Carbon Dioxide (co2) Emissions by Visitors to the Delta do Parnaíba Conservation Area (Piauí State, Brazil). Climate change represents the focal point of the contemporary crisis between society and nature, and will soon come to affect all human activities. In light of this critical new situation, the planning and administration of protected areas must take into account actions that can lower anthropogenic carbon emissions. The present work evaluated the impacts of tourism on the APA do Delta do Parnaíba Conservation Area in Piauí State, with emphasis on inventorying carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from visitors and examining the principles of low-carbon tourism through bibliographic studies and field research. Our results indicated that the average rate of CO2 emission per visitor to the Conservation Area was 39.2 kg per day, with the consumption of fossil fuels being responsible for 91.3% of that production. In this away, it was found that the inventory of CO2 emissions was essential for assessment of the impacts of visitation, based on low-carbon tourism model. Under this scenario, it recognized the need for research in other tourist destinations and specific segments in order to expand the scientific knowledge on this subject.

El cambio climático resulta el exponente principal de la crisis contemporánea en la relación entre sociedad y naturaleza y afecta a todas las actividades humanas. En función de este escenario, deben surgir nuevos acuerdos de planificación y gestión basados en acciones contextualizadas en los principios del desarrollo de bajo carbono. Así, este artículo evaluó los impactos del turismo en la Unidad de Conservación (UC) APA del Delta de Parnaíba (PI), en base al inventario de las fuentes de emisión de dióxido de carbono (CO2) de los visitantes y los principios del turismo de bajo carbono. Se utilizó la investigación bibliográfica y de campo y se constató que la media de las emisiones per cápita de los visitantes en la UC fue de 39,2 kgCO2 por día, teniendo como principal vector el consumo de combustibles (91,3% de las emisiones). De esta forma, se verificó que el inventario de las emisiones de CO2 fue esencial para evaluar los impactos de la visita en la UC en base al modelo de turismo de bajo carbono. Así, se reconoció la necesidad de investigar otros destinos turísticos y segmentos específicos con la finalidad de ampliar el conocimiento científico sobre esta temática.

Objetivou-se mensurar economicamente os custos internos da área de produção de soja no cerrado piauiense, sob os sistemas de plantio direto e convencional, causados pelo processo de erosão, nas safras de 2000/2001 e de 2007/2008. O procedimento metodológico centrou-se no levantamento bibliográfico e estatístico de dados secundários e na aplicação do método do custo de reposição de nutrientes, no intuito de verificar qual o impacto econômico da degradação do solo na região. Por meio da pesquisa constatou-se que, em ambos os períodos de safras e sistemas de plantios analisados, os custos de reposição foram expressivos, representando, em média, 2,9% do valor total da produção de soja. Na safra 2000/2001, os custos por hectare foram de R$ 22,96 e R$ 21,93 para os plantios convencional e direto, respectivamente. Para a safra 2007/2008, os custos foram de R$ 22,40 e R$ 21,20, respectivamente. Portanto, esta configuração explicitou a relativa estabilidade do valor da perda de solo no período de análise, haja vista apresentar reduzido decréscimo na safra 2007/2008. Logo, inferiu-se que o uso do sistema de plantio direto no cultivo de soja no cerrado piauiense não somente proporcionou vantagens econômicas, mas, sobretudo, contribuiu para a sustentabilidade do agroecossistema.

The present article aimed to measure the economic costs of the domestic production soybean area in the cerrado (one type of vegetation in Brazil) of Piauí, in the systems of conventional and tillage, caused by the process of erosion in the 2000/2001 and 2007/2008 seasons. It analyzes the historical process of international integration of the Brazilian economy through the primary-exporting model, emphasizing the intensive use of natural resources as factor of competitiveness, characterized by the occupation and use of Brazilian cerrado and based on the soybean production and examined the consequences and risks to the biome arising from that process. The methodological procedure focused on the literature review and statistical from secondary data and the application of the replacement cost of nutrients method, to verify the economic impact of soil degradation in the region. Through the research, it was found that in both periods of crop and planting systems analyzed, costs of replacement were significant, representing, on average, 2.9 percent of the total soybean production. In the 2000/2001 season, the cost per hectare was 22.96 reais and 21.93 reais for conventional tillage and direct planting, respectively. While in the 2007/2008 crop, harvest costs were 22.40 reais and 21.20 reais, respectively. Therefore, this configuration explained the relative stability of the value of the loss of land during the period under review, once having presented low decrease in the 2007/2008 season. Therefore, it is inferred that the use of the system of tillage in the soybean planting in the cerrado of Piauí not only has economic advantages, but above all, has contributed to the sustainability of the agro ecosystem.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o teste rápido de antígeno de H. pylori nas fezes (One step H. pylori antigen test, ACON laboratories, San Diego, USA; Prime diagnostics, São Paulo), usando teste respiratório com uréia marcada com 13C (TRU-13C), como padrão ouro. Noventa e oito pacientes assintomáticos ou com dispepsia participaram do estudo. Sessenta e nove eram mulheres; a média de idade dos pacientes foi de 45.76 ± 14.59 (14 a 79 anos). No grupo H. pylori positivo, o teste rápido detectou antígenos de H. pylori nas fezes em 44 dos 50 pacientes positivos (sensibilidade de 88%; 95% IC: 75.7-95.5%), com seis falso-negativos; e no grupo H. pylori negativo, 42 apresentaram resultados negativos (especificidade de 87,5%; 95% IC: 74.7-95.3%), com seis falso-positivos, mostrando concordância substancial (índice Kappa = 0.75; p < 0.0001; 95% IC: 0.6-0.9). Quarenta e quatro dos 50 que tiveram teste de antígeno fecal positivo eram H. pylori positivos, sendo o VPP do teste 88% (95% IC: 75.7-95.5%), e 42 pacientes com teste de antígeno fecal negativo eram H. pylori negativos, com VPN de 87,5% (95% IC: 74.7-95.3%). Concluímos que o teste de antígeno fecal imunocromatográfico pode ser usado como alternativa ao teste respiratório para diagnóstico de infecção pelo H. pylori, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento.

The aim of this study was to validate the rapid lateral flow Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test (One step H. pylori antigen test, ACON laboratories, San Diego, USA; Prime diagnostics, São Paulo), using 13C-Urea Breath Test as the gold standard for H. pylori infection diagnosis. A total of 98 consecutive patients, asymptomatic or dyspeptic, entered the study. Sixty-nine were women, with a mean age of 45.76 ± 14.59 years (14 to 79 years). In the H. pylori-positive group, the rapid stool antigen test detected H. pylori antigen in 44 of the 50 positive patients (sensitivity 88%; 95% CI: 75.7-95.5%), and six false-negative; and in the H. pylori-negative group 42 presented negative results (specificity 87.5%; 95% CI: 74.7-95.3%), and six false-positive, showing a substantial agreement (Kappa Index = 0.75; p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9). Forty four of fifty patients that had positive stool antigen were H. pylori-positive, the PPV of the stool antigen test was 88% (95% CI: 75.7-95.5%), and 42 patients with negative stool antigen test were H. pylori-negative, the NPV of the stool antigen test was 87.5% (95% CI: 74.7-95.3%). We conclude that the lateral flow stool antigen test can be used as an alternative to breath test for H. pylori infection diagnosis especially in developing countries.

Analisou-se a forma como a soja, implantada no cerrado piauiense, influencia os eixos ambiental e socioeconômico.O baixo valor da terra, a proximidade do mercado externo, solos mecanizáveis, os recursos governamentais facilitados na forma de incentivos fiscais e financeiros são fatores que justificam a exploração dessa região.Conclui-se que o uso e ocupação agrícola dessa região seguem o mesmo receituário desenvolvimentista ocorrido no Cerrado do Brasil.

This is a study on the way the soybean, which was introduced in Piauí Savanna, has influenced the environmental and social-economic axis. The factors that explained Piauí's land exploitation were: the low price of its agricultural land, its proximity to the external market, the viable mechanization of its soils, and governmental resources facilitated by financial and fiscal incentives. Therefore, the use and the agricultural exploitation of that region have followed the same developmental pattern of the Brazilian savanna.