A large body of evidence suggests that temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD) are much more prevalent in women than in men. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine whether hormone levels during the menstrual cycle infl uence TMJD when painful symptoms are present. A data extraction search strategy was performed in the Medline, Embase, Scielo and CINAHL databases from 1970 to 2008. We included cohort and case-control studies assessing several pain variables in patients with TMJD during the menstrual cycle. The quality of the studies was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Four studies that met the proposed inclusion criteria were included for the qualitative analysis. The results of the studies analyzed are contradictory and consequently do not allow us to conclude that female hormone factors strongly infl uence pain perception in TMJD. Therefore, further studies are required to investigate the various female sex-related factors that could be involved in TMJD.

Se dispone de una extensa literatura científica que confirma que las disfunciones temporomandibulares (DTM) presentan una mayor incidencia en mujeres. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar si el proceso hormonal generado mediante el ciclo menstrual influye en las DTM que presentan sintomatología dolorosa. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos científicos en las bases datos Medline, Embase, Scielo y CINAHL, entre los años 1970 y 2008. Se incluyeron estudios con diseños de cohortes y de casos y controles, donde se valoraron diversas variables del dolor durante el ciclo menstrual de personas que presentaban DTM. Dos revisores independientes valoraron la calidad de los estudios utilizando la Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Se seleccionaron para el análisis cualitativo 4 estudios que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión propuestos. Los resultados de los estudios analizados son contradictorios, y por este motivo esta revisión no permite establecer conclusiones afirmativas en relación con el hecho que el factor hormonal femenino influye en la percepción del dolor en las DTM. Consideramos que es necesario realizar una mayor cantidad de estudios donde se investiguen los diversos aspectos del sexo femenino que puedan estar implicados en las DTM.

The in-medium influence on pi0 photoproduction from spin zero nuclei is carefully studied in the GeV range using a straightforward Monte Carlo analysis. The calculation takes into account the relativistic nuclear recoil for coherent mechanisms (electromagnetic and nuclear amplitudes) plus a time dependent multi-collisional intranuclear cascade approach (MCMC) to describe the transport properties of mesons produced in the surroundings of the nucleon. A detailed analysis of the meson energy spectra for the photoproduction on 12C at 5.5 GeV indicates that both the Coulomb and nuclear coherent events are associated with a small energy transfer to the nucleus ($\lesssim$ 5 MeV), while the contribution of the nuclear incoherent mechanism is vanishing small within this kinematical range. The angular distributions are dominated by the Primakoff peak at extreme forward angles, with the nuclear incoherent process being the most important contribution above $\theta_{\pi^{0}}\gtrsim2^{0}$. Such consistent Monte Carlo approach provides a suitable method to clean up nuclear backgrounds in some recent high precision experiments, such as the PrimEx experiment at the Jefferson Laboratory Facility.

Objective. To evaluate our experience regarding the treatment of pituitary macroadenomas with cavernous sinus invasion in a series of 23 cases of transphenoidal resection. Materials, methods and results. Twenty two patients, fifteen males and seven females, with ages ranging from 27 to 75 (mean of 48), were operated under protocol by a single surgeon between May of 2002 and December of 2004. Preoperatively all lesions were diagnosed by MRI and staged according to the Knosp classification. All tumors had extension to one or both cavernous sinuses. Four patients were considered to be grade 1, two grade 2, one grade 3 and sixteen grade 4. Twenty three operations were performed on twenty-two patients. Twenty cases were the standard transsphenoidal approach, and three were endoscopic. Postoperatively, the excision was classified as Complete or Total, Subtotal or Partial. Mean follow up was 15 months. The variables considered for analysis include invasion and resection grades. All six patients with graded 1 and 2 lesions and two patients with grade 4 lesions underwent a complete resection. Subtotal (greater than 80%) excision was achieved in one patient with a grade 3 tumor and six patients with grade 4 tumors. The remaining seven patients with grade 4 adenomas had a Partial (less than 80%) excision. We compare de resection grade versus invasion grade with exact Fisher test. And there is not estadistical difference (p=0.12). Conclusion. The Knosp classification alone cannot predict the behavior of these tumors. In our experience, despite tumor extension to the cavernous sinus, pituitary macroadenomas can be safely resected with low morbidity and mortality.

Objetivos. Analizar y valorar el grado de resección y las complicaciones de la cirugía transesfenoidal en una serie de 23 casos de macroadenomas con invasión del seno cavernoso evaluados mediante la clasificación de Knosp. Material, métodos y resultados. Estudio prospectivo de 22 pacientes (23 operaciones) intervenidos en nuestro centro entre Mayo del 2002 y Diciembre del 2004 de macroadenomas hipofisarios con diferentes grados de invasión del seno cavernoso según la clasificación de Knosp15. Entre las variables del estudio se incluyeron los grados de invasión y de resección postoperatoria con un seguimiento radiológico medio a largo plazo de 15 meses. Nuestra serie consta de 15 varones y 7 mujeres, con una edad media de 48 años (27 - 75 años). Todos ellos presentaban macroadenomas con afectación de uno o ambos senos cavernosos. De acuerdo con la clasificación de Knosp 4 pacientes fueron grado 1, 2 grado 2, 1 grado 3 y 16 grado 4. En 20 casos se utilizó una vía transesfenoidal clásica y en tres casos se hizo un abordaje transesfenoidal endoscópico. Según la RMN postoperatoria los grados de resección fueron: completo o total en todos los pacientes con grados 1 y 2 y en sólo 2 pacientes con grado 4; subtotal (>80%) en 1 paciente con grado 3 y en 6 pacientes con grado 4 y parcial (<80%) en 7 pacientes con grado 4 de Knosp. Se compararon los grados de resección versus los grados de invasión mediante el Test exacto de Fisher y las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p=0.12). Discusión y conclusiones. Si bien únicamente la clasificación radiológica de Knosp por si sola no puede predecir el comportamiento biológico del tumor o si la pared medial del seno cavernoso está infiltrada o desplazada, en nuestra serie los tumores de grado 4 han sido los que han presentado un peor resultado de acuerdo al grado de resección. En los tumores que invaden el seno cavernoso, incluso en los casos donde la carótida está englobada es posible realizar resecciones completas con una morbimortalidad aceptable.

Objective: To satisfactorily implement the critical hazards and check points analysis. Setting: Tenerife Island Subjects: 15 industries Intervention: visits to gofio-manufacturing industries were done with the aim of giving advice to employers and workers, and thereafter, the intervention was assessed verifying the hygiene and sanitary conditions of the industry and the correct application of the established auto-control system. Results: After the advising intervention, we observed that certain parameters taken into account from the hygiene and sanitary perspective have been corrected, such as modifying the facilities to adapt them to in force regulations, or asking the suppliers to certify raw materials. With regards to food production process, the intervention was effective in such a way that more than have of the industries reduced the time of those phases with higher contamination susceptibility and to carry out the control registries that were established. Conclusions: All industries implemented the autocontrol system by means of registration charts of each one of the elaboration phases. - 86% of the industries have introduced more hygienic materials. - 60% implemented a reduction in intermediate times of production phases. - 26% perfmored some obsolete machinery replacement modernaizing the facilities.

Objetivo: Implantar de manera satisfactoria el Sistema de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Críticos. Ámbito: la Isla de Tenerife. Sujetos: 15 industrias. Intervención: se procedió realizando visitas a las fábricas productoras de gofio, con el fin de asesorar a los empresarios y operarios de las mismas, posteriormente se valoró la intervención verificando condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de la industria y la correcta aplicación del Sistema de Autocontrol establecido. Resultados: Después de la intervención de asesoramiento, se observa que determinados parámetros tenidos en cuenta desde el punto de vista higiénico-sanitario se han corregido, como modificar sus instalaciones para adecuarlas a las normativas vigentes o pedir que los proveedores certifiquen las materias primas. En cuanto al proceso de producción del alimento, la intervención fue efectiva para que más de la mitad de las industrias redujeran el tiempo de aquellas fases más susceptibles de contaminación y para que se llevaran a cabo los de registros de control que se establecieron. Conclusiones: Todas las industrias instauraron el sistema de autocontrol mediante cuadros de registros de cada una de las fases de elaboración. El 86% de las industrias han introducido materiales más higiénicos. Un 60% aplicaron una reducción en los plazos de tiempo intermedios en las fases de producción. Un 26% realizaron alguna sustitución de maquinaria obsoleta, modernizando las instalaciones.

We have revisited the low-energy calculation of odd Z 155Eu in the frame of a semi-microscopic formalism as a support for the interpretation of the experimental results for the multipole mixing ratios of some electromagnetic transitions. The deformation parameters were obtained through a macroscopic-microscopic method, and the proton single particle levels, calculated with realistic Woods-Saxon potential were used as input in a quasi-particle calculation of the first few rotational band heads in the Lipkin-Nogami BCS aproximation. A better agreement is found between the experimental and calculated band heads if compared with previous evaluations and RIPL recommended values.

The propagation of the struck proton through the nuclear medium is studied in the semi-classical multicolli-sional internuclear cascade approach. The probability of formation of various residual nucleus configurations and the corresponding excitation energies were obtained as a function of the energy omega transferred to the proton by the knockout.

Empirical modeling is considered from the perspectives of a general scheme for the Strategy of Empirical Research and Optimization Process (SEROP). This approach intends to facilitate the understanding of the necessary steps to arrive to mathematical models able to appropriately describe the behavior of a group of controllable independent variables related to a certain response. Aspects connected with definition of the problem, variable’s identification and optimization stages are discussed. As an example of SEROP application, it is presented the empirical modeling of the basic extraction of alginic acid from brown algae.