ABSTRACT: Recognizing the school as a fundamental space for gender socialization, the article describes the representations that teachers have about gender, sexuality, sexism in education and recent changes in gender relations. 5 focus groups were held, 4 in Santiago and 1 in Valparaíso between 2018 and 2019, which were analyzed using the NVIVO 11 program. The conclusions indicate that teachers understand the aspects related to sexist education and the factors that reproduce it or question it. Tensions are observed between teachers and students regarding issues of sexism, as well as within the teaching staff, between newly graduated teachers and those who have been teaching for more years. It is recommended to reinforce the initial training of teachers in sexuality and gender and to train already qualified teachers to face the challenges that social changes impose on the educational system.

RESUMEN: Reconociendo la escuela como espacio fundamental de socialización de género, el artículo describe las representaciones que el profesorado tiene acerca del género, la sexualidad, el sexismo en la educación y los recientes cambios en las relaciones de género. Se realizaron 5 focus groups, 4 en Santiago y 1 en Valparaíso entre 2018 y 2019, los que fueron analizados con el programa NVIVO 11. Las conclusiones indican que los/as docentes comprenden los aspectos relacionados a una educación sexista y los factores que la reproducen o cuestionan. Se observan tensiones entre profesores/as y estudiantes referente a los temas de sexismo, así como también al interior del profesorado, entre profesores/as recién titulados y quienes llevan más años de ejercicio docente. Se recomienda reforzar la formación inicial de profesores/as en sexualidad y género y capacitar a los profesores/as ya titulados para enfrentar los desafíos que los cambios sociales le imponen al sistema educativo.

Objective: Psychomotor abnormalities are relevant symptoms in the clinical presentation of schizophrenia, and assessing them could facilitate monitoring. New technologies can measure psychomotor activity objectively and continuously, but evidence on the topic is scarce. Our aim is to systematically review the existing evidence about eHealth tools for assessing psychomotor activity in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Method: We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and Embase databases and identified 15 relevant articles on eHealth tools for assessing psychomotor activity in schizophrenia. Results: eHealth devices accurately assessed psychomotor activity and were well accepted. Abnormalities in psychomotor activity helped differentiate between different subtypes of schizophrenia. Abnormal increases in psychomotor activity were correlated with acute presentations, while lower activity was associated with relapses, deterioration, and negative symptoms. Conclusion: Actigraphy is still the preferred eHealth device in research settings, but mobile applications have great potential. Further studies are needed to explore the possibilities of psychomotor monitoring and mobile health applications for preventing relapses in schizophrenia. eHealth could be useful for monitoring psychomotor activity, which might help prevent relapses.

ABSTRACT Personalized nursing counseling is part of an integrated system of actions and represents important support for patients during the three phases of oncological processes: diagnosis, treatment, recovery and quality of life. A review was made of a study in a specialty hospital in the city of Guayaquil, in relation to Nursing Assessment in cancer patients during the chemotherapy treatment, with the objective of determining the alteration of several physical, psychological and emotional aspects. Based on the conclusions of the study, the need for the Nursing Ministry is revealed as an invaluable support system for cancer patients. Several literary reviews associated with the subject are used, finding important results in relation to these aspects. The results obtained from the aforementioned study agree that body image, anxiety-depression status and nutritional status are the most affected aspects in this type of patients, there being a correlation in which the continuous monitoring of these patients allows to face radical changes and prevent greater complications. Conclusion: public and private health institutions must have a nursing counseling system, with a multidisciplinary participation program. The Organic Health Law in Ecuador includes orphan and catastrophic diseases as a priority in health care, therefore oncological patients have the right to individualized assistance and a specialized control system.

RESUMEN La consejería personalizada de enfermería forma parte de un sistema integrado de acciones y representa para los pacientes un apoyo importante durante las tres fases en los procesos oncológicos relacionados al diagnóstico, tratamiento, recuperación y calidad de vida. En el presente trabajo se plasma un estudio realizado en un hospital de especialidad en la ciudad de Guayaquil, en relación a la valoración de enfermería en pacientes oncológicos durante el tratamiento de quimioterapia, con el objetivo de determinar la alteración de varios aspectos físicos, psicológicos y emocionales. A partir de las conclusiones del estudio realizado, se devela la necesidad de la Consejería de Enfermería como un sistema de apoyo invaluable para los pacientes oncológicos. Se recurre a varias revisiones literarias asociadas al tema encontrando resultados importantes en relación a estos aspectos. Los resultados obtenidos del estudio antes mencionado, coinciden en que la imagen corporal, estado de ansiedad-depresión y estado nutricional son los aspectos más afectados en este tipo de pacientes, existiendo una correlación en que el acompañamiento continuo de estos pacientes permite afrontar cambios radicales y prevenir mayores complicaciones. Conclusiones: las instituciones de salud pública y privadas deben contar con un sistema de Consejería de Enfermería, contando con programa de participación multidisciplinaria. La Ley Orgánica de Salud en el Ecuador incluye las enfermedades huérfanas y catastróficas como una prioridad en la atención de salud, por lo tanto los pacientes oncológicos tienen derecho a una asistencia individualizada y un sistema de control especializado.

Flavor composition has been defined as a complex attribute of fruit quality, in which the mix of sugars, acids and volatiles play a primary role. In table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), sweetness and sourness are the most important flavor attributes for fresh consumption. However, most of the studies available have been performed on wine grapes, which are grown, cultured and processed differently to table grapes. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the changes in sugars and organic acids during the development of ’Thompson Seedless’, ’Red Globe’ and ’Crimson Seedless’ grown under the same agroclimatic conditions. Each variety was sampled weekly from 2 wk before véraison until commercial harvest. Sugars and organic acids were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) and ultra violet detector, respectively. The ranges of acid and sugars concentrations found in grapes were as follows: tartaric acid, 1.28-7.45 g L-1; malic acid, 0.38-29.92 g L-1, citric acid traces-1.03 g L-1; fructose, 0.15-8.74 g (sugar) 100 g(grape)-1; glucose, 0.19-8.71 g (sugar) 100 g(grape)-1 and sucrose 0.02-0.91 g (sugar) 100 g(grape)-1. Among sugars, glucose was the most abundant one in early stages and then it decreased until the harvest period, when the amount of fructose and glucose converged to an average of 47% for each sugar. Despite organic acids reaching steady levels 3-4 wk before commercial harvest, there were important differences in the organic acid profiles among varieties, with ’Thompson Seedless’ showing the lowest tartaric/malic acid ratio of 1.19. These differences are an important aspect in terms of overall flavor.

La composición del sabor ha sido definida como un atributo complejo de la calidad de la fruta, en el cual la mezcla de azúcares, ácidos y volátiles juega un rol determinante. En uva de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.), el dulzor y la acidez son los atributos primordiales para su consumo fresco. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios realizados al respecto se han desarrollado en uva para la producción de vino, la cual crece, se cultiva y se procesa de manera diferente a la uva de mesa. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo se centró en caracterizar los cambios en azúcares y ácidos orgánicos a lo largo de su desarrollo en las variedades ’Thompson Seedless’, ’Red Globe’, y ’Crimson Seedless’, producidas bajo las mismas condiciones agroclimáticas. Para cada variedad se realizaron muestreos semanales desde 2 semanas previas a pinta hasta la cosecha comercial. Los azúcares y ácidos orgánicos fueron cuantificados mediante cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento (HPLC) equipados con detectores evaporativos de dispersión de la luz (ELSD) y ultra violeta, respectivamente. El rango de concentraciones de ácidos y azúcares encontrados en uva fueron los siguientes: ácido tartárico, 1,28-7,45 g L-1; ácido málico, 0,38-29,92 g L-1, ácido cítrico trazas-1,03 g L-1; fructosa, 0,15-8,74 g (azúcar) 100 g (uva)-1; glucosa, 0,19-8,71 g (azúcar) 100 g (uva)-1 and sacarosa 0.02-0.91 g (azúcar) 100 g(uva)-1. Entre los azúcares, glucosa fue la más abundante en etapas tempranas y luego disminuyó hasta el período de cosecha, cuando la cantidad de fructosa y glucosa converge en un promedio de 47% para cada azúcar. A pesar de que los ácidos orgánicos alcanzaron un nivel constante entre 3 a 4 semanas antes de su cosecha, existen diferencias importantes en el perfil de ácidos orgánicos entre las variedades, con ’Thompson Seedless’ mostrando la más baja relación de ácidos tartárico/málico de 1,19. Estas diferencias son un punto importante al considerar el sabor general para cada variedad.

Objectives: Concomitantly with the actual trend towards later fathering, more detailed studies are necessary to establish the relationship between male age and seminal features. The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the relationship of men age with semen quality and with the seminal levels of epididymal and accessory gland markers. Methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective study of 9168 cases obtained from the Andrology and Reproduction Laboratory in Cordoba, Argentina for 10 years (1995-2004) (men ages 20 to 77). An important number of factors such as abstinence time, toxic habits, work conditions and drugs consumption has been statistically considered. The parameters measured were: seminal volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, sperm motility, morphology and viability. Seminal levels of alpha-glucosidase, fructose and citric acid were also evaluated. Results: We detected a significant decrease in seminal volume, sperm count, motility, viability and normal morphology, and a reduction in alpha-glucosidase and fructose levels in relation to age. Conclusions: Since semen quality is a tool for fertility prognosis estimation, the weight of evidence indicates that men may become progressively less fertile as they get older. Couples who decide to delay childbearing should be warned about this matter.

Objetivo: En coincidencia con la actual tendencia hacia la paternidad tardía, son necesarios más estudios para establecer la relación entre la edad del varón y las características seminales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la relación de la edad con la calidad espermática y con los niveles seminales de marcadores funcionales del epidídimo y de glándulas anexas. Métodos: este estudio retrospectivo fue realizado sobre 9168 casos obtenidos de hombres miembros de parejas con problemas de fertilidad que se presentaron en el Laboratorio de Andrología y Reproducción, en Córdoba, Argentina durante 10 años (1995-2004) (en pacientes entre 20 y 77 años). Se controló estadísticamente un importante número de posibles factores de confusión tales como tiempo de abstinencia sexual, hábitos tóxicos, condiciones laborales y consumo de medicamentos. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: volumen seminal, concentración espermática, número total de espermatozoides, motilidad, morfología y vitalidad espermática. Se cuantificaron además las concentraciones seminales de alfa-glucosidasa, fructosa y ácido cítrico. Resultados: en el presente estudio detectamos un descenso significativo en el volumen seminal, el recuento espermático, la motilidad, la vitalidad y el porcentaje de espermatozoides morfológicamente normales, así como una reducción en los niveles de alfa-glucosidasa y fructosa seminales en relación con la edad. Conclusiones: dado que la calidad seminal constituye un factor de pronóstico para la fertilidad masculina, las evidencias indican que los hombres podrían disminuir su fertilidad a medida que envejecen. Aquellas parejas que decidan postergar su paternidad deben ser advertidas acerca de este hecho.

Com o objetivo de selecionar linhagens de Trichogramma para o controle de G. aurantianum, avaliaram-se as características biológicas de 13 linhagens/espécies deste parasitóide. A partir desta seleção, determinou-se o número ideal de T. pretiosum (linhagem G18) a ser liberado por ovo de G. aurantianum em testes de telado. O teste de seleção de linhagens/espécies foi realizado em câmara climatizada regulada a 25±1ºC, UR: 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14h. O número ideal de parasitóides foi estimado em gaiolas recobertas com tecido do tipo "voile". A duração do ciclo de vida das 13 linhagens/espécies de Trichogramma variou de 10,2 a 11,9 dias. A linhagem Atp (T. atopovirilia) apresentou maior capacidade de parasitismo, com uma média de 23,3 ovos parasitados e 77,5% de parasitismo em 24 horas, vindo a seguir a linhagem G18 (T. pretiosum) com média de 16,8 ovos parasitados e 56,1% de parasitismo no mesmo intervalo de tempo. As 13 linhagens/espécies tiveram desempenho semelhante quanto à emergência, longevidade de machos e razão sexual. O número de adultos emergidos por ovo foi de 1,8 para as linhagens G11 (T. pretiosum) e Br10 (T. bruni), as quais diferiram apenas da linhagem G3 (T. pretiosum), esta com 1,3 indivíduo/ovo. Para a longevidade de fêmeas foram encontrados valores distintos apenas entre as linhagens de T. pretiosum Tp e L2, com 6,3 e 9,3 dias, respectivamente. A proporção estimada de 36 parasitóides por ovo de G. aurantianum possibilitou a maior porcentagem de parasitismo por T. pretiosum (89%) nas condições de telado. Portanto, Trichogramma spp. apresentam potencial de controle de G. aurantianum, desde que liberados em grandes quantidades por unidade de área.

In order to select Trichogramma strains to control G. aurantianum, the biological characteristics of 13 Trichogramma species/strains were evaluated. After selection, the ideal number of T. pretiosum (G18 strain) to be released per G. aurantianum egg was determined in greenhouse tests. The selection test for species/strains was carried out in an incubator adjusted to 25±1ºC, RH 70 ± 10%, and a 14 h photophase. The ideal number of parasitoids was estimated in cages covered with a piece of voile-type fabric. The cycle duration for the 13 Trichogramma species/strains varied from 10.2 to 11.9 days. The Atp strain (T. atopovirilia) showed greater parasitism capacity, with an average of 23.3 parasitized eggs and 77.5% parasitism in 24 hours. The G18 strain (T. pretiosum) came next, with an average of 16.8 parasitized eggs and 56.1% parasitism during the same time interval. The emergency, longevity of males, and sex ratio for the 13 species/strains were similar. The number of adults emerged per egg was 1.8 for strains G11 (T. pretiosum) and Br10 (T. bruni), which were different from the G3 strain (T. pretiosum) only, with 1.3 adults per egg. With regard to female longevity, distinct values were observed only between T. pretiosum strains Tp and L2, with 6.3 and 9.3 days, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, the estimated ratio of 36 T. pretiosum parasitoids per G. aurantianum egg allowed the highest percentage of parasitism (89%). Therefore, Trichogramma spp. has a potential to control G. aurantianum, as long as a large number of parasitoids is released per unit area.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de utilização de Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 e T. pretiosum Riley, 1879 como agentes de controle de Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), importante praga da citricultura paulista. Foram realizados estudos de biologia em diferentes temperaturas, exigências térmicas e capacidade de parasitismo, visando fornecer subsídios a programas de controle biológico com estes parasitóides. A razão sexual não foi afetada pelas temperaturas estudadas (18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 e 32ºC), porém, a longevidade de fêmeas das duas espécies foi maior a 22 e 25ºC. Para a porcentagem de emergência e longevidade de fêmeas, a temperatura que tendeu a ser mais adequada foi a de 25ºC. A duração do período ovo-adulto para as duas espécies foi inversamente relacionada com o aumento da temperatura, sendo as exigências térmicas dessas espécies muito próximas, em torno de 108 GD. O hospedeiro natural, E. aurantiana, ou o alternativo, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), não afetaram o número de ovos parasitados por fêmea de Trichogramma. Porém, a porcentagem de parasitismo e o número de adultos emergidos por ovo, quando provenientes de ovos de E. aurantiana, foram maiores do que os criados sobre ovos de A. kuehniella. A porcentagem de emergência foi, no entanto, maior quando os parasitóides foram provenientes de ovos de A. kuehniella. As duas espécies de Trichogramma estudadas poderão ser testadas em campo para controle do bicho-furão-dos-citros, havendo uma indicação de que as exigências térmicas também podem servir como um bom parâmetro para seleção de espécies e/ou linhagens de Trichogramma, aliadas ao estudo de capacidade de parasitismo.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum Riley, 1879 as agents of control of Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an important Citrus pest in São Paulo State (South-East Brazil). In order to provide subsidies to programs of biological control with these parasitoids, studies of biology in different temperatures, thermal requirements and parasitism capacity were carried out. The temperatures (18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32ºC) did not affect the sex ratio, however, female longevity of both species was higher at 22 and 25ºC. The temperature of 25°C tended to be more suitable to both emergency rate and female longevity. The egg-adult period for both Trichogramma species was inversely proportional to temperature. The thermal requirements of the two species were very close, about 108 DD (degree days). Neither the natural rearing host, E. aurantiana, nor the alternative host Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), affected the number of parasitized eggs per Trichogramma female. The parasitism rate and the number of emerged adults per egg on E. aurantiana eggs were higher than on A. kuehniella eggs. However, the emergency rate was higher when the parasitoids were reared on A. kuehniella eggs. Both Trichogramma species could be tested in the field for citrus fruit borer control. The thermal requirements and the parasitism capacity also could be good parameters for selection of Trichogramma species/strains.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise faunística das espécies frugívoras de Tephritoidea (Diptera), capturadas em três pomares de citros dos municípios de Anastácio e Terenos-MS, durante 25 meses. Armadilhas plásticas McPhail com proteína hidrolisada de milho a 5% foram penduradas em plantas de Citrus sinensis (L.) e C. reticulata (L.) a 1,70 m do nível do solo e espaçadas a 30 m. As espécies de Tephritidae capturadas foram: Anastrepha alveatoides Blanchard, A. bezzii Lima, A. castanea Norrbom, A. daciformis Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. haywardi Blanchard, A. leptozona Hendel, A. macrura Hendel, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. punctata Hendel, A. rheediae Stone, A. serpentina (Wied.), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. undosa Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi; três espécies não-descritas - Anastrepha sp.1, Anastrepha sp.2, Anastrepha sp.3 e Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). Os Lonchaeidae capturados foram: Dasiops sp.; D. inedulis Steyskal, Lonchaea sp. e Neosilba spp. A mosca-do-mediterrâneo, C. capitata foi a espécie mais abundante e freqüente, sendo dominante nos pomares de ambos os municípios. No pomar do município de Anastácio, as espécies mais abundantes foram: Anastrepha daciformis, A. obliqua, A. pickeli, A. punctata, A. sororcula e A. fraterculus. Nos pomares de Terenos, A. dissimilis, A. punctata, A. sororcula, A. daciformis, A. striata e A. pickeli foram as espécies mais abundantes.

This paper presents a faunistic analysis of the frugivorous species of Tephritoidea (Diptera) captured in three citrus groves in the municipalities of Anastácio (Chácara Laranjal, 20º 31' 36'' S, 55º 50' 12'' W, 170 m) and Terenos (Chácara Suzuki, 20º 26' 12" S, 55º 04' 54'' W, 308m), MS, Brazil, during a 25 month period. McPhail traps with 5% hydrolyzed corn protein were hung in Citrus sinensis (L.) and C. reticulata (L.) trees, spaced 30 m apart. The Tephritidae species caught were: Anastrepha alveatoides Blanchard, A. bezzii Lima, A. castanea Norrbom, A. daciformis Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. haywardi Blanchard, A. leptozona Hendel, A. macrura Hendel, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. punctata Hendel, A. rheediae Stone, A. serpentina (Wied.), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. undosa Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi, three undescribed species - Anastrepha sp.1, Anastrepha sp.2; Anastrepha sp.3 and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). The frugivorous Lonchaeidae caught were: Dasiops sp.; D. inedulis Steyskal, Lonchaea sp. and Neosilba spp. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly, C. capitata, was the most abundant and frequent, being the dominant species in the groves of both municipalities. In the Citrus grove in Anastácio the most abundant species were: Anastrepha daciformis, A. obliqua, A. pickeli, A. punctata, A. sororcula and A. fraterculus. In the Citrus groves in Terenos, A. dissimilis, A. punctata, A. sororcula, A. daciformis, A. striata and A. pickeli were the most abundant species.

Este trabalho avaliou a captura de moscas frugívoras (Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) com armadilhas plásticas McPhail, em dois pomares comerciais de citros, localizados nos municípios de Anastácio e Terenos, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os objetivos foram estudar a flutuação populacional dos adultos capturados nas armadilhas e verificar qual a relação entre as espécies amostradas nas armadilhas com os frutos danificados. As armadilhas foram distanciadas cerca de 30 m entre si sobre toda a área, penduradas a aproximadamente 1,70 m de altura, na copa das plantas de citros. Foram instaladas oito armadilhas (duas armadilhas/ha) no pomar em Anastácio e 21 armadilhas em Terenos (uma armadilha/ha). As armadilhas foram iscadas com a proteína hidrolizada de milho (5%) TephritidMR (atrativo alimentar). As avaliações foram feitas no período de 22 de março de 1994 a 23 de março de 1996. A mosca-do-mediterrâneo Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) e 25 espécies de Anastrepha foram capturadas em vários meses nas armadilhas, mas não infestaram laranjas. Neosilba sp. foi capturada ininterruptamente durante os 25 meses e foi encontrada, também, nos frutos danificados amostrados nos pomares. Isso sugere que Neosilba sp. pode ter importância econômica em citros. As espécies de moscas frugívoras predominantes foram Neosilba sp., C. capitata, Anastrepha punctata Hendel e A. sororcula Zucchi. Não houve correlação entre o número de adultos de moscas frugívoras capturadas nas armadilhas com o número de larvas e de adultos criados das laranjas infestadas colhidas nos pomares.

This paper evaluated the capture of frugivorous flies (Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) with plastic McPhail traps, in two commercial citrus groves, located in the municipalities of Anastácio and Terenos, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The aim of this work was to determine the populational fluctuation of adult frugivorous flies, and to study its relationship with the damaged fruits in the groves. The traps were placed about 30 m apart over the entire area in both groves, hung up approximately 1.70 m high from soil, in the canopy of the citrus plants. Eight traps were installed (two traps/ha) at Anastácio and 21 traps in Terenos (one trap/ha). The traps were baited with the hydrolyzed corn protein (5%) TephritidTM (food bait). Evaluations were carried out from March 22, 1994 to March 23, 1996. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and 25 species of Anastrepha were caught during several months in both orange groves, but no fruit fly species were found infesting oranges. Neosilba sp. was caught from the traps during all the experiment and was also reared from the damaged oranges, thus suggesting that that fly can be a pest. The predominant species of frugivorous flies caught in the traps were: Neosilba sp., C. capitata, Anastrepha punctata Hendel and A. sororcula Zucchi. There was no correlation between adult frugivorous flies caught in the traps and the number of larvae and adult flies reared from the infested oranges collected in the groves.

This paper presents a five years survey of endoparasitoids obtained from the larvae of frugivorous Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae flies. The insects were reared from cultivated and wild fruits collected in areas of the cerrado in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The flies obtained from 14 host fruit species were eight Anastrepha species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Tephritidae); Dasiops sp. and Neosilba spp. (Lonchaeidae). Eleven parasitoid species were collected: Braconidae - Asobara anastrephae (Muesebek, 1958), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911), D. fluminensis (Costa Lima, 1938), Opius bellus Gahan, 1930 and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913); Figitidae - Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower, 1919), Odontosema anastrephae (Borgmeier, 1935) and Trybliographa infuscata Gallardo, Díaz & Uchôa-Fernandes, 2000 and, Pteromalidae - Spalangia gemina Boucek, 1963 and S. endius Walker, 1839. In all cases only one parasitoid emerged per puparium. D. areolatus was the most abundant and frequent parasitoid of fruit fly species, as was L. anastrephae in Neosilba spp. larvae. This is the first record of A. nordlanderi in the midwestern Brazilian region.

Neste trabalho foram amostradas 35 espécies de frutos do cerrado em sete municípios do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (janeiro de 1993 a março de 1997) para avaliar a infestação por moscas frugívoras. Ocorreram espécies de seis gêneros de Tephritoidea - Anastrepha Schiner, Ceratitis MacLeay (Tephritidae); Dasiops Rondani, Lonchaea Fallén, Neosilba McAlpine (Lonchaeidae) e Notogramma Loew (Otitidae), em 29 espécies de frutos. As moscas-das-frutas (Tephritidae) colonizaram 19 hospedeiros e foram representadas por 11 espécies: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi, Anastrepha sp. n. e Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). De Lonchaeidae foram obtidos: Dasiops inedulis Steyskal, Dasiops spp., Lonchaea spp., Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine e Neosilba spp. As espécies de Neosilba foram as mais abundantes moscas frugívoras, ocorrendo em 22 hospedeiros. Notogramma foi o único gênero de Otitidae obtido. É discutida a associação entre moscas frugívoras e frutos hospedeiros.

Thirty-five fruit species were sampled in seven municipalities located in the cerrado of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (January 1993 to March 1997) in a study to evaluate the infestation by frugivorous flies. Species of six genera of Tephritoidea were reared from 29 host fruits: Anastrepha Schiner, Ceratitis MacLeay (Tephritidae); Dasiops Rondani, Lonchaea Fallén, Neosilba McAlpine, (Lonchaeidae) and Notogramma Loew (Otitidae). Fruit flies (Tephritidae) were found in 19 host fruits and were represented by 11 species: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi, Anastrepha n. sp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). From Lonchaeidae were reared: Dasiops inedulis Steyskal, Dasiops spp., Lonchaea spp., Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine and Neosilba spp. The species of Neosilba were the most abundant, occourring in 22 host fruits. Notogramma was the only genus of Otitidae obtained. The association between frugivorous flies and the fruit species is discussed.

O objetivo do trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que a cigarrinha Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) serve como reservatório natural dos molicutes (Spiroplasma kunkelii e fitoplasma) que infetam o milho (Zea mays) no Mato Grosso do Sul, após períodos prolongados de pousio. Nas safras 1997/98 e 1998/99, avaliou-se a infetividade natural de migrantes desse inseto vetor em plantios de primavera (novembro/dezembro) da região de Anastácio (MS), onde não se cultiva o milho na entressafra (abril a setembro), em duas situações distintas: (A) áreas onde o milho era plantado anualmente a partir de outubro, e (B) áreas onde o milho não era cultivado há vários anos. Cigarrinhas foram coletadas no campo e confinadas em plântulas sadias de milho, em casa de vegetação, para a inoculação dos patógenos. Após 50-60 dias, as plantas-teste foram avaliadas quanto a sintomas diagnósticos de S. kunkelii e por PCR para detecção de fitoplasma. Através dos bionsaios de transmissão, detectou-se S. kunkelii e fitoplasma em 2 a 20% e 1 a 4% dos indivíduos coletados, respectivamente. O aparecimento de adultos infetivos logo após a germinação da cultura, inclusive nas áreas onde o milho não era cultivado há vários anos, sugere que os molicutes foram transportados na entressafra por indivíduos migratórios de D. maidis.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) serves as a natural source of mollicutes (Spiroplasma kunkelii and phytoplasma) that infect maize (Zea mays) following overseason in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. The natural infectivity of D. maidis migrants was evaluated in spring plantings of 1997 and 1998 in the region of Anastácio (MS), where maize is not cultivated from April to September. Live leafhoppers were sampled in areas where: (A) maize was planted annually in the spring (October/December), and (B) maize had not been cultivated for several years. In a greenhouse, the leafhoppers were confined to healthy maize seedlings for pathogen inoculation. Two months later, the test plants were rated for diagnostic symptoms of S. kunkelii and tested by PCR for phytoplasma infection. Based on the transmission bioassays, S. kunkelii and phytoplasma were detected in 2 to 20% and 1 to 4% of the collected individuals, respectively. The appearance of infective adults soon after maize germination, even in the areas where maize had not been cultivated for several years, suggests that the mollicutes were transported in the overseason by migratory individuals of D. maidis.