BACKGROUND. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant influence on all spheres of society. This influence was particularly apparent in healthcare and in the training of health professionals within an already resource-constrained country such as South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges and opportunities for learning from the point of view of students undertaking the Bachelor of Health Sciences (BHSc) in Clinical Technology programme, which is a specialised and distinctive field, as well as the academics involved in this programme. OBJECTIVE. To explore how the clinical training practice component of the undergraduate programme was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS. A qualitative, exploratory research design was used. A non-probability purposive sampling method was selected. Students and academics were recruited and sampled. The first sample comprised 15 students from each of the 17 clinical departments where clinical training was undertaken. The second sample included 4 academics who were involved in teaching and supervising the placement of students at various healthcare institutions. Data were gathered using in-depth, semi-structured interviews on an adapted version of Gibbs' cycle of reflection. Six questions were presented to each participant, underpinned by the findings from the literature review and modified specifically to the context of this study. RESULTS. Four broad themes emerged: support for teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic; impact of the pandemic on students' mental wellbeing; transitioning to the online learning space; and finding opportunities in the time of crisis. CONCLUSION. This study highlights the issues of preparedness for crisis situations by higher education institutions, academics and students and underscores the need for curricula to be more responsive to student and societal needs.

BACKGROUND. The role that context plays in the teaching and learning space has been well documented.OBJECTIVES. To synthesise perspectives from previous studies related to the influence of context on teaching and learning among undergraduate nursing students.METHODS. This study was guided by the stages for review proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. Six databases were searched, generating 1 164 articles. Based on the eligibility criteria, the articles were screened through several processes, resulting in 55 articles being included in the final review.RESULTS. Five themes were identified, including the organisational space, the nature of interactions in the healthcare team, the role of the nurse manager, the role of the educator and the academic institution-hospital engagement.CONCLUSION. While there are many studies of the role of context in teaching and learning, this review highlights the interconnectedness of the various factors within the learning context, providing a framework that can inform decision-making when seeking to enhance teaching and learning in nursing education.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos da resposta imune do hospedeiro, mediante o uso de um modelo experimental de infecção de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CP) em camundongos C57/Black6 do tipo selvagem e em C57/Black6 knockout para o óxido nítrico (KO-NO). Foram avaliados 28 camundongos: quatro controles de tipo selvagem; 10 do tipo selvagem infectados com CP; quatro controles KO-NO; e 10 KO-NO infectados com CP. A infecção foi realizada via intraperitoneal, usando-se 107. Os animais C57/Black6 KO-NO infectados começaram a vir a óbito no quinto dia pós-inoculação, o que aconteceu até o 14º dia. Um número maior de neutrófilos foi encontrado na sua cavidade peritoneal. O exame do baço revelou um acúmulo de linfócitos, predominantemente células T CD8, nos grupos de animais experimentais. Nos animais KO-NO, foi observada a presença de granulomas, sete dias pós-inoculação, principalmente nos gânglios linfáticos. Além disso, uma maior quantidade de bactérias foi detectada dos linfonodos mesentéricos desses animais. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis séricos IgG total e em suas subclasses aos 14 dias pós-inoculação nos grupos KO-NO e selvagem. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a importância do óxido nítrico no processo de controle da infecção por CP.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate aspects of host immune response using an experimental infection model of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CP) in C57/Black6 wild-type and knockout for nitric oxide (KO-NO) mice. 28 mice were evaluated: 4 wild-type controls; 10 wild-type infected with CP; 4 KO-NO controls; 10 KO-NO infected with CP. Infection procedures were carried out by intraperitoneal inoculation using 107. Infected C57/Black6 KO-NO mice began to die after the 5° day post-inoculation, up until the 14º day. Neutrophils were found in increased numbers in the infiltrate of KO-NO murine peritoneal cavities. Examination of splenic tissue revealed an accumulation of lymphocytes, predominantly CD8 T-cells, in experimental animal groups. KO-NO animals were found to have a predominance of granulomas 7 days post-inoculation, primarily in the lymph nodes. In addition, greater amounts of bacteria were recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes of KO-NO mice. There was no statistically significant difference in the levels of total IgG and its subclasses 14 days post-inoculation between KO-NO and wild groups. The results suggest the importance of nitric oxide in the process of controlling CP infection, as KO-NO animals were observed to be markedly more affected by infection with this bacterium.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of processing fresh milk into dairy products on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of total and individual CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11; trans-10, cis-12; cis-10. cis-12) of dairy cow products, raw milk powdered and condensed milk. Additionally, samples of raw milk from two regions of southern Chile (Los Angeles and Los Lagos), obtained by a dairy plant were collected and analyzed. The processing of fresh milk dairy products affected the CLA and its isomers, finding a significant interaction between product type and sampling month, with the total average values of 1.35 g CLA / 100g of fatty acids (AG) in fresh milk and 1.45 and 0.93 g/ 100 g AG transferred to the milk powder and condensed respectively. As isomers, the cis-9, trans-11 had higher levels in the powdered milk that fresh milk in 7 months of the 10 months studied with values from 0.50 to 0.84 g/ 100 g AG. The isomer trans-10, cis-1 + cis-10, cis-12 CLA was found in a range of 0, 24 to 0.64 g/ 100 g AG always low in fresh milk. It is concluded that further research is necessary to elucidate the precise effect of processing and storage of milk and milk products on the content of CLA needed.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la transferencia del ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) y de sus isómeros (cis-9, trans-1; trans-10, cis-12; cis-10 cis-12) de leche cruda a productos lácteos como la leche en polvo y la leche condensada. Se recogieron y analizaron muestras de leche cruda de dos regiones del sur de Chile (Los Ángeles y Los Lagos), recepcionada por una planta de lácteos. El procesamiento de la leche fresca a productos lácteos afectó al CLA y a sus isómeros, encontrándose una interacción significativa entre el tipo de producto y el mes de muestreo, con valores promedios de CLA total de 1,35 g/100 g AG en la leche fresca y de 1,45 y 0,93 g/100 g AG traspasados a la leche en polvo y condensada respectivamente. En cuanto a los isómeros, el cis-9, trans-11 presentó niveles más altos en leche la en polvo que el leche fresca en 7 meses de los 10 estudiados con valores que fueron de 0,50 a 0,84 g/100 g AG. El CLA trans-10, cis-1+ CLA cis-10, cis-12 se encontró en un rango de 0, 24 a 0,64 a g/100 g AG siempre bajo de la leche fresca en el caso de la leche. Se concluye que es necesario una mayor investigación para dilucidar el efecto exacto del procesamiento y almacenamiento de la leche y los productos lácteos sobre el contenido de CLA.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos contra linfadenite caseosa (LC) em rebanhos ovinos comerciais do Distrito Federal (DF). Foram coletadas 1.028 amostras de soro entre março e junho de 2004, de todas as propriedades (32) do Distrito Federal com pelo menos 20 fêmeas adultas no rebanho. A soroprevalência da linfadenite caseosa foi determinada por ELISA com proteínas secretadas de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Cinquenta por cento das 32 propriedades apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo para o LC e a prevalência real para animais foi de 44,0% (IC 95: 41,0; 47,0), portanto, esses dados sugerem que a LC está presente em rebanhos ovinos comerciais no Distrito Federal.

The objective of this study was to determinate the seroprevalence of caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in commercial sheep herds in the Federal District, Brazil. One thousand and twenty-eight serum samples were collected, between March and June 2004, from all the properties (32) with at least 20 adult females in the flock. The seroprevalence of caseous lymphadenitis was determined by ELISA with secreted proteins of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The real prevalence value for the animals was 44.0% (CI 95: 41.0; 47.0), and 50.0% of the 32 herds had at least one animal seropositive for CL. Therefore, these data show that CL is fairly widespread in commercial flocks of sheep in the Federal District.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico do megacólon chagásico tem passado por sucessivas modificações ao longo do tempo. A multiplicidade das operações é explicada pelo conhecimento ainda incompleto da fisiopatologia da doença, MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro de 1977 a dezembro de 2003, 430 pacientes chagásicos foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico para o megacólon no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto. Foram realizadas 351 operações eletivas e 79 de urgência. Quatro tipos de operações realizadas em caráter eletivo mereceram destaque por terem sido as mais utilizadas: retossigmoidectomia anterior (52,71%), hemicolectomia esquerda (18,23%), abaixamento de cólon à Duhamel-Haddad (15,95%) e colectomia total (5,98%). Das 79 laparotomias exploradoras realizadas em regime de urgência, em 53 (67,09%) houve ressecção intestinal. Dentre os 430 pacientes operados, 268 (62,33%) evoluíram sem recidiva e 71 (16,51%) com recidiva da constipação intestinal. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Com base nos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que: a hemicolectomia esquerda, comparada às demais operações, apresentou maior recidiva da constipação intestinal; a retossigmoidectomia anterior comparada à operação de Duhamel-Haddad apresentou menor número de complicações e maior recidiva da constipação intestinal; as operações de urgência para o tratamento do volvo e do fecaloma apresentaram alta morbimortalidade, exigem resseções intestinais, estomas e reoperações.

PURPOSE: Surgical treatment of chagasic megacolon has suffered innumerable transformations over the years. Poor knowledge of the disease physiopathology is one of the reasons. METHODS: From January 1977 to December 2003, 430 patients were submitted to surgical treatment for chagasic megacolon. Of these procedures, 351 were elective and 79 emergency operations carried out at the University Hospital of Ribeirão Preto. Four elective operations, most frequently used, should be singled out: anterior rectosigmoidectomy (52.71%), left hemicolectomy (18.23%), Duhamel-Haddad operation(15.95%), and total colectomy (5.98%). From the 79 exploratory laparotomies performed on an emergency basis, 53 (67.09%) required intestinal resection. From the 430 patients operated upon, 268 (62.33%) progressed without recurrence of intestinal constipation, and 71 (15.51%) had a recurrence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Based on the data collected, left hemicolectomy had the highest constipation recurrence rate compared to other operating procedures; anterior retosigmoidectomy had less complication episodes and a larger recurrence of intestinal constipation in comparison to the Duhamel-Haddad operation. Emergency operations, mainly for the treatment of volvulus and fecaloma, presented high morbidity and mortality and required extensive intestinal resections, stomas and reoperations.