Abstract This article aims to discuss the main concepts related to notional defined contribution (NDC) schemes and to analyze the experiences of Sweden, Italy, Latvia, Poland and Norway. The methodology is based on a literature review. The main result was that the extent of NDC as a pension system alternative depends on the degree of closeness to the generic scheme. It is recommended to analyze NDC as an alternative for pension system reforms considering its capacity to control structural deficits. As a limitation, it was not analyzed some possible social impacts of NDC introduction. This article is original because encompasses theoretical and practical aspects of NDC schemes. It is expected that this research can contribute to assist public officials in decision-making about reforms in pension systems.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir los principales conceptos relacionados con los modelos de contribución definida nocional (CDN) y analizar las experiencias de Suecia, Italia, Letonia, Polonia y Noruega. La metodología se basa en una revisión de la literatura. El principal resultado encontrado fue que la extensión de los modelos CDN como alternativa a los sistemas de pensiones depende del grado de proximidad al modelo genérico. Se recomienda analizar el modelo CDN como una alternativa para las reformas de los sistemas de pensiones considerando su capacidad para controlar los déficits estructurales. Como limitación, no se analizaron los posibles impactos sociales de la introducción de estos modelos. Este artículo es original porque cubre aspectos teóricos y prácticos de los modelos CDN. Se espera que este trabajo pueda contribuir a ayudar a los administradores públicos a tomar decisiones sobre reformas en los sistemas de pensiones.

Abstract AIMS knowing the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation and based on the fact that downhill running-based overtraining (OT) model increases hypothalamus levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, we verified the effects of three OT protocols on the levels of BiP, pIRE-1 (Ser734), pPERK (Thr981), pelF2alpha (Ser52), ATF-6 and GRP-94 proteins in the mouse hypothalamus after two weeks of recovery. METHODS the mice were randomized into control (CT), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up) and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR) groups. After 2-week total recovery period (i.e., week 10), hypothalamus was removed and used for immunoblotting. RESULTS the OTR/down group exhibited high levels of BiP and ATF6. The other OT protocols showed higher levels of pPERK (Th981) and pelf-2alpha (Ser52) when compared with the CT group. CONCLUSION the current results suggest that after a 2-week total recovery period, the overtrained groups increased partially their ER stress protein levels, but without hypothalamic inflammation, which characterizes a physiological condition related to an adaptation mechanism.

Abstract AIMS Previously, we verified that overtrained mice upregulated the TRB3 levels, its association with Akt, and the hepatic concentrations of glycogen. It is known that APPL1 can limit the interaction between TRB3 and Akt, playing an important role in the glucose homeostasis. Thus, we verified the effects of three overtraining protocols on the hepatic levels of APPL1 and APPL2. METHODS Rodents were divided into control (CT), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up) and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR). The hepatic contents of APPL1 and APPl2 were measured by the immunoblotting technique. RESULTS Significant elevation of APPL1 observed in the OTR/down and OTR/up groups, as well as the tendency of increase (p=0.071) observed in the OTR group. CONCLUSION These results indicate that this particular protein is likely to participate in the glucose homeostasis previously observed in response to these OT protocols.

Fundamento:O remodelamento vascular, alteração dimensional dinâmica frente ao estresse, pode assumir diferentes direções e magnitudes na doença aterosclerótica. As medidas clássicas baseiam-se em referências a distância do segmento-alvo, com risco de comparação inadequada pela seleção de porções vasculares indesejáveis.Objetivo:Explorar um novo método para quantificar remodelamento vascular, baseado na comparação entre um determinado segmento-alvo e suas dimensões normais inferidas.Métodos:Parâmetros geométricos e a composição da placa foram determinados em 67 pacientes usando-se ultrassom intravascular de três vasos com histologia virtual (IVUS-VH). Avaliou-se o remodelamento coronário ao nível da seção transversal (n = 27.639) e da lesão (n = 618) usando-se métrica clássica e um novo algoritmo analítico baseado no índice de remodelamento vascular fracionado (FVRI) que quantifica a alteração total nas dimensões da parede arterial em relação a dimensão normal estimada do vaso. Construiu-se um modelo preditivo para estimar a dimensão normal do vaso para calcular o FVRI.Resultados:De acordo com o novo algoritmo, o padrão de remodelamento “ectásico” foi o menos comum, o remodelamento “completo compensatório” foi observado em metade dos casos, e os tipos “negativo” e “incompleto compensatório” foram detectados nos restantes. Comparada ao esquema tradicional diagnóstico, a classificação baseada no FVRI pareceu melhor discriminar a composição da placa através de IVUS-VH.Conclusão:A análise quantitativa do remodelamento coronário utilizando dimensões do segmento-alvo oferece uma abordagem promissora para avaliar a resposta vascular ao crescimento e à regressão da placa.

Background:Vascular remodeling, the dynamic dimensional change in face of stress, can assume different directions as well as magnitudes in atherosclerotic disease. Classical measurements rely on reference to segments at a distance, risking inappropriate comparison between dislike vessel portions.Objective:to explore a new method for quantifying vessel remodeling, based on the comparison between a given target segment and its inferred normal dimensions.Methods:Geometric parameters and plaque composition were determined in 67 patients using three-vessel intravascular ultrasound with virtual histology (IVUS-VH). Coronary vessel remodeling at cross-section (n = 27.639) and lesion (n = 618) levels was assessed using classical metrics and a novel analytic algorithm based on the fractional vessel remodeling index (FVRI), which quantifies the total change in arterial wall dimensions related to the estimated normal dimension of the vessel. A prediction model was built to estimate the normal dimension of the vessel for calculation of FVRI.Results:According to the new algorithm, “Ectatic” remodeling pattern was least common, “Complete compensatory” remodeling was present in approximately half of the instances, and “Negative” and “Incomplete compensatory” remodeling types were detected in the remaining. Compared to a traditional diagnostic scheme, FVRI-based classification seemed to better discriminate plaque composition by IVUS-VH.Conclusion:Quantitative assessment of coronary remodeling using target segment dimensions offers a promising approach to evaluate the vessel response to plaque growth/regression.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença arterial coronária (DAC) é sabidamente difusa, podendo acometer múltiplos segmentos arteriais. No entanto, quando se analisa a angiografia coronária, é comum a concomitância, em um mesmo paciente, da presença de lesão em um segmento e da ausência de obstrução em outros. Por se tratar de um luminograma, a angiografia apresenta limitações para o diagnóstico da DAC. Neste estudo utilizou-se o ultrassom intracoronário com histologia virtual (USIC-HV) para avaliar a presença e a composição de placas ateroscleróticas em segmentos angiograficamente normais e com lesões em pacientes com DAC estabelecida. MÉTODOS: No total, 17 pacientes com DAC obstrutiva encaminhados para realização de angioplastia foram submetidos a USIC-HV dos três grandes vasos epicárdicos. Após análise minuciosa da angiografia, foram selecionados 32 segmentos angiograficamente normais, os quais foram comparados a outros 19 segmentos coronários com estenose luminal > 70%. RESULTADOS: A carga de placa média em segmentos sem lesão angiográfica foi de 47,3 ± 15,1%, enquanto em segmentos com estenose angiográfica foi de 76,2 ± 8,8% (P < 0,01). A composição da placa diferiu entre os segmentos. Placas nos segmentos angiograficamente normais apresentavam maior componente fibrolipídico (17 ± 11% vs. 11,4 ± 12%; P = 0,045) e menor componente necrótico (13,1 ± 13% vs. 20,2 ± 12%; P = 0,03). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta análise piloto, em pequeno grupo de pacientes portadores de DAC, observou-se que segmentos angiograficamente normais frequentemente apresentam placa aterosclerótica. A composição da placa em segmentos angiograficamente normais, entretanto, diferiu daquela em segmentos com lesão, sugerindo a coexistência de estágios distintos do processo aterosclerótico em um mesmo paciente.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is known to be diffuse and can affect multiple arterial segments. However, findings of concomitant lesions in a single segment and no obstructions in other segments of the same patient are not unusual when assessing coronary angiographies. Because it is a luminogram, angiography has limitations for the diagnosis of CAD. In this study, intravascular ultrasound and virtual histology (IVUS-VH) were used to assess the presence and composition of atherosclerotic plaques in angiographically normal segments and in segments with lesions of patients with established CAD. METHODS: A total of 17 patients with obstructive CAD referred for angioplasty were submitted to IVUS-VH of the three major epicardial coronary arteries. After careful angiographic analysis, 32 angiographically normal segments were selected and compared to 19 segments with luminal stenosis > 70%. RESULTS: Mean plaque burden in angiographically normal segments was 47.3 ± 15.1%, whereas in segments with angiographic stenosis it was 76.2 ± 8.8% (P < 0.01). Plaque composition differed among segments. Plaques in angiographically normal segments had higher percentage of fibrofatty component (17 ± 11% vs. 11.4 ± 12%; P = 0.045) and lower percentage of necrotic component (13.1 ± 13% vs. 20.2 ± 12%; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, in a small group of patients with CAD, it was observed that angiographically normal segments often have atherosclerotic plaque. However, plaque composition was different in angiographically normal segments and those with angiographic stenosis, suggesting the coexistence of distinct stages of the atherosclerotic process in the same patient.

INTRODUÇÃO: A imagem de placas ateroscleróticas em território extracardíaco, por meio do ultrassom das carótidas, tem sido proposta como forma indireta para estimar o risco coronário. Considerou-se a hipótese de que a avaliação isolada do tronco da artéria coronária esquerda (TCE) pudesse predizer diretamente a carga aterosclerótica no restante da árvore coronária. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu pacientes com diagnóstico de doença arterial coronária com indicação de intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP), que apresentassem TCE sem estenose significativa. Durante a ICP, realizou-se ultrassom intracoronário (USIC) do TCE e das três artérias coronárias em que foram mensuradas as áreas luminal, da membrana elástica externa e da placa e a carga de placa em cada vaso. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 17 pacientes com média de idade de 56 ± 8,9 anos, 71% do sexo masculino e 41% diabéticos. Apesar de nenhum paciente apresentar estenose significativa no TCE à angiografia ou ao ultrassom, observou-se, no TCE, evidência de aterosclerose com área de placa de 8,4 ± 2,7 mm² e carga de placa de 33,5 ± 8,9%. Correlação significativa entre o TCE e o restante das coronárias foi observada para todos os parâmetros ultrassonográficos avaliados: área luminal (r = 0,5), área da membrana elástica externa (r = 0,7), área de placa (r = 0,6) e carga de placa (r = 0,4). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta análise piloto, a carga aterosclerótica coronária global pôde ser estimada a partir da avaliação isolada do TCE por USIC. Essa associação é relevante para a construção de escores de predição de risco coronário, como marcador substituto da carga de aterosclerose global da árvore coronária.

BACKGROUND: Non-cardiac atherosclerotic imaging, including carotid ultrasound, has been proposed as an indirect way to estimate coronary risk. The authors hypothesize that the isolated assessment of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) could predict the atherosclerotic burden in the remainder of the coronary tree. METHODS: The study included patients with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease with an indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), without significant LMCA stenosis. During PCI, LMCA and three-vessel intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examination was performed and the lumen area, external elastic membrane area, plaque area, and plaque burden were measured. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients were included with mean age of 56 ± 8.9 years, 71% male, and 41% diabetics. Although none of the patients had LMCA stenosis by angiography or IVUS, evidence of atherosclerosis was observed with a plaque area of 8.4 ± 2.7 mm² and plaque burden of 33.5 ± 8.9%. A significant correlation between the LMCA and the rest of the coronary arteries was observed for all IVUS parameters: lumen area (r = 0.5), external elastic membrane area (r = 0.7); plaque area (r = 0.6), and plaque burden (r = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the coronary atherosclerotic burden could be estimated from the isolated assessment of the LMCA by IVUS. Such an association is relevant for the development of future coronary risk scores, as a surrogate marker of the global coronary tree atherosclerotic burden.

OBJETIVO: Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca estão mais propensos a desenvolver plaquetopenia. A trombocitopenia induzida por heparina acomete cerca de 5% dos pacientes. O objetivo foi avaliar a importância clínica da trombocitopenia grave em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional que incluiu os pacientes de cirurgia cardíaca com plaquetas <150.000 cel/mm³, durante as primeiras 24 h do pós-operatório. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação pelo escore dos quatro "Ts" (trombocitopenia, uso de heparina prévia, trombose e queda de plaquetas não relacionada à heparina) e considerado como suspeita de trombocitopenia induzida pela heparina tipo II um escore > 6. A mortalidade na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e hospitalar, o tempo de internação, os escores de gravidade e a incidência de tromboses foram comparados em pacientes com escore e" 6 (grupo 1) e < 6 (grupo 2). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 120 pacientes divididos nos dois grupos, não havendo diferença entre os mesmos com relação a idade, prevalência do sexo, tempo de circulação extracorpórea e de cirurgia. Contudo, a incidência de trombose foi mais elevada nos pacientes do grupo 1 (23% vs. 0%, P<0,0001), assim como quanto maior o escore maior a mortalidade hospitalar (P<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O escore > 6, em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, está associado a maior incidência de trombose, assim como o maior escore está relacionado à elevada mortalidade hospitalar.

OBJECTIVE: Patients undergo to cardiac surgery have more probability to develop thrombocytopenia. The heparin induced thrombocytopenia happens in 5% of the patients. The aim from this study was to evaluate the clinical importance from the severe thrombocytopenia in postoperative cardiac surgical patients. METHODS: It was included cardiac surgical patients with platelets < 150000 cel/mm³ during firsts 24 h from postoperative. All patients underwent evaluation for four Ts score (thrombocytopenia, use preview of heparin, thrombosis and platelets decreased not related to heparin). In order to a four Ts score e" 6 was considered as suggestive of heparin induced thrombocytopenia type II. The mortality rate in intensive care (ICU) and hospital, length of stay, healthy state and incidence from thrombosis were compared in patients with score > 6 (group 1) and < 6 (group 2). RESULTS: It was include 120 patients who met the inclusions criterions. There was no difference between the groups in related to age, gender, time of cardiopulmonary bypass and surgery. However, the incidence of thrombosis was higher in group 1 (23% vs. 0%, P<0.0001), as well as the greater score is related to higher hospital mortality rate. CONCLUSION: The score > 6, in postoperative cardiac surgical patients, it is associated to higher incidence of thrombosis as well as the greater score is related to higher hospital mortality rate.