Abstract Inspecting historic buildings with non-destructive techniques can contribute to obtaining information about the in-service status of a given building without damaging its parts. Damages map prepared by digital photogrammetry and the application of façade Thermography assessment are non-destructive techniques and possible due to technological advances. The present work aimed to apply non-destructive inspection techniques of the façade on the Zoroastro Artiaga Museum, of Art Deco Architecture, using two techniques: generation of damages map by orthoimage created from Aerophotogrammetry and the method of Damage Factor, and application of the thermographic image analysis technique. For the generation of damages map, the relevance of using UAV was observed, since for this technique it is essential to use this equipment to capture images perpendicular to the plane of the façade, when thinking about using the method by Dense Stereo Matching. The damages map generation and the analysis of the Damages Factor allowed the quantification of the incidence of pathological manifestations. The analysis of thermographic images made it possible to understand which factors contributed to the emergence of pathological manifestations, such as the possible presence of excess moisture, favoring, for example, the formation of efflorescence. It is concluded that the application of these techniques can be safely used for inspection and prior diagnosis and that the Thermography was important to identify non-visible damages to the façade, such as moisture extensions, since it was not possible to visually delimit the entire existing area of moisture through damages map generated by Aerophotogrammetry.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar uma metodologia para geração automática de mapas de danos em ortoimagens de fachadas de edifícios, utilizando-se veículo aéreo não tripulado (Vant) para a captura das fotografias. A geração de mapas de danos visa auxiliar na inspeção visual, método empregado nas atividades de recuperação, manutenção ou intervenção em edifícios. Utilizando a técnica de dense stereo matching (DSM), modelos geométricos de edifícios foram gerados por nuvem de pontos no programa PhotoScan para a obtenção de ortoimagens. Após essa etapa, as ortoimagens foram submetidas à etapa de geração de mapas de danos de manchas escuras no Programa Tyche (2015), que mapeou e quantificou percentualmente essas manifestações patológicas. Os resultados dos mapas de danos foram classificados também qualitativamente. A aplicação de Vant demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente para a atividade de inspeção de fachadas e para a captura de imagens a serem utilizadas por meio da técnica DSM. A geração de mapas de danos pelo Tyche (2015) demonstrou ser também eficaz, no entanto a interação do usuário mostrou-se importante para alcançar os resultados esperados.

Abstract The aim of this study was to apply a methodology for automatic generation of maps of damages in orthoimages of façades, using UAVs to capture the photographs. The generation of maps of damages aimed to assist in the visual inspection method used in activities of maintenance, restoration or intervention in buildings. Using the dense stereo matching (DSM) method, geometric models of buildings weren generated by the point cloud in the PhotoScan program for obtaining orthoimages. After this step, the orthoimages were submitted to generation of maps of damages of staining in Tyche (2015) software, which mapped and quantified in percentage terms these defects. The results of the maps of damage were also classified qualitatively. The application of UAV proved to be an efficient tool for façade inspection activity and for capturing images to be used by DSM. The generation of maps of damages by Tyche (2015) proved also effective, however it was verified that the user interaction was important to achieve the expected results.

In order to evaluate the behavior of facades in relation to driving rain, as well as the influence of the architectural elements in front of the deterioration, were calculated in this work the monthly directional driving rain index (dDRI-m) and the amounts of driving rain wall index (I0) to the city of Goiania, Brazil. Was performed a study of case over staining on facades through visual inspection and photographic record of buildings rendered with mortar and paint finish, with more than 12 story and construction aged 10 or under, located in the same city. Samples were collected on facades regions with stains for microbiological analyzes. As a result, it was found that facades of the same building are subject to different levels of moisture and deterioration, fact established by the correlation between the staining observed in the studies of case and the dDRI-m and I0. The stains, often described as dirt, showed the presence of microorganisms: filamentous fungi, phototrophics and actinomycetes.

Con la finalidad de evaluar el comportamiento de fachadas en relación a la lluvia dirigida, así como la influencia de los elementos arquitectónicos en la deterioración, fueron calculados en este trabajo los índices de lluvia dirigida direccional mensual (ICDd-m) y las cantidades de lluvia dirigida sobre pared vertical (I0), para la ciudad de Goiânia - Brasil. También fue realizado un estudio de caso de manchas en fachadas por medio de inspección visual y registro fotográfico de edificios recubiertos con mortero y pintura, con más de 12 pisos y con 10 o menos años de construcción, localizados en la misma ciudad. De las muestras colectadas en regiones de las fachadas con manchas, fueron realizadas análisis microbiológicos. Como resultado, se constató que las fachadas de una misma edificación están sujetas a diferentes niveles de humidad y deterioración, hecho comprobado por la correlación entre las manchas observadas en los estudios de caso y los índices ICDd-m y I0. Las manchas muchas veces descritas como suciedad, presentan microorganismos del tipo hongos filamentosos, actinomicetos y fototrofos.

As fachadas dos edifícios estão sujeitas a condições de exposição que variam de acordo com as características climatológicas da região onde estão localizadas. A chuva dirigida, associação do vento à chuva, é uma das principais fontes externas de umidade e contribui com o processo de degradação dessas fachadas. O fenômeno é estudado em vários países e, devido à preocupação com seus efeitos, métodos vêm sendo desenvolvidos como forma de mensuração. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho visa obter os primeiros índices de chuva dirigida direcionais para a cidade de Goiânia-GO, bem como verificar a existência de relação desse índice com a umidade medida na superfície das fachadas de um edifício multipavimentos. Para tanto, os índices de chuva dirigida direcionais (ICDd) da média mensal e de janeiro foram calculados aplicando o método semi-empírico, considerando dados meteorológicos do período de 2002 a 2008. Posteriormente, foi realizada a medição experimental de umidade na superfície do revestimento das fachadas de um edifício com 17 pavimentos tipo. As medições foram realizadas sobre as fachadas revestidas com argamassa, no mês de janeiro, após um evento de precipitação pluviométrica. Como resultado, obteve-se que o ICDd da média de todos os meses dos anos analisados e o ICDd de janeiro indicam um comportamento diferenciado de chuva dirigida para cada orientação. As medições de umidade superficial nas fachadas do edifício apontaram a ocorrência de maior umedecimento para as fachadas voltadas à orientação N, bem como no pavimento mais alto (17º) e nas regiões abaixo das janelas.

Building facades are subject to exposure conditions that vary according to the climate characteristics of the region where they are located. Driving rain, wind associated with rain, is a major source of moisture and contributes with the degradation process of those facades. The phenomenon is being studied in several countries and, due to concerns about its effects, different methods for measuring it have been devised. This study aims to obtain a directional driving rain index of the city of Goiania, as well as check whether these indices bear a relationship with the moisture measured on the façade surfaces of a multi-storey building. In order to do that, the directional driving rain index of the monthly average and that of January were calculated applying the semi-empirical method, considering meteorological data of the period 2002 to 2008. Subsequently, experimental measurements of moisture on the surface of the facade rendering of a 17-storey building were carried out. The measurements were made on the facades rendered with mortar, after a rainfall in the month of January. The directional driving rain index of the monthly average of the years analyzed and of January indicated a differential behaviour of driving rain for each direction. The superficial moisture measurements of the building facades indicated the occurrence of higher moisture on north-facing facades, as well as on the higher floor (17th) and in the areas below windows.