Abstract Objectives To assess alcohol use and perceived change in alcohol consumption (before and during the pandemic) in Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic, their correlates, and their associations with depressive, anxiety and co-occurring depressive and anxiety symptoms (D&A). Methods This is a cross-sectional study comprising 992 individuals in self-isolation. A self-report questionnaire was used to assess whether participants were drinking during self-isolation and whether they changed their drinking behavior (drinking less, more, or no change) from before to during the pandemic. D&A symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI and BAI). Results A total of 68.5% of participants reported alcohol consumption during the pandemic, and 22.7% of these reported increased alcohol use. Smoking was positively associated with alcohol consumption during the pandemic. Alcohol consumption was associated with anxiety (OR = 1.40, 95%CI 1.06-1.85, p < 0.01) and D&A (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.02-1.87, p = 0.033) symptoms. Conclusions Drinking during self-isolation was prevalent and was associated with risk factors for alcohol use disorders. The long-term effects of high drinking rates and increased consumption should be proactively monitored and assessed.

Abstract In much of the West, including Brazil, drug use has increased since social distancing began in response to the pandemic. Use of smoked and modified drugs, and their impacts on health, may contribute to aggravate the effects of the pandemic. However, studies on the relationship between use of smoked drugs and the new coronavirus are still scarce and have not received enough attention in global health recommendations. This paper aims to briefly review the relationship between use of smoked drugs and acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]. Recent studies also suggest that drug consumption increases the risk of contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and leads to worse prognosis, particularly consumption of drugs that affect lung function. Use of smoked drugs, especially tobacco, is strongly associated with lung diseases that are risk factors for contamination by SARS-CoV-2. It is essential to develop strategies based on specific characteristics of drug users and for mental health professionals to be included in strategic teams. It is also necessary to invest in information campaigns regarding risks and prevention of harm caused by smoked drugs as well as to design strategies that facilitate access to psychosocial treatment during the pandemic.

Objectives: To compare suicide rates observed in Brazil after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with the estimated rate based on suicide deaths between 2010 and 2020, and identify sociodemographic variables associated with this outcome. Methods: Ecological time-series study. Data were obtained from Brazilian Unified Health System Department of Information Technology (DATASUS), with the structural break of the data set in March 2020. The number of actual suicides observed and the number of expected suicides if there were no COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed through bayesian structural time series modeling. Results: The overall incidence of suicides in Brazil remained stable after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to what would be expected. However, there was a significant increase in suicide deaths among women (6.9%) and older adult (9.1%). Analysis by macro-regions of the country showed significant increases in suicide deaths in the Center-West (7.4%), Northeast (5.7%), and Southeast (10%). Stratified analyses revealed differences according to age, sex, education, and skin color. Conclusions: Despite stability in the overall number of suicides, this phenomenon occurs heterogeneously among different population groups and regions of Brazil. Rates have increased in populations with a history of poor access to health, which may have been more severely impacted by the pandemic.

Objective: To assess differences in blood inflammatory cytokines between people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls (HC). Methods: Searches were performed from inception through April 14, 2021. Meta-analyses with random-effects models were used to calculate the standardized mean difference ([SMD], 95%CI), and potential sources of heterogeneity were explored trough meta-regressions and subgroup analysis. Results: The meta-analysis included 23 studies on the following 14 cytokines: tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL15, interferon (IFN)-γ and sCD14. There were significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 (n=462 AUD and 408 HC; SMD = 0.523; 95%CI 0.136-0.909; p = 0.008) in AUD than HC. No significant differences were found in the other 13 cytokines. Conclusion: We found that IL-6 levels were significantly higher in individuals with AUD than HC and that other cytokines were not altered. This can be explained by the small number of studies, their methodological heterogeneity, and confounding factors (active use, abstinence, quantity, and physical or psychiatric illnesses, for example). Despite a great deal of evidence about alcohol and inflammatory diseases, studies assessing the role of neuroimmune signaling in the development and severity of AUD are still lacking.

En este artículo, analizase la tríada sexo femenino, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en contextos de ocio nocturno y su relación con violencia sexual. A través de la revisión bibliográfica y de dos grupos de discusión, realizados con frecuentadoras de contextos de ocio nocturno y usuarias recreativas de sustancias psicoactivas (n=12), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 e los 46 años e de clase media, se identificaron varias desigualdades de género que emergen en ambientes de ocio nocturno. La normalización de situaciones de violencia sexual y la reproducción de mitos de violación en estos contextos justifican la implementación de acciones educativas informales que los prevengan. En este sentido, se analizan también algunas intervenciones que se han enfocado en este fenómeno y las buenas prácticas.

Neste artigo, analisa‑se a tríade sexo feminino, consumo de substâncias psicoativas em contextos festivos e a sua relação com situações de violência sexual. Através da revisão bibliográfica e de dois grupos de discussão realizados com frequentadoras de contextos festivos e utilizadoras recreativas de substâncias psicoativas (n=12), com idades compreendidas entre os 16 e os 46 anos e de classe média, foram identificadas várias desigualdades de género que emergem em ambientes de diversão noturna. A normalização de situações de violência sexual nestes contextos e a reprodução de mitos da violação justificam a implementação de ações educativas informais que os previnam. Nesse sentido, analisam‑se também propostas de intervenção que se têm focado nesse fenómeno sublinhando‑se as boas práticas.

This paper analyses the triad feminine sex, drug use in party settings and its association with sexual violence. Through literature review and two focus groups implemented with female partygoers and recreational drug users (n=12), aged between 16 and 46 years old and from middle class, several gender inequalities emerging in party settings were highlighted. The normalization of sexual violence in these settings and the reproduction of rape myths justify the implementation of informal educational interventions to prevent them. Considering this, responses to this phenomenon and best practices are also analyzed.

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate family problems among crack/cocaine users compared with alcohol and other substance users.METHODS:A cross-sectional multi-center study selected 741 current adult substance users from outpatient and inpatient Brazilian specialized clinics. Subjects were evaluated with the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index, and 293 crack users were compared with 126 cocaine snorters and 322 alcohol and other drug users.RESULTS:Cocaine users showed more family problems when compared with other drug users, with no significant difference between routes of administration. These problems included arguing (crack 66.5%, powder cocaine 63.3%, other drugs 50.3%, p= 0.004), having trouble getting along with partners (61.5%×64.6%×48.7%, p= 0.013), and the need for additional childcare services in order to attend treatment (13.3%×10.3%×5.1%, p= 0.002). Additionally, the majority of crack/cocaine users had spent time with relatives in the last month (84.6%×86.5%×76.6%, p= 0.011).CONCLUSIONS:Brazilian treatment programs should enhance family treatment strategies, and childcare services need to be included.

PURPOSE: Death at the beginning of life is tragic but not uncommon in neonatal intensive care units. In Portugal, few studies have examined the circumstances surrounding the final moments of neonates. We evaluated the care given to neonates and their families in terminal situations and the changes that had occurred one decade later. DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed 256 charts in a retrospective chart review of neonatal deaths between two periods (1992-1995 and 2002-2005) in a level III neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: Our results show differences in the care of dying infants between the two periods. The analysis of the 2002-2005 cohort four years revealed more withholding and withdrawing of therapeutic activities and more effective pain and distress relief; however, on the final day of life, 95.7% of the infants received invasive ventilatory support, 76.3% received antibiotics, 58.1% received inotropics, and 25.8% received no opioid or sedative administration. The 2002-2005 cohort had more spiritual advisor solicitation, a higher number of relatives with permission to freely visit and more clinical meetings with neonatologists. Interventions by parents, healthcare providers and ethics committees during decision-making were not documented in any of the charts. Only eight written orders regarding therapeutic limitations and the adoption of palliative care were documented; seven (87.5%) were from the 2002-2005 cohort. Parental presence during death was more frequent in the latter four years (2002-2005 cohort), but only 21.5% of the parents wanted to be present at that moment. CONCLUSION: Despite an increase in the withholding and withdrawing of therapeutic activities and improvements in pain management and family support, many neonates still receive curative and aggressive practices at the end of life.

São apresentados os resultados preliminares do tratamento da esguistossomose mansônica com oxamniquine, sob forma de xarope, em 40 crianças, com idade variando de 5 a 14 anos. 18 pertenciam ao sexo masculino e 22 ao feminino. A dose utilizada foi de 20 mg/k em uma única aplicação - 25 pacientes (Grupo A) ou em 2 tomadas com intervalo de 12 hs - 15 pacientes (Grupo B). A tolerância foi em geral boa, sobretudo no Grupo B de pacientes, onde 73,3% não apresentou qualquer sintoma colateral, em comparação com 44% do Grupo A. 0s sintomas mais freqüentes foram tontura (22,5%) e sonolência (20%). 5 pacientes do Grupo A apresentaram distúrbio de conduta sob forma de excitação psíquica ou agressividade passageiras. A cura parasitológica (comprovação entre o 4º e o 6º mês pós-tratamento) foi observada em 70% dos pacientes tratados (90% no Grupo A e 50% no Grupo B). O baixo índice, nesse último Grupo, possivelmente deveu-se ao longo intervalo entre as 2 tomadas (12hs). Houve grande redução do número de ovos eliminados nos pacientes não curados.

The authors present the results of the treatment of 40 children (5 to 14 years) with oxamniquine syrup; 25 of them were given a single dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. and 15 received the same total dose divided at 12 hours intervals. Tolerance was good; 22,5% had dizziness and 20%, drowsiness; 5 patients of the first group presented psychological disturbances. 70% of the patients presented parasitological cure 4 to 6 months after treatment; (90% em Group A and 5% in Group B) a marked egg count reduction was observed.