ABSTRACT. Some plants do not demand a lot of chilling hours, but methods to overcome dormancy promote more vigorous and productive plant. This study aimed to assess hydrogen cyanamide and nitrogen fertilizer with different concentration to growth and production in ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree. Two crop cycles (2015/2016 and 2016/2017) was performed in São Manuel city, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phenological and productive data was evaluated in a 2 x 5 factorial (Product x Concentration), organized in randomized complete block design, with three trees by plot. The factor products had as level hydrogen cyanamide and nitrogen fertilizer and the factor concentrations was constituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%. Furthermore, the following data was evaluated: number of days for budbreak, number of buds per plant, harvest period, branch length and diameter, leaf number, leaf area, number of fruits per plant, fruit mass, production and yield. Results indicated that both products anticipated the sprouting and promoted a higher number of buds overcome the dormancy. Plant production was higher in both cycles when the products were used (2.1 and 2.7, respectively). At last, hydrogen cyanamide showed better outcomes due to the higher number of fruits and production.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os padrões fenológicos, o crescimento vegetativo e as características de rendimento de variedades de figueira (Ficus carica) no Sudeste brasileiro. As variedades 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189 e Troyano foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e avaliadas em campo. As seguintes características foram avaliadas: número de dias entre a poda e o início da brotação; teor de clorofila das folhas; número de brotos por ramo; comprimento, diâmetro e número de entrenós de cada ramo; número de folhas por planta; área foliar; número de frutos por planta; massa, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos; produção e produtividade; e duração (dias) de cada estágio fenológico, tais como modelos de requerimento térmico. 'Roxo de Valinhos' e White Genova brotaram mais rapidamente e apresentaram maior número de brotações. Troyano obteve os maiores diâmetro e comprimento dos ramos, assim como maior número de frutos por planta, os quais tiveram os menores diâmetro, comprimento e massa. Além disso, Troyano apresentou colheita mais tardia e necessidade térmica de 4.577,31 graus-dia. 'Roxo de Valinhos' e White Genova apresentaram frutos com maior massa, diâmetro e comprimento. Troyano apresenta melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo e produz mais frutos por planta do que 'Roxo de Valinhos', mas os rendimentos de ambos os genótipos são similares.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological patterns, vegetative growth, and yield characteristics of fig (Ficus carica)varieties in Southeastern Brazil. The 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189, and Troyano varieties were distributed in a randomized complete block design and evaluated in the field. The following characteristics were assessed: number of days between pruning and the beginning of sprouting; leaf chlorophyll content; number of shoots on each branch; length, diameter, and number of internodes on each branch; number of leaves per plant; leaf area; number of fruit per plant; mass, length, and diameter of fruit; production and yield; and duration (days) of each phenological stage, such as thermal requirement models. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova sprouted the fastest and showed the largest number of shoots. Troyano obtained the greatest branch length and diameter, as well as the greatest number of fruit per plant, which had the shortest diameter and length and the lowest mass of fruit. Furthermore, Troyano showed the latest harvest, besides the thermal requirement of 4,577.31 degree-days. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova produced fruit with the greatest average mass and diameter and the longest length. Troyano shows better vegetative growth and produces more fruit per plant than 'Roxo de Valinhos', but both genotypes show similar yields.

ABSTRACT. Calcium chloride application on fruits maintains the firmness of fruits, decreases storage breakdown and rot, extends shelf-life, and increases vitamin C and calcium content. Blackberries have low post-harvest durability due to the intrinsic characteristics of their fruits, mainly the high respiratory rate and low firmness, which causes problems in the production chain of fresh fruits. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of pre-harvest application of calcium chloride on the fruits of ‘Tupy’ blackberry (Rubus spp.). A randomized block design for a factorial scheme was used, i.e. calcium chloride concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5%) and number of applications (1, 2, and 3). Multiple applications occurred between 5-day intervals. The results showed that the calcium content in the fruits increased with a single application of 2.2%, but a decrease in mass loss was observed with a 4.5% application. The results also indicated great firmness and ascorbic acid content of fruits of ‘Tupy’ blackberry, in addition to the significant increase in fruit size and mass. However, in general, the content of soluble solids, sugars, antioxidant activity and total polyphenols decreased.

ABSTRACT The induction of sprouting is a fundamental practice to grow temperate fruits in warmer regions, as the use of alternative products are necessary. This study aimed to verify the influence of foliar nitrogen fertilizer application to induce bud sprouting at different doses in three types of peach cultivars, regarding fruit quality, in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo. This study occurred at the experimental orchard of Botucatu Agriculture School of Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCA/UNESP) in 2015 and 2016. Evaluations consisted of three cultivars Douradáo, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel; and four doses of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (0; 1.25; 2.50 and 3.75%) with 4% calcium nitrate in all treatments. A randomized experimental design was conducted with 12 treatments, 4 replicates and 5 fruits per plot, that is, 240 evaluated fruits in each productive cycle. Fruits produced by cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the highest mean mass among the others, being greater than 100 g, regardless of applied dose. In this study, different doses influenced physical, physicochemical and biochemical attributes of fruits in all cultivars. However, both cultivars showed good quality standards in terms of size, high soluble solids content and low acidity, being recommended for direct consumption in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo.

RESUMEN La inducción de brotación es una práctica fundamental en el cultivo de frutales en regiones de clima caliente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de productos alternativos con la aplicación de diferentes dosis del fertilizante foliar nitrogenado (FFN), para inducir a la brotación y la calidad de frutos de tres cultivares de durazno en Botucatu - SP. El trabajo fue realizado durante los años 2015 y 2016, en la Estación Experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad Estadual Paulista, campus de Botucatu, SP. Los cultivares evaluados fueron durazno Douradáo, BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel, con cuatro dosis de FFN: 0; 1,25; 2,50 y 3,75%, asociadas al 4% de nitrato de calcio. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, con 12 tratamientos, 4 repeticiones y 5 frutos por parcela, totalizando 240frutos evaluados, en cada ciclo productivo. Los frutos producidos por el cultivar BRS Rubimel presentaron el mayor peso medio de los tres cultivares analizados, y fue superior a 100 g, indepen dientemente de la dosis del FFN utilizada. Las diferentes dosis del FFN utilizadas en este trabajo afectaron las características organolépticas de los frutos de los cultivares evaluados, en aspectos físicos, fisicoquímicos y bioquímicos. Los cultivares BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel presentaron frutos con patrones óptimos de calidad en cuanto al tamaño, contenido de sólidos solubles y baja acidez, y son recomendados para producción destinada al consumo fresco en la región de Botucatu - SP.

There is a growing consumer demand for higher healthy foods such as berries which are a rich source of phenolic compounds. The current work evaluated blackberry cultivars: Cherokee, Tupy and Xavante; raspberry cultivars: Heritage, Fallgold and Black; and the hybrid Boysenberry. All berries were grown under homogenous subtropical conditions in Brazil. Black raspberry, Cherokee and Tupy blackberry cultivars showed the highest ratio between soluble solid contents and titratable acidity, and Fallgold and Heritage raspberry showed the highest titratable acidity. Total phenolic content ranged from 2.03 to 5.33 g kg–1 fresh weight and total anthocyanin content registered values from 0.41 to 1.81 g kg–1 fresh weight. The most common phenolic acids were gallic, p-coumaric and ellagic, and for anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside and malvinidin-3-glucoside. Antioxidant capacity ranged from 14.13 to 21.51 mol equivalent trolox kg–1 fresh weight. Black raspberry, all blackberry cultivars and the Boysenberry hybrid are appropriate to be consumed fresh, while Fallgold and Heritage raspberries are recommended to the food industry. Due to their phenolic richness and antioxidant properties, these fruits are of great interest to the fresh fruit market and to pharmaceutical industries. These results could help breeders and growers when planning the cultivar selection according to their foreseeable destination.