The main goal of chemotherapeutic drugs is to induce massive cell death in tumors. Cisplatin is an antitumor drug widely used to treat several types of cancer. Despite its remarkable efficiency, most tumors show intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. The primary biological target of cisplatin is genomic DNA, and it causes a plethora of DNA lesions that block transcription and replication. These cisplatin-induced DNA lesions strongly induce cell death if they are not properly repaired or processed. To counteract cisplatin-induced DNA damage, cells use an intricate network of mechanisms, including DNA damage repair and translesion synthesis. In this review, we describe how cisplatin-induced DNA lesions are repaired or tolerated by cells and focus on the pivotal role of DNA repair and tolerance mechanisms in tumor resistance to cisplatin. In fact, several recent clinical findings have correlated the tumor cell status of DNA repair/translesion synthesis with patient response to cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, these mechanisms provide interesting targets for pharmacological modulation that can increase the efficiency of cisplatin chemotherapy.

To investigate oxidative lesions and strand breaks induction by singlet molecular oxygen (¹O2), supercoiled-DNA plasmid was treated with thermo-dissociated DHPNO2 and photoactivated-methylene blue. DNA lesions were detected by Fpg that cleaves DNA at certain oxidized bases, and T4-endoV, which cleaves DNA at cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. These cleavages form open relaxed-DNA structures, which are discriminated from supercoiled-DNA. DHPNO2 or photoactivated-MB treatments result in similar plasmid damage profile: low number of single-strand breaks or AP-sites and high frequency of Fpg-sensitive sites; confirming that base oxidation is the main product for both reactions and that ¹O2 might be the most likely intermediate that reacts with DNA.

A descoberta de que nossas células dispõem de um mecanismo de silenciamento gênico empregando RNA interferência ainda é muito recente. Apesar disso, em menos de uma década a investigação científica já alcançou progresso, suficiente para muito brevemente nos apropriarmos desse conhecimento com fins terapêuticos. Duplexes de RNA são potenciais fármacos e há investimentos altos nessa nova abordagem. Aparentemente, a promessa de terapia gênica parece finalmente atingir sua maturidade com essas novas ferramentas.

The discovery of gene silencing mechanisms in our own cells using RNA interference is very recent. However, in less than a decade, the scientific investigation have progressed enough to make us see that, very soon, we will use this knowledge for therapeutic purposes. RNA duplexes are potential pharmaceutical drugs and there are high investments in this new strategy. The promising gene therapy seems to finally reach maturity with these new tools.