Abstract: In this paper, an approach for the classification of paintings by artistic style using color and texture features is proposed. Our approach automatically extracts a set of visual features that effectively discriminate among diverse artistic styles. Additionally, our proposal performs an effective selection of the most relevant features to be used in an artificial neural network architecture. Using the most important features allows our system to achieve an efficient learning process. The proposed system analyzes digitized paintings using a combination of color and texture features, which have shown to be highly discriminatory. Our approach consists of two main stages: training and testing. Firstly, in the training stage, the features from seven artistic styles are extracted to train a multi-layer perceptron. Secondly, the learned model is utilized to determine the artistic style of a given incoming painting to our system. The experimental results, on an extensive dataset of digitized paintings, show that our method obtains a higher accuracy in comparison with those obtained by the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, our proposal attains a higher accuracy rate using fewer features descriptors.

Abstract Eating disorders (ED) are psychiatric diseases characterized by the alteration of the caloric intake. Besides, ED have a high comorbidity with depression and anxiety. In Mexico, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) has shown to be a valid and reliable instrument in patients with HIV, cancer, and obesity but its psychometric properties have not been assessed in patients with ED, being the latter the aim of this research. A total of 325 patients (M age = 22.0, SD = 9.7), completed the HADS. Based on principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation the scale yielded 12 items divided into two subscales: Depression (with nine items) and Anxiety (with three items). With this structure was confirmed the internal consistency of the scale (α = 0.88) and the two subscales (α > 0.80), however the items did not group in the same order than they did in the original scale, for this reason the new configuration of the HADS was analyzed in detail based on the features of the population where the scale was examined, this means, in patients with ED.

Resumen Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) son trastornos mentales caracterizados por la alteración del patrón de ingesta calórica. A su vez, los TCA presentan una alta comorbilidad con la depresión y la ansiedad. En México, la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) ha mostrado ser un instrumento de evaluación válido y confiable en pacientes con VIH, cáncer u obesidad, pero no se han examinado sus propiedades psicométricas en pacientes con TCA, siendo este el objetivo del presente trabajo. Participaron 325 pacientes (M edad = 22.0, DE =9.7), quienes completaron la HADS. Con base en el análisis de componentes principales, con rotación oblimin, la escala quedó conformada por 12 reactivos divididos en las dos subescalas predichas: Depresión (con nueve ítems) y Ansiedad (con tres ítems). Con base en esta estructura, se confirmó la consistencia interna tanto de la escala (α = 0.88) como de sus dos subescalas (α > 0.80). Sin embargo, los reactivos no se agruparon de forma similar a la escala original, por lo que se analiza en detalle la reconfiguración de la HADS a la luz de las características de la población con TCA en que se examinó la escala.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a correlação entre o estágio de calcificação dentária e a maturação esquelética, em uma amostra de indivíduos peruanos. Métodos: radiografias panorâmicas, cefalométricas e carpais de 78 pacientes (34 meninas e 44 meninos) com idades entre 7 e 17 anos (média = 9,90 ± 2,5 anos) foram avaliadas. Nelas, avaliaram-se os estágios de calcificação dentária (canino, primeiro pré-molar, segundo pré-molar e segundo molar inferiores) e de maturação esquelética, pelas avaliações radiográficas da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. As correlações entre esses estágios foram avaliadas usando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Adicionalmente, a associação entre os estágios em que ocorreram os picos de crescimento mandibular e de crescimento puberal e o grau de calcificação dentária foi avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: todos os dentes demonstraram correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas. A correlação mais elevada foi verificada entre o estágio de calcificação do segundo molar inferior e o estágio de maturação esquelética da mão e do punho (r= 0,758, p < 0,001) e o estágio de maturação das vértebras cervicais (r = 0,605, p < 0,001). O surto de crescimento puberal foi identificado no estágio G de calcificação do segundo molar inferior, e o pico de crescimento mandibular foi detectado no estágio F de calcificação do segundo molar. Conclusão: na amostra estudada, houve uma correlação positiva entre os estágios de calcificação dentária e os estágios de maturação esquelética avaliada nas radiografias de mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. Os estágios de calcificação dentária do segundo molar inferior demonstraram a mais alta correlação positiva com os estágios de maturação da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais.

ABSTRACT Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample. Methods: panoramic, cephalometric and carpal radiographs of 78 patients (34 girls and 44 boys) between 7 and 17 years old (9.90 ± 2.5 years) were evaluated. Stages of tooth calcification of the mandibular canine, first premolar, second premolar, and second molar and the skeletal maturation with a hand-wrist and a cervical vertebrae method were assessed. The relationships between the stages were assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Additionally, the associations of mandibular and pubertal growth peak stages with tooth calcification were evaluated by Fisher’s exact test. Results: all teeth showed positive and statistically significant correlations, the highest correlation was between the mandibular second molar calcification stages with hand-wrist maturation stages (r = 0.758, p < 0.001) and with vertebrae cervical maturation stages (r = 0.605, p < 0.001). The pubertal growth spurt was found in the G stage of calcification of the second mandibular molar, and the mandibular growth peak was found in the F stage of calcification of the second molar. Conclusion: there was a positive relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation stages by hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae methods in the sample studied. Dental calcification stages of the second mandibular molar showed the highest positive correlation with the hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae stages.

Objectives: Describe the development of end of life of older people in nursing home from the point of view of the residents. Methodology: Bibliographic review in different databases over the last ten years. The consulted database were Cuiden, IME, Elsevier, PubMed and CINALH. The articles which did not study the experiences and opinions of the residents were excluded. Results: Out of the 305 articles that were found those which did not satisfy the inclusion an exclusion criteria were removed, in the end 13 articles were selected. Some of the topics approached are the needs that are considered most important by the residents, indicative aspects of good death and the relation between pain and the quality of end of life processes. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the little that is known about the processes of life in the nursing homes in our country. The lack of evidence toward this topic, does not allow us to assure that homes are adequateplace for the development of end of life processes.

Objetivos: Describir cómo se desarrollan los procesos de fin de vida en las residencias de ancianos desde la perspectiva de los residentes. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica en distintas bases de datos, en los últimos 10 años. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Cuiden, IME, Elsevier, PubMed y CINALH. Se excluyeron aquellos artículos que no estudiaban las experiencias u opiniones de los residentes. Resultados: De los 305 artículos encontrados, se eliminaron los que no cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Finalmente se seleccionaron13 artículos. Algunos de los temas que se abordan son las necesidades que los residentes consideran más importantes, aspectos indicativos de buena muerte y la relación del dolor con la calidad de los procesos de fin de vida. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio demuestran lo poco que se sabe sobre los procesos de fin de vida en las residencias de ancianos de nuestro país. La falta de evidencia en este sentido no nos permite asegurar que las residencias sean un lugar adecuado para el desarrollo de los procesos de fin de vida.

This study is an exploratory quantitative research examines the relationship between drug use in university students from one university in Bogota, Colombia and the influence of the peer group, around moderating effect of socio-cultural factors such as family relationships, entertainment and spirituality in consumption. The non-probabilistic sample was composed of 350 students. The 89.4% of the surveyed youth reported they used illicit drugs and 82.2% recognized the influence of the peers in this type of behavior. Higher intakes are presented in alcohol (91.1%) and tobacco (37.4%), the lowest rates of drugs consumption are for cocaine and amphetamines. Drug use among university students presents high rates, and the influence of groups among young people is critical for many of their behaviors.

El presente estudio fue una investigación de tipo exploratorio quantitativa. Examina la relación entre el uso de drogas en estudiantes universitarios de una universidad en Bogotá, Colombia y la influencia del grupo de pares, en torno al efecto moderador de factores socio-culturales como las relaciones familiares, el entretenimiento y la espiritualidad en dicho consumo. La muestra non probabilistica fue conformada por 350 estudiantes. El 89,4% de los jóvenes encuestados reportaran que consumen drogas ilícitas y el 82,2% aceptaran la influencia que los pares en este tipo de conductas. Los más altos consumos se presentan en alcohol con un 91,1% y tabaco con un 37,4%, las drogas de más bajo consumo son la cocaína y las anfetaminas. El consumo de drogas en estudiantes presenta índices elevados, y la influencia de los grupos entre los jóvenes es determinante de muchos de sus comportamientos.

O presente estudo foi uma investigação do tipo exploratório quantitativo que examinou a relação entre o uso de drogas em estudantes universitários de uma universidade de Bogotá, Colômbia e a influência de grupo de amigos, em torno de fatores moderadores socioculturais como as relações familiares, a diversão e a espiritualidade no consumo de drogas. A amostra foi composta por 350 estudantes. Os 89,4% dos estudantes entrevistados relataram ter consumido drogas ilícitas e 82,2% reconheceram a influência do grupo de pares neste tipo de conduta. Os maiores índices de consumo apresentaram-se para o álcool (91,1%) e para o tabaco (37,4%) e as drogas menos consumidas foram a cocaína e as anfetaminas. O consumo de drogas em estudantes universitários apresentou índices elevados e a influência dos grupos de amigos foi um determinante dos comportamentos.

O presente estudo foi uma investigação do tipo exploratório quantitativo que examinou a relação entre o uso de drogas em estudantes universitários de uma universidade de Bogotá, Colômbia e a influência de grupo de amigos, em torno de fatores moderadores socioculturais como as relações familiares, a diversão e a espiritualidade no consumo de drogas. A amostra foi composta por 350 estudantes. Os 89,4% dos estudantes entrevistados relataram ter consumido drogas ilícitas e 82,2% reconheceram a influência do grupo de pares neste tipo de conduta. Os maiores índices de consumo apresentaram-se para o álcool (91,1%) e para o tabaco (37,4%) e as drogas menos consumidas foram a cocaína e as anfetaminas. O consumo de drogas em estudantes universitários apresentou índices elevados e a influência dos grupos de amigos foi um determinante dos comportamentos.

This study is an exploratory quantitative research examines the relationship between drug use in university students from one university in Bogota, Colombia and the influence of the peer group, around moderating effect of socio-cultural factors such as family relationships, entertainment and spirituality in consumption. The non-probabilistic sample was composed of 350 students. The 89.4% of the surveyed youth reported they used illicit drugs and 82.2% recognized the influence of the peers in this type of behavior. Higher intakes are presented in alcohol (91.1%) and tobacco (37.4%), the lowest rates of drugs consumption are for cocaine and amphetamines. Drug use among university students presents high rates, and the influence of groups among young people is critical for many of their behaviors

El presente estudio fue una investigación de tipo exploratorio quantitativa. Examina la relación entre el uso de drogas en estudiantes universitarios de una universidad en Bogotá, Colombia y la influencia del grupo de pares, en torno al efecto moderador de factores socio-culturales como las relaciones familiares, el entretenimiento y la espiritualidad en dicho consumo. La muestra non probabilistica fue conformada por 350 estudiantes. El 89,4% de los jóvenes encuestados reportaran que consumen drogas ilícitas y el 82,2% aceptaran la influencia que los pares en este tipo de conductas. Los más altos consumos se presentan en alcohol con un 91,1% y tabaco con un 37,4%, las drogas de más bajo consumo son la cocaína y las anfetaminas. El consumo de drogas en estudiantes presenta índices elevados, y la influencia de los grupos entre los jóvenes es determinante de muchos de sus comportamientos.

Natural populations of Cordia dodencandra (siricote) in Yucatán are threatened due to the overexploitation of their wood, valued by its hardness and grain. Reforestation, enrichment of vegetation in disturbed areas and commercial plantation programs of this species are needed. These programs must take into account the relation between plant growth and its response to the environmental factors occurring in forests in different stages of recovery. The aim of this study was to characterize the environmental conditions; temperature, humidity and photosynthetically active radiation; under different successional stages; advanced, intermediate, early and without vegetation; in order to determine the influence of specific leaf area and growth of siricote seedlings. On a patch of each successional stage, sixty seedlings of siricote were established in a plot. Distribution of seedlings was 4m between rows and 2.7 between plants. After 19 months, the early successional plot was the better site for siricote growth. We observed an inverse relationship between photosynthetically active radiation and specific leaf area and, a direct relationship between relative humidity and specific leaf area. According to our results siricote could be used in programs of enrichment of vegetation in advanced successional stages as well as for reforesting early successional areas.

Las poblaciones naturales de Cordia dodencandra, siricote, en Yucatán se encuentran amenazadas por la sobreexplotación de su madera, apreciada por su dureza y veteado. Se requiere diseñar programas de reforestación y enriquecimiento de la vegetación en áreas perturbadas que consideren el crecimiento de esta especie en respuesta a los factores ambientales de selvas en diferentes grados de recuperación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar las condiciones ambientales de temperatura, humedad y radiación fotosintéticamente activa en diferentes etapas sucesionales de vegetación: avanzada, media, temprana y sin vegetación, para determinar su influencia sobre el área foliar específica y el crecimiento de plantas jóvenes de siricote. En cada etapa sucesional se estableció una parcela con 60 plántulas de siricote, a distancias de 4 m entre línea de siembra y 2.7 m entre plantas. Después de 19 meses, los sitios en sucesión temprana son los más adecuados para el crecimiento de siricote. Existe una relación inversamente proporcional entre la incidencia de luz y el área foliar específica y una relación directamente proporcional entre humedad relativa y el área foliar específica. Se concluye que el siricote puede utilizarse en programas de enriquecimiento de la vegetación avanzada y para reforestar áreas en sucesión temprana.

Texture periodicity and texture element (texel) size are important characteristics for texture recognition and discrimination. In this paper, an approach to determine both, texture periodicity and texel size, is proposed. Our method is based on the entropy, a texture measure computed from the Sum and Difference Histograms. The entropy value is sensitive to the parameters in such histograms and takes its lowest value when the parameters match with texel size or its integer multiples, in any specific direction. We show the performance of our method by texture synthesis, tiling a sample of the detected size and measuring the similarity between the original image and the synthesized one, showing good results with regular textures and texels with different shapes, being useful for practical applications as well because of its simple implementation.

La periodicidad de textura y el tamaño del elemento de textura (texel), son características importantes para el reconocimiento de texturas y su discriminación. En este artículo se propone un enfoque para determinar tanto la periodicidad de textura como el tamaño del texel. Nuestro método está basado en una medida de entropía de textura, calculada a partir de los histogramas de sumas y diferencias. El valor de la medida de entropía es sensible a los parámetros de tales histogramas y alcanza un valor bajo cuando dichos parámetros coinciden con el tamaño del texel o sus múltiplos enteros, en una determinada dirección. El rendimiento de nuestro enfoque es mostrado mediante síntesis de textura, al colocar repetidamente una muestra del tamaño del texel detectado sobre una superficie del mismo tamaño de la textura original y midiendo la semejanza entre la imagen sintetizada y la imagen original. Nuestro método muestra buenos resultados con texturas periódicas y semiperiódicas, pudiendo utilizarse en aplicaciones prácticas por su sencilla implementación.

Several alkaloids of the Erythrina genus display pharmacological activity which seem to be associated with the tertiary amine spiroamine. E. americana synthesizes erysovine, a toxic alkaloid with a LD50 of 25.23 mg kg-1 against 'Winstar' rats, and has not been tested as an biocide agent on microorganisms. In this study the antimicotic activity of erysovine, isolated from mature seeds of E. americana was evaluated against phythopathogen fungi: Alternaría solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Monilia fructicola, Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma harzianum, using the paper disc diffusion method. B. cinerea, F. oxysporum and M. fructicola displayed greater susceptibility when exposed to at a dose of 8 mg mL-1 of erysovine which inhibited mycelium by 88, 57 and 43 %, a higher inhibition than that produced by dimethil sulfoxide used as control. In A. solani, Penicillium sp. and T. harzianum the inhibition of mycelium growth was only 27 % above the control.

Varios alcaloides del género Erythrina presentan actividad farmacológica que parece estar asociada con la amina terciaria espiroamina. E. americana sintetiza erisovina, alcaloide tóxico con una D L50 de 25.23 mg kg-1 contra ratas 'Winstar', y que no ha sido probado como agente biocida contra microorganismos. En este estudio se investigó la actividad antimicótica de la erisovina, aislada de semillas maduras de E. americana en los hongos fitopatógenos Alternaría solani, Botrytis cinérea, Fusarium oxysporum, Monilia fructicola, Penicillium sp. y Trichoderma harzianum mediante el método de difusión de disco de papel. B. cinerea, F. oxysporum y M. fructicola presentaron la mayor susceptibilidad a la erisovina, ya que una dosis de 8 mg mL-1 inhibió el crecimiento del micelio en 88, 57 y 43 %, valores superiores al testigo tratado con dimetilsulfóxido. A. solani, Penicillium sp. y T. harzianum, tuvieron diámetros de inhibición apenas 27 % mayores que el testigo.

The object of the present investigation was to document the knowledge of the use and management of the inhabitants of the southern cone of the state of Yucatan have of their plants. This investigation was carried out from September through November, 2005. Thirteen informants were selected by the snow ball method that results in one qualified informant being selected for each of the 13 communities that form the municipality. A list of 132 useful species included fourteen categories. Of these, 79 are medicinal, 31 for construction, 17 melíferous, 12 for fuel, 12 edible and nine for fences among other uses. The species with the highest number of uses are Piscidia piscipula with seven, Caesalpinia gaumeri, Coccoloba spicata, Croton reflexifolius y Cordia dodecandra, with four uses. Three degrees of managing the local flora were recognized by the informants. These are: tolerated, protected and cultivated. In conclusion, Mayan rural communities that participated in the project are knowledgeable in the use of the local flora, the majority of which are native arboreal species.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo documentar el conocimiento del uso y manejo que los habitantes del cono sur del estado de Yucatán tienen acerca de las plantas. El desarrollo de este trabajo fue de septiembre a noviembre del 2005. Los informantes clave fueron seleccionados mediante el método de bola de nieve, que corresponde a uno por comunidad, de las trece que forman el municipio. Se enlistan 132 especies útiles en 14 categorías de uso. De estas especies, 79 son medicinales, 31 se usan para la construcción, 17 son melíferas, 12 se usan como combustible, 12 son comestibles, nueve se emplean como cercos, entre otras. Las especies con mayor número de usos son: Piscidia piscipula con siete tipos de uso, Caesalpinia gaumeri, Coccoloba spicata, Croton reflexifolius y Cordia dodecandra, cada una con cuatro usos. Los informantes reconocieron tres grados de manejo que hacen de la flora local, como son: toleradas, protegidas y cultivadas. Se concluye que las familias rurales mayas poseen un basto conocimiento actual del uso de la flora local, la mayoría, en particular de especies arbóreas nativas.