Fundamento: Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC) tem como um dos principais fatores de risco a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS), além do sexo masculino. As diferenças nas lesões de artérias coronarianas entre hipertensos e normotensos de ambos os sexos pela Angiotomografia Computadorizada Coronariana (ATC) ainda não foram claramente determinadas. Objetivo: Investigar Escore de Cálcio (EC), extensão da DAC e as características de placas coronarianas à ATC em homens e mulheres com e sem HAS. Métodos: Estudo transversal prospectivo com 509 pacientes submetidos a ATC para diagnóstico e estratificação de risco de DAC, de novembro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Foram estratificados segundo o gênero e subdivididos de acordo com a presença (HT+) ou ausência (HT-) de HAS. Resultados: As mulheres HT+ apresentaram maior idade (62,3 ± 10,2 vs 57,8 ± 12,8, p = 0,01). Quanto à avaliação de extensão da DAC, os HT+ de ambos os sexos apresentaram DAC significativa, porém a doença multiarterial é mais frequente nos homens HT+. A análise da regressão para DAC significativa mostrou que idade e sexo masculino foram fatores determinantes de doença multiarterial e EC ≥ 100. Já a análise para os tipos de placas mostrou que a HAS se comportou como fator de risco preditor para placas parcialmente calcificadas (OR = 3,9). Conclusão: Homens hipertensos apresentaram mais frequentemente doença multiarterial. O sexo masculino foi fator determinante de DAC significativa, doença multiarterial, EC ≥ 100 e placas calcificadas e parcialmente calcificadas. Enquanto a HAS foi preditora de placas parcialmente calcificadas.

Background: Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is one of the main risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), in addition to male gender. Differences in coronary artery lesions between hypertensive and normotensive individuals of both genders at the Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) have not been clearly determined. Objective: To Investigate the calcium score (CS), CAD extent and characteristics of coronary plaques at CCTA in men and women with and without SAH. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study of 509 patients undergoing CCTA for CAD diagnosis and risk stratification, from November 2011 to December 2012, at Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese. Individuals were stratified according to gender and subdivided according to the presence (HT +) or absence (HT-) of SAH. Results: HT+ women were older (62.3 ± 10.2 vs 57.8 ± 12.8, p = 0.01). As for the assessment of CAD extent, the HT+ individuals of both genders had significant CAD, although multivessel disease is more frequent in HT + men. The regression analysis for significant CAD showed that age and male gender were the determinant factors of multivessel disease and CS ≥ 100. Plaque type analysis showed that SAH was a predictive risk factor for partially calcified plaques (OR = 3.9). Conclusion: Hypertensive men had multivessel disease more often than women. Male gender was a determinant factor of significant CAD, multivessel disease, CS ≥ 100 and calcified and partially calcified plaques, whereas SAH was predictive of partially calcified plaques.

Background: Physical stress echocardiography is an established methodology for diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease in patients with physical capacity. In obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) the usefulness of pharmacological stress echocardiography has been demonstrated; however, has not been reported the use of physical stress echocardiography in this growing population group. Objective: To assess the frequency of myocardial ischemia in obese and non-obese patients undergoing physical stress echocardiography and compare their clinical and echocardiographic differences. Methods: 4,050 patients who underwent treadmill physical stress echocardiography were studied according to the Bruce protocol, divided into two groups: obese (n = 945; 23.3%) and non-obese (n = 3,105; 76.6%). Results: There was no difference regarding gender. Obese patients were younger (55.4 ± 10.9 vs. 57.56 ± 11.67) and had a higher frequency of hypertension (75.2% vs. 57, 2%; p < 0.0001), diabetis mellitus (15.2% vs. 10.9%; p < 0.0001), dyslipidemia (59.5% vs 51.9%; p < 0.0001), family history of coronary artery disease (59.3% vs. 55.1%; p = 0.023) and physical inactivity (71.4% vs. 52.9%, p < 0.0001). The obese had greater aortic dimensions (3.27 vs. 3.14 cm; p < 0.0001), left atrium (3.97 vs. 3.72 cm; p < 0.0001) and the relative thickness of the ventricule (33.7 vs. 32.8 cm; p < 0.0001). Regarding the presence of myocardial ischemia, there was no difference between groups (19% vs. 17.9%; p = 0.41). In adjusted logistic regression, the presence of myocardial ischemia remained independently associated with age, female gender, diabetes and hypertension. Conclusion: Obesity did not behave as a predictor of the presence of ischemia and the physical stress echocardiography. The application of this assessment tool in large scale sample demonstrates the feasibility of the methodology, also in obese.

Background: Studies have demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of physical stress echocardiography in coronary artery disease. However, the prediction of mortality and major cardiac events in patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia is limited. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of physical stress echocardiography in the prediction of mortality and major cardiac events in patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort in which 866 consecutive patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia, and who underwent physical stress echocardiography were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: with physical stress echocardiography negative (G1) or positive (G2) for myocardial ischemia. The endpoints analyzed were all-cause mortality and major cardiac events, defined as cardiac death and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction. Results: G2 comprised 205 patients (23.7%). During the mean 85.6 ± 15.0-month follow-up, there were 26 deaths, of which six were cardiac deaths, and 25 non-fatal myocardial infarction cases. The independent predictors of mortality were: age, diabetes mellitus, and positive physical stress echocardiography (hazard ratio: 2.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.20 - 6.01; p = 0.016). The independent predictors of major cardiac events were: age, previous coronary artery disease, positive physical stress echocardiography (hazard ratio: 2.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.15 - 6.53; p = 0.022) and absence of a 10% increase in ejection fraction. All-cause mortality and the incidence of major cardiac events were significantly higher in G2 (p < 0. 001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Physical stress echocardiography provides additional prognostic information in patients with exercise test positive for myocardial ischemia.

FUNDAMENTO: O teste ergométrico (TE), inicialmente indicado para diagnóstico e estratificação de risco da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), apresenta baixa sensibilidade, o que pode implicar em falha na detecção de pacientes com risco aumentado de eventos adversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ecocardiografia sob estresse físico (EEF) na predição de eventos cardíacos maiores (ECM) e óbitos por todas as causas em pacientes com probabilidade pré-teste intermediária de DAC e TE normal. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo em que foram estudados 397 pacientes, com probabilidade pré-teste intermediária de DAC pelo método de Morise e TE normal, submetidos à EEF. Dividiu-se em dois grupos: EEF negativo (G1) ou positivo (G2) para isquemia miocárdica. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade por qualquer causa e ECM, definidos como óbito cardíaco e infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) não fatal. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1 constituiu-se de 329 (82,8%) pacientes. A idade média foi de 57,37 ± 11 anos e 44,1% eram do gênero masculino. Durante o seguimento médio de 75,94 ± 17,24 meses, ocorreram 13 óbitos, dentre eles três por causas cardíacas (IAM), além de 13 IAM não fatais. Isquemia miocárdica permaneceu como preditor independente de ECM (RR 2,49; [IC] 95% 1,74-3,58). As variáveis preditoras de mortalidade por qualquer causa foram gênero masculino (RR 9,83; [IC] 95% 2,15-44,97) e idade > 60 anos (RR 4,57; [IC] 95% 1,39-15,23). CONCLUSÃO: A EEF positiva é preditora de ECM na amostra estudada, o que auxilia na identificação de um subgrupo de pacientes sob maior risco de eventos adversos, apesar de apresentarem TE normal.

BACKGROUND: Exercise test (ET) is the preferred initial noninvasive test for the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD), however, its lower sensitivity may fail to identify patients at greater risk of adverse events. OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of stress echocardiography (SE) for predicting all-cause mortality and major cardiac events (MACE) in patients with intermediate pretest probability of CAD and a normal ET. METHODS: 397 patients with intermediate CAD pretest probability , estimated by the Morise score, and normal ET who underwent SE were studied. The patients were divided into two groups according to the absence (G1) or presence (G2) of myocardial ischemia on SE .End points evaluated were all-cause mortality and MACE, defined as cardiac death and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI). RESULTS: G1 group was comprised of 329 (82.8%) patients. The mean age of the patients was 57.37 ± 11 years and 44.1% were male. During a mean follow-up of 75.94 ± 17.24 months, 13 patients died, three of them due to cardiac causes, and 13 patients suffered nonfatal AMI. Myocardial ischemia remained an independent predictor of MACE (HR 2.49; [CI] 95% 1.74-3.58). The independent predictors for all-cause mortality were male gender (HR 9.83; [CI] 95% 2.15-44.97) and age over 60 years (HR 4.57; [CI] 95% 1.39-15.23). CONCLUSION: Positive SE for myocardial ischemia is a predictor of MACE in the studied sample, which helps to identify a subgroup of patients at higher risk of events despite having normal ET.

FUNDAMENTO: A incompetência cronotrópica (IC), definida como a incapacidade de atingir no esforço 80% da frequência de reserva esperada para a idade, é um fator preditor de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares e pode conferir pior prognóstico a grupos em expansão devido ao acelerado processo de envelhecimento populacional, como em idosos diabéticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da IC em idosos diabéticos considerando desfechos com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), doença cerebrovascular (DCV) e óbito geral, e comparar características clínicas e ecocardiográficas entre os que têm IC e os que não têm. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 298 pacientes idosos e diabéticos submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse sob esforço físico (EF), de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2010. Destes, 109 eram incompetentes cronotrópicos, grupo G1, e foram comparados aos competentes, grupo G2, quanto à ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares, características clínicas e ecocardiográficas. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1, em relação ao grupo controle, apresentou maior frequência de DCV (9,2% × 3,2; p = 0,027) e maior frequência de óbito para aqueles que sofreram DCV ou IAM. Angina típica e dispneia prévias à realização da EF e sexo masculino foram mais frequentes no G1. A análise das variáveis ecocardiográficas demonstrou que o índice do escore de motilidade do ventrículo esquerdo (IEMVE) de repouso e de esforço, o índice de massa do VE (ventrículo esquerdo) e o diâmetro do AE (átrio esquerdo) foram maiores entre os incompetentes cronotrópicos. CONCLUSÃO: A IC foi associada, de forma independente, à ocorrência de DCV em idosos diabéticos

BACKGROUND: Chronotropic incompetence (CI), defined as failure to achieve less than 80% of age-expected heart rate, is a predictor of mortality and adverse cardiovascular events and may confer a worse prognosis in elderly diabetic individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of chronotropic incompetence (CI) in elderly diabetic patients considering endpoints with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and overall mortality and compare clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between patients with and without CI. METHOD: A total of 298 elderly diabetic patients undergoing exercise echocardiography (EE) were studied from January 2001 to December 2010. Of these, 109 were chronotropic incompetent (group 1) and were compared with the chronotropic competent ones (group 2) regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular events, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. RESULTS: Chronotropic incompetents patients showed a higher frequency of cerebrovascular disease (9.2% vs. 3.2, p = 0.027) and higher mortality was observed in those who had cerebrovascular disease or acute myocardial infarction. The presence of typical angina and dyspnea prior to the performance of EE and male gender were more frequent in group 1. Rest and exercise left ventricular wall motion score index, rate of left ventricle mass and left atrium diameter were higher in chronotropic incompetent individuals. CONCLUSION: Chronotropic incompetence was independently associated with the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in elderly diabetic individuals.