Resumo A Colômbia conta com recursos genéticos de amora que apresentam ampla diversidade morfológica. Entre os caracteres mais relevantes relacionados com sua diversidade, encontram-se a presença de aguilhões, a forma das folhas, o número e a cor dos frutos, e seu enorme potencial agroindustrial devido a seu dulçor e a seus compostos bioativos, como os polifenóis. Estas plantas podem crescer entre 1.700 e 3.400 metros acima do nível do mar. No presente estudo, avaliaram-se 13 materiais silvestres e cultivados do gênero Rubus. Realizou-se sua caracterização molecular mediante 16 marcadores microssatélites SSR, dos quais, todos produziram amplificação positiva, gerando 23 lócus e 26 alelos. A AMOVA indicou uma diferenciação genética molecular de 23% entre os grupos, os quais correspondem à localização geográfica da amostra, e o maior aporte à variância está no interior dos grupos (76%), possivelmente devido a que cada um deles está composto por diferentes espécies cultivadas e parentes silvestres do gênero . RubusIsto sugere que a agrupação dos genótipos estudados não necessariamente corresponde à origem geográfica. Não obstante, as descobertas evidenciam alta variação genética, com o valor Fst de 0.27, a qual pode ser útil em futuros programas de fitomelhoramento, nos quais se tenham em conta a diversidade genética, as características morfológicas dos frutos e a identificação molecular das cultivares.

Abstract Colombia is home to blackberry genetic resources which present a morphological diversity. The relevant characteristics related to its diversity are the presence of prickles, the shape of its leaves, the number and color of its fruits, and its enormous agro-industrial potential due bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. These plants can grow between 1,700 and 3,400 m asl and are cultivated in the central region of the country. The study evaluated 13 wild and cultivated plants from the genus Rubus. A molecular characterization was carried out using 16 SSR microsatellite markers, all of which produced positive amplification generating 23 loci and 26 alleles. The AMOVA indicated a molecular genetic differentiation of 23% between the groups which corresponded to the geographic location of the sample. The greatest contribution to variance is found within the groups (76%), possibly because each of them is composed of different cultivated species and wild relatives of the genus Rubus. This suggests that the grouping of the genotypes studied doesn’t necessarily correspond to geographical origin. However, the findings show high genetic variation, with an Fst value of 0.27. This may be useful in breeding programs where genetic diversity, morphological characteristics of the fruits, and the molecular identification of the fruits are taken into account.

Resumo No município de Gachantivá, Colômbia, Rubus alutaceus é usada com fins comerciais, ha mais de uma década, sem que até o momento se conheça a sua identidade taxonômica. Com o propósito de identifica-la, estudaram–se as características anatômicas e morfológicas das suas flores, frutos, folhas, caules, sementes; características físico-químicas dos frutos, sua cor, segundo a escala CIELAB, o diâmetro equatorial e polar, peso fresco, pH e sólidos solúveis totais (SST). Avaliaram-se as variáveis morfológicas qualitativas e quantitativas, e realizaram-se cortes longitudinais e transversais com o objetivo de fazer estudos histológicos. Encontraram-se plantas que apresentam folhas trifoliadas e pentafoliadas; polidrupas subglobosas de cor amarela–esbranquiçada, SST de 8,8 °Brix em frutos completamente maduros; sementes elípticas, subglobosas com endocarpo ruminado; anatomicamente apresentam-se cristais de oxalato cálcico em forma de drusas e ráfides nas folhas e ramos e abundantes pelos simples e coléteres, além do tecido vascular de aspecto mais ou menos contínuo. O alto teor em TSS influencia positivamente o agronegócio dos frutos e a presença de estruturas secretoras incluindo tricomas e coléteres simples podem reduzir o ataque de pragas; essas variáveis caracterizam a nova espécie e conferem potencial agronômico para fortalecer seu cultivo e sua comercialização.

Abstract In Gachantivá, Colombia, Rubus alutaceus has been used for commercial purposes for more than one decade but so far with unknown taxonomic identity. For its identification, the anatomical and morphological characteristics of its flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, and seeds, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of its fruits such as color, equatorial and polar diameter, fresh weight, pH and total soluble solids (TSS), were studied. Qualitative and quantitative morphological parameters were evaluated, and longitudinal and transverse cuts were made for histological studies. The plants were found to have trifoliate and pentafoliate leaves; whitish–yellow subglobose polydrupes, fully mature fruits with 8.8°Brix TSS; elliptical, subglobose seeds with ruminated endocarps; anatomical calcium oxalate crystals in the form of druses and raphides in the leaves and branches; and abundant hairs, simple and glandular (colleters) addition to vascular tissue with a more or less continuous appearance. High value in TSS, positively influences fruit agribusiness and the presence of simple hair and colleters can reduce the attack of pests, these variables identify the new species and give it agronomic potential to strengthen its cultivation and marketing.

El cultivo de mora en Colombia es un renglón importante para el desarrollo económico de medianos y pequeños productores. Las actividades de poda son labores indispensables en este cultivo y tienen el propósito de renovar las ramas productivas y mejorar la relación entre la oferta y demanda de fotoasimilados. En el presente ensayo se utilizaron plantas de dos años de edad, tutoradas en T; se marcaron 48 tallos bajo diferentes sistemas de poda (testigo: sin podar; poda corta: tallo a 1,6 m de longitud; poda larga: tallo a 2,6 m de longitud), se midió la longitud de los tallos, y se registró el número de hojas y de panículas aparecidas a lo largo del tiempo, se graficó el comportamiento de las variables respecto a los días después de brotación (ddb). Se establecieron las curvas y las tasas de crecimiento mediante análisis funcional. Como resultado se obtuvo que los modelos logísticos fueron de mejor ajuste para la descripción del crecimiento de esta especie, la máxima longitud del tallo se presentó a los 231 ddb con 535 cm, la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC) del tallo disminuyó gradualmente, la tasa absoluta de crecimiento (TAC) del tallo así como el número de hojas y panículas disminuyeron con el tiempo. El número máximo de hojas fue de 55 a los 231 ddb; la floración en todos los sistemas de poda inició a los 126 ddb aproximadamente; el número de inflorescencias en promedio fue de 18 en plantas sin poda, mientras que con poda corta tuvo un valor de 10, y de 21 con poda larga. Los resultados mostraron que la poda es un factor determinante en el desarrollo fisiológico y productivo en esta especie de mora.

In Colombia, the blackberry is an important perennial crop for the economic sustainable development of medium and smallholder farmers. Pruning is essential for this crop and aims to renew the productive, fruit bearing branches and normalize the sink-source relationships of photoassimilates. The establishment of physiological indices and growth curves for blackberry crops with different pruning practices will develop proposals for the agricultural handling of this species. In this study, two-year-old blackberry crops were used with a T-trellis; 48 canes were grouped into three pruning treatments; a) control: without pruning; b) short pruning: canes with a 1.6 m length; and c) long pruning; canes with a 2.6 m length. The length of the canes, and the number of leaves and panicles were registered over time, in terms of days after sprouting. The curves and rates of growth were established with a functional analysis. The logistic model was ideal for expressing the growth of the plants. The maximum length of the canes was seen at 231 days after sprouting: 535 cm. The relative growth rate of the canes decreased gradually over time. The values of the absolute growth rate of the canes as well as the number of leaves and panicles decreased over time too. The maximum number of leaves was seen from 55 to 231 days after sprouting; the flowering in the plants in the pruned treatments started at 126 days after sprouting. The average number of inflorescences was 18 in the shrubs without pruning, 10 with the short pruning and 21 with the long pruning. The results showed that pruning is a determinant factor in the physiological and productive development of blackberry shrubs and that the long pruning, with a 2.6 m length, was the best pruning alternative.