in Chile.

Resumen: En Chile los estudios parasitológicos en Anseriformes son escasos, con sólo 2 trabajos realizados para el Cygnus melancoryphus Molina, 1792. El objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a dicho conocimiento con nuevos registros para este cisne. Se realizó la necropsia parasitaria de los sistemas digestivos de 46 C. melancoryphus recolectados en el Santuario de la Naturaleza Carlos Anwandter. Todas las aves examinadas resultaron positivas con al menos 1 especie de helminto. Las especies identificadas fueron Capillaria sp., Epomidiostomum vogelsangi Travassos, 1937, Hymenolepididae gen. sp., Catatropis verrucosa (Frölich, 1789) Odhner, 1905 y Echinostoma revolutum Frölich, 1802 sensu lato. Catatropis verrucosa y E. revolutum s. l. constituyen nuevos registros tanto para C. melancoryphus como para Chile. Los nemátodos registraron una mayor prevalencia respecto a los demás helmintos, probablemente por tener ciclos directos, facilitando su transmisión a los cisnes. Los céstodos y tremátodos recuperados requieren de invertebrados, renacuajos y peces como hospederos intermediarios. Sin embargo, C. melancoryphus al ser una ave estrictamente herbívora es probable que consuma dichos organismos de forma accidental. Finalmente, se hacen necesarios estudios adicionales que evalúen el impacto de los parásitos en la salud de este cisne amenazado en Chile.

SUMMARY: The Pudu (Pudu puda) belongs to the family Cervidae and it is estimated that its total current population is less than 10,000 specimen, which is why it is part of the "Near Threatened" category and on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The cause of the reduction of its population is the loss and the fragmentation of the forests of the south of Chile, hunting, predation, crashes, among others. In the latter situations, it is common to observe injuries in the caudal area and pelvic limbs of the animal. Due to the above, it is considered important to generate morphological studies in the Pudú that can be a contribution in the knowledge of this particular species. The present study corresponds to an anatomical descriptive study of the pelvic limb of a female Pudú. Musculature and its main relationships with blood vessels and nerves were described from proximal to distal, dividing the pelvic limb into four topographic regions: pelvic waist, femoral, crural and foot. In addition, a morphometric study of each topographic region and each muscle was performed as complementary analysis. The results were compared to domestic ruminants, in relation to those described in the classic anatomical bibliography, observing that the analyzed specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to that described for small ruminants, however, several important differences were observed and should be taken into consideration: the M. tensor fascia latae presents two overlapping portions; the M. soleus is more developed; the vasculature of the femoral nerve is observed through the cranial portion of the M. sartorius and M. gracilis is part of the common calcaneus tendon. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species.

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda) pertenece a la familia Cervidae y se estima que su población actual total es menor a 10.000 ejemplares, razón por la cual se encuentra en la categoría de “Casi Amenazado” y dentro de la lista roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). La causa de la reducción de su población, es la pérdida y la fragmentación de los bosques del sur de Chile, caza, depredación, atropellos, entre otros. En las últimas situaciones mencionadas, es frecuente observar lesiones en la zona corporal caudal y miembros pélvicos del animal. Debido a lo anterior, se considera importante generar estudios morfológicos en el pudú que puedan ser un aporte en el conocimiento de ésta especie en particular. El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio descriptivo anatómico del miembro pélvico de un ejemplar de pudú hembra. Se describió la musculatura y sus principales relaciones con vasos sanguíneos y nervios desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro pélvico en cuatro regiones topográficas: cintura pélvica, femoral, crural y del pie. Además, se realizó de forma complementaria un estudio morfométrico de cada región topográfica y cada músculo que la compone. Los resultados fueron comparados con rumiantes domésticos, en relación a lo descrito en la bibliografía anatómica clásica, observando que el ejemplar analizado posee características anatómicas similares a lo descrito para pequeños rumiantes, sin embargo, existen diferencias importantes de tomar en consideración, tales como: el m. de la fascia lata presenta dos porciones sobrepuestas; el m. sóleo presenta un mayor desarrollo; el paquete vasculo nervioso femoral se observa atravesando la porción craneal del m. sartorio y el m. gracilis forma parte del tendón calcáneo común. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de ésta especie poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatic linguatuliasis of cattle slaughtered in an abattoir in Talca, Chile. Livers (n=376) were examined and compatible lesions and the presence of the nymph of Linguatula serrata were recorded. The results showed that 13.8% of livers showed lesions compatible with linguatulosis and the etiologic diagnosis was obtained in 48% of them. No significant differences by age group (p=0.187) were found. In 28% of livers with etiologic diagnosis, linguatuliasis was the only parasitic disease, 60% was associated with liver fluke and in one case with one hydatid cyst. The prevalence of hepatic linguatuliasis was 6.7% based on the presence of L. serrata nymphs.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de linguatulosis en hígados de bovinos beneficiados en una planta faenadora de Talca, Chile. Se examinaron 376 hígados y se registró la presencia de lesiones compatibles a linguatulosis, así como la presencia de la ninfa de Linguatula serrata. El 13.8% de los hígados presentaron lesiones compatibles con linguatulosis y en el 48% de estos se llegó al diagnóstico etiológico. No se encontraron diferencias significativas por grupo etario (p=0.187). En el 28% de hígados con diagnóstico etiológico, la linguatulosis fue la única enfermedad parasitaria, en el60% estuvo asociada con distomatosis y en un solo caso con un quiste hidatídico. La prevalencia de linguatulosis en hígados de bovinos fue de 6.7%, con base en la presenciade ninfas de L. serrata.

The African Lion (Panthera leo) belongs to the felidae family of the order carnivore, corresponding to large predators. In Chile it is found only in a state of captivity and is present in many zoos. As the concern and interest in these animals has increased, more complex procedures are performed each day. This generates the need for anatomical knowledge of this specie. This anatomical study was performed in order to describe the innervation of the pelvic limb of an African lion and topographical relationship with skeletal muscles and vascular structures. A corpse of an adult female lion, 130 kg, was dissected and described by topographical regions. Proximal to distal: cingulum pelvic limb region, femoral region, crural region and foot region. Descriptions of each region were complemented by photographs and drawings. According to the descriptive study of the innervation of the pelvic limb, it was observed that there is a great similarity with that described in the domestic cat, excepting the great development of their nerves and muscular branches. This study provides information about the innervation of the pelvic limb of the African lion, showing the relation with muscular and vascular structures. The anatomical information provided in this study can be useful for medical procedures in this species and other big cats.

El león africano (Panthera leo) pertenece a la familia felidae del orden carnívora, corresponde a un depredador de gran tamaño, en Chile se encuentra únicamente en estado de cautiverio, sin embargo está presente en numerosos zoológicos. La preocupación e interés por el bienestar de estos animales ha aumentado, por lo cual, cada vez se realizan procedimientos médicos de mayor complejidad. Lo expuesto anteriormente genera la necesidad de profundizar los conocimientos anatómicos que existen de esta especie. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio anatómico detallado de la inervación del miembro pélvico del león y describir sus relaciones topográficas con el sistema músculo esquelético y vascular. Se disecó un cadáver de león hembra, adulta, presentando la descripción según las regiones topográficas: región del cíngulo miembro pélvico, región femoral, región crural y región del pie. Se realizó un registro fotográfico de las disecciones, el cual fue complementada con ilustraciones anatómicas representativas de cada región. Acorde a lo observado, podemos indicar que existe una gran similitud con lo descrito en el gato, destacando el gran desarrollo de los nervios y ramos musculares del león. La presente descripción, permite, ampliar el conocimiento de la anatomía del miembro pélvico del león africano, específicamente su inervación y relaciones musculares y vasculares.