Abstract Vegetative propagation methods of acerola cherry are important in standardizing orchards and fruit quality, and the cutting process has been investigated as a promising alternative. The present work aimed to propose the best combination of substrate and cutting type (herbaceous and semi-woody) to provide a greater root rate and seedling development. The trial was conducted in a greenhouse at the State University of Maranhão, in São Luís - MA under intermittent nebulization conditions. The cuttings with dimensions of 10 cm were treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 2,000 mg L-1, and as substrate were used vermiculite (MV), Plantmax ® (PL) (commercial substrate based on decomposed pine bark), agricultural soil + tanned and sieved bovine manure (S + M) (50% + 50%, v / v); and vegetable soil (VS) composed of fresh soil with the remains of decomposed plants (leaves, stems, bark, and tree fern). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete design in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement (2 types of cuttings x 4 substrates) with eight replications with five cuttings per plot. At 60 days after the establishment of the trial, it was concluded that the best combination for rooting cuttings was vermiculite with herbaceous cuttings because they favor a higher rooting rate (95.0%). The alternative substrate composed of soil and tanned bovine manure provided promising results in the rate of rooting (72.5%), root formation, and vegetative development of the aerial part.

La autonomía del campo periodístico en Portugal en 1974-1975 tuvo un hito importante, con la abolición de la censura estatal. Las estrategias relacionadas con los medios y el campo periodístico se interpretan desde la perspectiva de las teorías de la comunicación y el concepto llamado "efecto de retraso" (Neveu).

A autonomização do campo jornalístico em Portugal teve no período de 1974-1975 um marco importante, com a abolição da censura estatal. Interpretam-se as estratégias relativas aos media e ao campo jornalístico na perspetiva das teorias da comunicação e do conceito designado por “efeito de atraso” (Neveu).

The autonomy of the journalistic field in Portugal was in the period from 1974-1975 an important milestone, with the abolition of state censorship. In this article, the strategies towards the media and the journalistic field are interpreted through the media theories and the concept called “delay effect” (Neveu).

RESUMO O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor de frutas do mundo, porém muitas fruteiras nativas continuam subexploradas, como ocorre com a mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes). Pouco se conhece sobre os aspectos gerais da espécie em seus ambientes de ocorrência natural. Desta forma, objetivou-se caracterizar a morfologia da planta e do fruto de mangabeiras silvestres selecionadas em áreas de ocorrência natural da espécie, em vegetação de transição entre o Cerrado e a Restinga. O experimento foi realizado no município de Morros-Maranhão, nos povoados Patizal, Recanto e Recurso, caracterizados por extensas áreas de vegetação de transição: Cerrado e Restinga, com ocorrência natural de mangabeira. Nos três povoados, selecionaram-se 45 mangabeiras-matrizes, das quais se mensuraram a altura total, altura do fuste, diâmetro do caule, volume de copa, número de ramos principais e secundários, e número de frutos. Coletaram-se 20 frutos por matriz e determinaram-se a massa, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, massa da polpa mais casca, rendimento de polpa, número e massa de sementes. Houve elevado grau de variabilidade para todas as variáveis estudadas, exceto para o rendimento de polpa (média = 86,69%, mínimo = 76,75% e máximo = 91,11%; CV = 3,51%). Há correlação positiva significativa de alta magnitude entre as variáveis massa do fruto e massa da polpa mais casca com o número de sementes (r=0,01; ?=0,78 e ?=0,74, respectivamente).

ABSTRACT Brazil is the third largest fruit producer in the world, but many native fruits remain underexploited, as is the case for mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes). Little is known about general aspects of this species in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, this study aimed to characterize plant and fruit morphologies from native mangabeira selections in the Savannah-Restinga vegetation transition zone. The experiment was carried out in Patizal, Recanto and Recurso villages located in the Morros municipality, Maranhão State, dominated by extensive Savannah-Restinga vegetation transition zone with naturally occurring mangabeiras. Forty five mangabeira trees were randomly chosen from native selections in the three villages. Data collected were plant height, stem height, stem diameter, canopy volume, number of main and secondary branches and number of fruits. Twenty fruits were collected per plant to determine the mass, length and diameter, pulp and skin mass, pulp yield, seed number and seed mass. There was a high degree of variability for all assessed variables except for the pulp yield (average = 86.69%, minimum = 76.75% and maximum = 91.11%; CV= 3.51%). Significant and positive high magnitude correlations were noted among the variables of fruit mass and pulp mass plus skin with seed number (r=0,01; ?=0,78 e ?=0,74, respectively).

RESUMO O conhecimento da composição florística das plantas invasoras é crucial para melhorar o manejo das pastagens. Informações sobre essas espécies em pastagens na região Nordeste do Brasil, particularmente no Estado do Maranhão são muito limitadas. Portanto, é importante gerar conhecimentos que possam ajudar os produtores a controlar as espécies invasoras nas pastagens dessa região. Este trabalho descreve a diversidade da flora invasora e analisa parâmetros da estrutura da comunidade, incluindo densidade, frequência, abundância e valor de importância de cada espécie em cinco áreas de pastagens com o mesmo manejo e tempo de exploração, no Estado do Maranhão. O levantamento foi realizado com um quadro (0,80 cm x 0,30 cm) lançado aleatoriamente 30 vezes em cada pastagem (n = 150). As plantas foram arrancadas, separadas por espécie e contadas. A flora invasora foi representada por 996 indivíduos de nove famílias, 15 gêneros e 19 espécies. A densidade foi de 44,3 plantas m-2. Espécies das famílias Cyperaceae e Poaceae predominaram na flora. As espécies mais importantes, baseado no Valor de Importância foram Eragrostis ciliaris (VI = 32.97), Cyperus rotundus (VI = 31,95), Cyperus luzulae (VI = 27,50), Cyperus sphacelatus (VI = 27,42), Pycreus lanceolatus (VI = 27,33) Cyperus haspan (VI = 25,72) e Eleusine indica (VI = 23,49). A diversidade das invasoras, baseado no Índice de Diversidade de Shannon foi muito alta (H' = 4.37 nats ind-1). Estes resultados podem contribuir para melhorar o manejo de pastagens no Estado do Maranhão.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of weed floristic composition and phytosociology are key factors for improving weed management in pastures. Information on weed species that occur in pastures in Northeast Brazil, particularly in Maranhão State is very limited. It is, therefore, important, to search for information to help farmers to control weeds in livestock farming. This paper describes the weed flora diversity and community structure parameters, including density, frequency, abundance and importance value for each weed species found in five pastures of same age and management in Maranhão State, Northeast Brazil. The weed survey was carried out using a wooden frame (80 cm x 30 cm) placed randomly on the soil surface 30 times in each pasture (n = 150). Weeds were pulled out, separated by species and counted. The weed flora was represented by 996 individuals, from nine families, 15 genera and 19 species. Weed density within pastures was of 44.3 plants m-2. The weed flora was dominated by species of the Cyperaceae and Poaceae families. The most important weed species based on Importance Value were Eragrostis ciliaris (IV = 32.97), Cyperus rotundus (IV = 31,95), Cyperus luzulae (IV = 27,50), Cyperus sphacelatus (IV = 27,42), Pycreus lanceolatus (IV = 27,33) Cyperus haspan (IV = 25,72) and Eleusine indica (IV = 23,49). Weed diversity, based on Shannon Diversity Index was very high (H' = 4.37 nats ind-1). Our results could lead to improved weed management in pastures in Maranhão State, Northeast Brazil.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a densidade, composição florística, fitossociologia e a diversidade no banco de sementes do solo ex situ pelo método de germinação em casa de vegetação e in situ em área de cultivo de subsistência de milho no município de Lago Verde, Estado do Maranhão. Quinze pares de parcelas de 25 m2 foram alocadas. Na metade destas parcelas, 90 amostras de solos foram retiradas com um gabarito de metal vazado de 25 x 16 x 3 cm e colocadas para germinar em casa de vegetação. Na outra metade, 90 amostras de plantas invasoras foram retiradas com o mesmo gabarito. Foi registrado o total de 1.998 indivíduos de 40 espécies, 31 gêneros e 16 famílias, dos quais 659 indivíduos de 29 espécies germinaram in situ e 1.339 individuos de 29 espécies ex situ. A família Cyperaceae teve a maior riqueza florística com 9 espécies, seguida pela família Poaceae com seis. As espécies dominantes baseado no índice de valor de importância foram Lindernia crustacea (IVI 27,7%) in situ e Scleria lithosperma (IVI 37,0%) ex situ. A diversidade florística foi maior no banco de sementes do solo ex situ com H' = 2,66 nats ind-1. Estes resultados podem ajudar na previsão de infestações e contribuir para melhorar estratégias de manejo de plantas invasoras em areas de cultivo de subsistência no Maranhão.

The objective of this research was to assess the density, floristic composition, phytosociology and diversity of a soil weed seed bank ex situ by germination in a greenhouse and in situ by weed sampling on a smallholder corn field located in Lago Verde County, Maranhão State. Fifteen pairs of 25 m2 plots were designated. In half of these plots, 90 soil samples were collected with an open metal template measuring 25 x 16 x 3 cm and placed in a greenhouse to germinate. In the other half, 90 weed samples were collected using the same metal template. We recorded a total of 1,998 individuals from 40 species, 31 genera and 16 families, from which 659 individuals germinated in situ and 1,339 ex situ. Density was higher ex situ, with 372 plants m-2. The Cyperaceae family had the highest floristic richness with nine species, followed by the Poaceae with six. The dominant species based on the Importance Value Index were Lindernia crustacea (IVI 27.7%) in situ and Scleria lithosperma (IVI 37.0%) ex situ. Floristic diversity was higher ex situ, with H' = 2.66 nats ind-1. These results could help predict infestation potential and could lead to improved weed management strategies in corn-growing areas on smallholdings in Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil.

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar e avaliar a estrutura das comunidades e a diversidade das espécies herbáceas invasoras presentes no banco de sementes do solo, em áreas de cultivo de subsistência nos Municípios de Bacabal, Lago Verde, São Luís Gonzaga e Vitorino Freire, localizados em trechos da Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com Babaçu, no Maranhão. Em cada município foram alocadas 15 parcelas de 50 m2, de onde foram retiradas 90 amostras de solo com um gabarito de metal vazado de 25 x 16 x 3 cm e colocadas em bandejas em casa telada. Foi avaliado o número de espécies e de indivíduos, bem como os valores relativos da densidade, frequência, abundância e o valor de importância de cada espécie. Os dados foram submetidos às Análises de Variância e de Coordenadas Principais. A diversidade foi calculada por meio do Índice de Diversidade de Shannon. O banco de sementes apresentou a maior riqueza florística em Bacabal, com 50 espécies de 34 gêneros e 17 famílias, bem como o maior número de indivíduos, 11.541. A maior similaridade florística foi observada entre Lago Verde e Vitorino Freire. As espécies predominantes, baseado no valor de importância, foram: Ludwigia octovalvis (VI = 34,8%) em Bacabal; Scleria lithosperma (VI = 37,0%), em Lago Verde; e Boerhavia erecta (VI = 40,4%), em São Luís Gonzaga; e (VI = 57,0%), em Vitorino Freire. A maior diversidade foi observada em Bacabal, com H’ = 2,66 nats ind-1. Os resultados podem ser aplicados na previsão de infestações de plantas invasoras nos municípios da região.

The objective of this research was to identify and assess community structure and diversity of herbaceous invasive species present in the soil seed bank in subsistence cropping areas in the municipalities of Bacabal, Lago Verde, São Luís Gonzaga and Vitorino Freire, located in parts of the Ombrophilous Open Forest with Babassu, in Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. Fifteen 50 m2 plots were laid out in each municipality from which 90 soil samples were taken with an open metal template of 25 x 16 x 3 cm and placed in trays in the greenhouse. Data assessed were individual and species number; relative values of density, frequency, abundance and the importance value of each species. Data were submitted to the Analysis of Variance and to the Principal Coordinate Analysis. The diversity was computed by the Shannon’s Diversity Index. The highest floristic richness in the seed bank was observed in Bacabal with 50 species from 34 genera and 17 families, which also had the highest number of individuals, with 11.541. The highest floristic similarity was observed between Lago Verde and Vitorino Freire. The dominant species based in the importance value were: Ludwigia octovalvis (VI = 34,8%) in Bacabal, Scleria lithosperma (VI = 37.0%) in Lago Verde and Boerhavia erecta (VI = 40.4%), in São Luís Gonzaga and (VI = 57.0%) in Vitorino Freire. Diversity reached the highest value in Bacabal with H’= 2.66 nats ind-1. The results may be used to forecast invasive species infestations in municipalities of the studied region.

The objective of this study was to compare the ex situ and in situ floristic diversity of the soil weed seed bank of a rice field in northeastern Brazil. In a rice field in the county of Bacabal, located in the state of Maranhão, thirty 25-m² plots were laid out. From 15 plots, soil samples (6/plot; n = 90) were taken with a soil probe (25 × 16 × 3 cm) and placed in aluminum trays in the greenhouse. From the remaining 15 plots, weed samples (6/plot; n = 90) were taken with the same soil probe. The number of seeds was estimated by germination. We evaluated the numbers of species and individuals, as well as the density, frequency, abundance and importance value (IV) for each species. Diversity was computed by the Shannon index (H'). We recorded 13,892 individuals (among 20 families, 40 genera and 60 species), of which 11,530 (among 50 species) germinated ex situ and 2,362 (among 34 species) germinated in situ. The family Cyperaceae had the highest number of species (16), followed by Poaceae (10). The dominant species, in situ and ex situ, were Schoenoplectus juncoides (IV=47.4%) and Ludwigia octovalvis (IV=34.8%), respectively. Floristic diversity was higher ex situ (H'=2.66). The information obtained here could help determine the infestation potential of these species, which could lead to improved management strategies.