Resumo Objetivo: Trata-se de um caso de ensino, projetado para cursos de pós-graduação e graduação em disciplinas de negócios internacionais, marketing internacional ou empreendedorismo internacional. Descreve o processo de identificação e exploração de oportunidade internacional por uma pequena empresa empreendedora - Fumajet - e os dilemas de decisão de seus fundadores em relação à estratégia de internacionalização, e modo de entrada. Dilema ou problema: Diante de diversas alternativas potenciais para estruturar suas atividades internacionais, os empreendedores precisam analisar e selecionar uma estratégia de modo de entrada internacional para apresentar ao recém-criado Conselho de Administração após recente entrada de recursos financeiros. Relevância / originalidade: Baseado em uma situação real, este estudo de caso utiliza dados coletados de fontes primárias e secundárias ao longo de um período de dois anos. Provê assim aos estudantes uma situação real, relevante e usual para tomada de decisão. Ao final deste estudo de caso, os alunos devem ser capazes de aplicar esses aprendizados a cenários do mundo real. Os desafios únicos retratados tornam este estudo de caso particularmente envolvente e estimulante para os estudantes. Objetivo Tratase Trata se ensino pósgraduação pós internacionais internacionalização problema recémcriado recém criado financeiros originalidade real anos

Abstract Objective: This paper is a teaching case designed for graduate and undergraduate courses on subjects involving international business, international marketing, or international entrepreneurship. It describes how a small entrepreneurial company - Fumajet - could recognize and exploit an international opportunity, and the dilemmas its founders confronted regarding the choice of internationalization strategy and entry mode. Dilemma or problem: Faced with several potential alternatives to structure Fumajet’s international activities, the entrepreneurs had to analyze and select an international entry mode strategy to present to the recently created board of directors, following a significant infusion of capital into the company. Relevance/Originality: Grounded in real-life experiences, this case study draws from primary and secondary sources gathered over two years, presenting students with a real, practical, and relevant dilemma. By the end of this case study, students should be able to apply these learnings to real-world scenarios. The unique challenges portrayed make this case study particularly engaging and thought-provoking for students. Objective business marketing entrepreneurship opportunity problem Fumajets s activities directors Relevance/Originality RelevanceOriginality Relevance Originality reallife real life experiences years practical dilemma realworld world scenarios thoughtprovoking thought provoking

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo reúne e revisa artigos empíricos ou teóricos publicados nos principais periódicos internacionais nos quais as lógicas empreendedoras de causation e effectuation, cunhadas por Sarasvathy em 2001, são discutidas para responder à pergunta de pesquisa: “Em que circunstâncias as empresas combinam tais logicas?”. Método/abordagem metodológica: A pesquisa é baseada em uma revisão sistemática da literatura de revistas de primeira linha durante um período de 20 anos. Principais resultados: Os resultados sugerem que as lógicas de causation e effectuation podem ser aplicadas simultaneamente ou em sequência, dependendo de fatores nos níveis micro (o empreendedor), meso (a empresa) e macro (contexto de negócios - institucional e situacional). Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Este estudo fornece um conjunto compilado, sintetizado e contrastado de trabalhos anteriores para futuros pesquisadores trabalharem, e uma matriz conceitual preliminar para testes e refinamentos adicionais, além de uma discussão aprofundada nos níveis micro, meso e macro. Relevância/originalidade: 20 anos após o trabalho seminal de Sarasvathy, a maior parte da literatura que investiga a tomada de decisão empreendedora ainda se concentra em contrastar as lógicas de causation e effectuation, não compreendendo completamente as condições sob as quais cada uma prevalece ou quando elas são combinadas. Contribuições sociais/gerenciais: No nível micro, esta pesquisa pode ajudar os empreendedores a entender melhor seu perfil e os benefícios de considerar ambas as lógicas ao longo de seu processo de tomada de decisão. No nível meso, as empresas podem se beneficiar ao entender como as lógicas se relacionam em cada estágio da vida de uma empresa. Finalmente, no nível macro, os formuladores de políticas e educadores podem ajudar os empreendedores a navegar em ambientes incertos e turbulentos se lógicas e circunstâncias diferentes forem mais amplamente reconhecidas. Objetivo 2001 Em logicas. logicas . logicas?” Métodoabordagem Método abordagem metodológica 2 sequência empreendedor, empreendedor , empreendedor) empresa contexto situacional. situacional situacional) teóricas/metodológicas teóricasmetodológicas teóricas metodológicas compilado trabalharem adicionais Relevância/originalidade Relevânciaoriginalidade Relevância originalidade combinadas sociais/gerenciais sociaisgerenciais sociais gerenciais Finalmente reconhecidas 200 logicas?

Abstract Objective: this paper gathers and reviews published empirical or theoretical articles in which the entrepreneurial logics of causation and effectuation, coined by Sarasvathy in 2001, are discussed to answer the research question of “Under what circumstances do firms combine effectuation with causation?”. Methodology/approach: The research is based on a systematic literature review of top-tier journals over a 20-year period. Main results: Findings suggest causation and effectuation logics can be applied simultaneously or in sequence, depending on factors at the micro (the entrepreneur), meso (the firm), and macro levels (business context-institutional and situational). Theoretical/methodological contributions: It delivers a compiled, synthesized, and contrasted set of past work for future researchers to build upon and a preliminary conceptual matrix for further testing and refinement, not to mention an in-depth discussion at the micro, meso and macro level. Relevance/originality: Over 20 years after Sarasvathy’s seminal work, most literature investigating decision-making still focuses on contrasting the logics of causation or effectuation, not fully understanding the conditions under which each prevails or when they are combined. Social / management contributions: At the micro level, this research can help entrepreneurs better understand their profile and the benefits of considering both logics throughout their decision-making process. At the meso level, companies can benefit from understanding how logics relate at each life stage. Finally, at the macro level, policymakers and educators can help entrepreneurs navigate uncertain and turbulent environments if different logics and circumstances are more broadly acknowledged. Objective 2001 Under causation. . causation?” Methodology/approach Methodologyapproach Methodology approach toptier top tier 20year year period results sequence entrepreneur, entrepreneur , entrepreneur) firm, firm firm) business contextinstitutional context institutional situational. situational situational) Theoreticalmethodological Theoretical methodological contributions compiled synthesized refinement indepth depth level Relevance/originality Relevanceoriginality Relevance originality 2 Sarasvathys s decisionmaking decision making combined process stage Finally acknowledged 200 causation?

Resumo Os Jogos Olímpicos têm sido responsáveis por movimentar, ao longo das suas edições de inverno e verão, bilhões de dólares em investimentos diretos e indiretos nas cidades sede por onde passam, deixando assim legados tangíveis e intangíveis que, se bem aproveitados, podem promover significativas transformações no cotidiano das sociedades. Pela primeira vez na era moderna dos Jogos Olímpicos, no início de 2020, esse ciclo teve que ser adiado por conta da Pandemia da COVID-19 que deixou, até julho de 2021 mais de 4 milhões de mortos no mundo. O caso coloca o leitor no papel de Hiroto Nakami, então Presidente do Comitê Organizador dos Jogos Olímpicos de Tóquio 2020, para resolver os entraves operacionais e possibilitar a criação de um modelo de Jogos Olímpicos digitais de sucesso, ainda que a portas fechadas. Para tal, será necessário avaliar os limitadores financeiros e tecnológicos, de forma a avaliar os impactos e legados dessas ações para o evento e o ambiente de negócios locais. O caso é indicado para estudantes de cursos de graduação e pós-graduação multidisciplinares interessados em discutir temas e conceitos ligados à área de planejamento estratégico, gestão de crises, grandes eventos, e transformação digital.

Abstract The Olympic Games have been responsible for moving billions of dollars in direct and indirect investments during their winter and summer editions in the host cities, thus leaving tangible and intangible legacies that, if well used, can promote significant changes in the daily lives of societies. For the first time in the modern era of the Olympic Games, at the beginning of 2020, this cycle had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic that had killed more than 4 million people worldwide by July 2021. The teaching case puts the reader in the role of Hiroto Nakami, then President of the Tokyo 2020 Organizing Committee, to solve operational barriers and make it possible to create a successful digital Olympic Games model. It will be necessary to evaluate the financial and technological limitations in order to assess the impacts and legacies from these actions for the event and the local business environment. The case is suitable for multidisciplinary undergraduate and graduate students interested in discussing themes and concepts related to the area of strategic planning, crisis management, mega-events, and digital transformation.

Resumen Los Juegos Olímpicos han sido responsables de mover miles de millones de dólares en inversiones directas e indirectas durante sus ediciones de invierno y verano en sus ciudades sede, dejando así legados tangibles e intangibles que, bien aprovechados, pueden promover cambios significativos en el la vida cotidiana de las sociedades. Por primera vez en la era moderna de los Juegos Olímpicos, a principios de 2020, este ciclo tuvo que ser pospuesto debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 que dejó más de 4 millones de muertos en el mundo hasta julio de 2021. El caso pone al lector en el papel de Hiroto Nakami, entonces presidente del Comité Organizador de Tokio 2020, para sortear las barreras operativas y hacer posible la creación de un exitoso modelo de Juegos Olímpicos digitales aunque a puerta cerrada. Para ello, será necesario sopesar las limitaciones financieras y tecnológicas con el fin de evaluar los impactos y legados de esas acciones para el evento y el entorno empresarial local. El caso es apto para estudiantes de cursos multidisciplinarios de grado y posgrado interesados en discutir temas y conceptos relacionados con las áreas de planificación estratégica, gestión de crisis, megaeventos y transformación digital.

RESUMO Este caso de ensino explora a trajetória internacional de uma empresa multinacional de mercado emergente que faz parte da indústria de cosméticos, fragrâncias e produtos de higiene pessoal. A Natura &Co apresenta duas estratégias de internacionalização distintas em duas fases do seu processo de internacionalização: as primeiras decisões parecem seguir o modelo gradual e incremental descrito como o modelo de Uppsala; mais tarde, a empresa caminha para uma abordagem mais arriscada, explicada pela perspectiva do trampolim, ao iniciar uma série de grandes aquisições internacionais. O caso é originalmente projetado para disciplinas de negócios internacionais e estratégia internacional em nível de pós-graduação e explora as teorias acima mencionadas, bem como os motivos de internacionalização e modos de entrada seguidos pela empresa.

ABSTRACT This teaching case explores a unique international trajectory of an emerging market multinational in the cosmetics, fragrances, and toiletries industry. Natura &Co presents two very different internationalization strategies in two distinct moments: the first decisions seem to follow the gradual and incremental model described as the Uppsala model; later on, the company moves toward a more daring approach, explained by the springboard perspective, as it enters a series of large international acquisitions. The case is originally designed for disciplines of international business and international strategy at the graduate level and explores the above-mentioned theories, internationalization motives, and entry modes.

RESUMO Este é um caso para ensino focado no processo de internacionalização da Brazilian Secrets Hair (BSH), uma empresa que considerou o mundo como seu mercado-alvo desde a sua fundação, e faz parte de um segmento crescente: a indústria de cosméticos. Para analisar a expansão internacional da empresa, as teorias de internacionalização dentro da abordagem comportamental, tais como a teoria de Uppsala, a teoria de redes, a perspectiva de empreendedorismo e a lógica de Effectuation são exploradas, respondendo questões relacionadas a processos de seleção de mercado, opções de modo de entrada e estratégias de expansão. Este caso foi baseado em dados primários e secundários de uma empresa real, e foi originalmente projetado para disciplinas de negócios internacionais em cursos de MBA/ pós-graduação.

ABSTRACT This is a case for teaching focused on the internationalization process of Brazilian Secrets Hair (BSH), a company that has considered the world as its target market since its start, and is part of an ever-growing segment: the cosmetics industry. Upon understanding the company’s international expansion, the internationalization theories within the behavioral approach, such as the Uppsala theory, the network theory, the entrepreneurship perspective, and the effectuation logic, can be explored, answering questions related to market selection processes, entry mode choices, and global expansion strategy decisions. This case was based on primary and secondary data from a real company and was originally designed for international business classes of graduate courses.

Abstract This paper will examine Miguel Covarrubias' arguments to postulate the existence of the "Olmec", echoin recent researches and taking into account three problems: an iconographic argument about the fetish's place the middle of the jungle, which in turns refers to ideas about cannibalism; an argument about style that took theoretical and pedagogical resources used at the time in North American Museums, which Covarrubias was familiar with; finally, an argument of Social History, that considers the Olmec as an aristocratic elite that conquered a peasants' nation. In this author's opinion, this last argument could be considered as a portrait o Mexican society in twentieth century.

Resumen El artículo examinará los argumentos de Miguel Covarrubias para postular la existencia de los "olmecas", haciéndose eco de otras investigaciones recientes, atendiendo a tres cuestiones: un argumento iconográfico sobre el lugar del fetiche en medio de la selva, que a su vez remite a las ideas sobre el canibalismo; un argumento sobre el "estilo" que retomó recursos teóricos y pedagógicos en uso en aquel momento en los museos estadounidenses, que Covarrubias conocía bien; finalmente, un argumento de historia social, en el que los "olmecas" serían una élite aristocrática que conquistó a un pueblo de campesinos. A juicio de quien esto escribe, este último argumento puede leerse como un retrato de la sociedad mexicana del siglo XX.

Abstract: The aim of this ESSAY is to contribute to the generation of information systems on cultural heritage and its conservation. It examines the history of the cataloguing of images and objects of Mexican cultural heritage in the 1960s and 1970s, and reviews recent legal changes that require both the registration of cultural heritage and its publication in open, interoperable and standardized data formats. A historical analysis of the notions of information, data, and metadata is done, tracing the origins of this last concept to the Cold War. The difficulties in developing an information system related to the conservation of Mexican cultural heritage are listed: the legalism of the norms, the organization of information around objects, the plurality of scientific data formats, and a scarce development of specialized lexicology, among others. Finally, some proposals on such a data system are outlined.

Resumen: Este ENSAYO busca contribuir a la generación de sistemas de información acerca del patrimonio cultural y de su conservación. Se examina la historia de la catalogación de imágenes y objetos del patrimonio cultural mexicano en los años sesenta y setenta del siglo pasado, y se reseñan los cambios legales recientes que obligan tanto a llevar a cabo un registro del patrimonio cultural como a publicarlo en formato de datos abiertos, interoperables y estandarizados. Se hace un análisis histórico de las nociones de información, datos y metadatos, rastreando los orígenes de este último concepto en la Guerra Fría. Se enumeran las dificultades para elaborar un sistema de información relativo a la conservación del patrimonio cultural mexicano: el legalismo de las normas, la organización de la información alrededor de los objetos, la pluralidad de formatos de los datos científicos y un escaso desarrollo de la lexicología especializada, entre otros. Por último, se esbozan algunas propuestas sobre dicho sistema de datos.

Abstract The mainstream literature has focused on knowledge transfers from parent companies to subsidiaries, while paying less attention to knowledge created at the subsidiary level. But there is a growing trend to knowledge co-creation, and the responsibility of knowledge creation has shifted from headquarters to the corporation as a whole and its subsidiaries. Using a thorough systematic review over a 15-year period in top-tier journals, this thematic analysis finds interesting literature gaps to be filled and proposes a theoretical framework that conceptualizes the reverse knowledge transfer as a complex process; moreover, we offer a detailed view on the phenomenon of reverse knowledge transfer, seeking to contribute to a better understanding of it and providing a basis to assist corporate managers in global strategic planning and knowledge management and scholars in future academic research in the field.

Brazilian diasporas overseas has received little academic interest. Nevertheless, estimates suggest that around three million Brazilians currently live in other countries. The present study looks at a specific type of diaspora: small entrepreneurs from the Brazilian martial arts sector. The study adopts the case study method of research. The unit of analysis is comprised by the martial arts (capoeira and Brazilian jiu-jitsu). Data analysis used secondary and primary data from interviews. Cross-case analysis searched for similarities and differences in the internationalization processes of the two martial arts, using several analytical devices, such as chronologies, timelines, matrices, and pattern matching analysis. Evidences suggest that the concept of diasporic internationalization fits better capoeira than Brazilian jiu-jitsu. However, Brazilian jiu-jitsu shows an initial combination of diasporic and transnational characteristics, but more recently became fully transnational. Brazilian jiu-jitsu became a truly global business, formally organized and professionally managed. Capoeira, however, is still seen as non-commercial and as the preservation and practice of an ancient art. Such ethos, combined with the origin of its members in lower economic classes and their restricted access to capital turns internationalization into an often less profitable activity.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of a cycle ergometer-based exercise program to a standard protocol on the increment of the maximum distance walked during the six-minute walk test in the postoperative rehabilitation of patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: A controlled clinical trial pilot, blinded to the outcome, enrolled subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in a hospital from Southern Brazil. Subjects were designated for the standard physical rehabilitation protocol or to an alternative cycle ergometer-based protocol through simple random sampling. The primary outcome was the difference in the maximum distance walked in the six-minute walk test before and after the allocated intervention. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were included in the analysis, 10 in the standard protocol and 14 in the alternative protocol group. There was an increment in the maximum distance walked in both groups, and borderline superiority in the intervention group comparing to the control group (312.2vs. 249.7; P=0.06). CONCLUSION: There was an increase in the maximum distance walked in the alternative protocol compared to the standard protocol. Thus, it is postulated that the use of a cycle ergometer can be included in physical rehabilitation in the hospital phase of postoperative coronary artery bypass grafting. However, randomized studies with larger sample size should be conducted to assess the significance of these findings.

Background: Streptococcus bovis is a classical etiology of endocarditis and is associated with colonic lesions. No series of cases from Brazil has been described. Objectives: To describe aspects of S. bovis endocarditis. Methods: This is a case series of patients admitted to a cardiac surgery referral center, during the years 2005-2014. Clinical, laboratory, echochardiographic, colonoscopic, treatment, surgical and outcome variables were studied. Results: Nine patients with S. bovis endocarditis were included; all cases fulfilled the modified Duke criteria. Incidence was 8/220 (4%) in years 2006-2014. There were seven male and two female patients; mean age was 56.7 years, standard deviation 13.4. All patients had native aortic valve involvement. Presentation was subacute in 7/9 (71%). Fever was present in 7/9 (77.7%), embolic lesions to solid organs occurred in three, and perivalvular abscess in two patients. All echocardiograms showed moderate to severe valvular regurgitation and vegetations. Microcytic anemia was seen in 7/7 patients. Colonoscopy showed abnormal findings in 7/9 (77.7%). Surgery was indicated for 6/9 patients due to acute aortic regurgitation and left ventricular failure. All patients were discharged home. Conclusions: S. bovis most frequently affected the aortic valve of male patients. Colon disease was frequent. Surgery was indicated frequently due to hemodynamic compromise.

Síndrome heterotáxica é definida como um arranjo anormal de alguns órgãos e vasos em associação a dismorfismo. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente com síndrome heterotáxica diagnosticada incidentalmente durante avaliação por imagem (tomografia computadorizada e radiografia contrastada do intestino delgado) de condição patológica não relacionada.

Heterotaxy syndrome is defined as an abnormal arrangement of some organs and vessels in association with dysmorphism. The authors describe the case of a patient with heterotaxy syndrome with poliesplenia incidentally diagnosed during imaging evaluation (computed tomography and small bowel barium study) of unrelated pathological condition.

Os autores relatam um caso de paciente do sexo masculino, de 56 anos de idade, com queixa de disfagia para sólidos e impactação de alimentos, submetido a videofluoroscopia da deglutição que demonstrou a presença de dois divertículos esofágicos. O estudo da deglutição foi um importante exame para identificar e diagnosticar o divertículo, uma causa esofágica da disfagia.

The authors report the case of a 56-year-old male patient complaining of dysphagia for solids and food impaction, submitted to videofluoroscopic swallowing study that demonstrated the presence of two esophageal diverticula. The videofluoroscopic swallowing study was critical in the identification and diagnosis of the diverticula, an esophageal cause of dysphagia.