ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the outcome of extubation in COVID-19 patients and the use of noninvasive ventilation in the weaning process. Methods: This retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted in COVID-19 patients aged 18 years or older who were admitted to an intensive care unit between April 2020 and December 2021, placed under mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours and progressed to weaning. Early extubation was defined as extubation without a spontaneous breathing trial and immediate use of noninvasive ventilation after extubation. In patients who underwent a spontaneous breathing trial, noninvasive ventilation could be used as prophylactic ventilatory assistance when started immediately after extubation (prophylactic noninvasive ventilation) or as rescue therapy in cases of postextubation respiratory failure (therapeutic noninvasive ventilation). The primary outcome was extubation failure during the intensive care unit stay. Results: Three hundred eighty-four extubated patients were included. Extubation failure was observed in 107 (27.9%) patients. Forty-seven (12.2%) patients received prophylactic noninvasive ventilation. In 26 (6.8%) patients, early extubation was performed with immediate use of noninvasive ventilation. Noninvasive ventilation for the management of postextubation respiratory failure was administered to 64 (16.7%) patients. Conclusion: We found that COVID-19 patients had a high rate of extubation failure. Despite the high risk of extubation failure, we observed low use of prophylactic noninvasive ventilation in these patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desfecho da extubação em pacientes com COVID-19 e o uso da ventilação não invasiva no processo de desmame. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo, observacional e unicêntrico foi realizado em pacientes com COVID-19 com 18 anos ou mais, internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva entre abril de 2020 e dezembro de 2021, colocados sob ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas com progressão para o desmame. A extubação precoce foi definida como a extubação sem um teste de ventilação espontânea e com uso imediato de ventilação não invasiva após a extubação. Em pacientes submetidos a um teste de ventilação espontânea, a ventilação não invasiva poderia ser usada como assistência ventilatória profilática, quando iniciada imediatamente após a extubação (ventilação não invasiva profilática), ou como terapia de resgate em casos de insuficiência respiratória pós-extubação (ventilação não invasiva terapêutica). O desfecho primário foi falha de extubação durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados: Foram incluídos 384 pacientes extubados. A falha de extubação foi observada em 107 (27,9%) pacientes. Quarenta e sete (12,2%) pacientes receberam ventilação não invasiva profilática. Em 26 (6,8%) pacientes, a extubação precoce foi realizada com o uso imediato de ventilação não invasiva. A ventilação não invasiva para o manejo da insuficiência respiratória pós-extubação foi administrada em 64 (16,7%) pacientes. Conclusão: Os pacientes com COVID-19 apresentaram alta taxa de falha de extubação. Apesar do alto risco de falha de extubação, observamos baixo uso de ventilação não invasiva profilática nesses pacientes.

In this paper, the piperine (PIP) and eugenol (EUG) organic compounds were used as substrates in olefin metathesis reactions catalyzed by first-generation Grubbs catalyst (G1) - [RuCl2(PCy3)2(=CHPh)], Cy is cyclohexyl and Ph is phenyl, in a one-pot system. The reactions occurred at 50 ºC, for 24, 48, or 96 h using the two substrates simultaneously in the ratio Ru:PIP:EUG of 1:1:1 and 1:10:10 mol. The results were evaluated by GC-MS, discussed in terms of the electronic and steric characteristics of the G1, and the structural proprieties of the substrates. In the Ru:PIP:EUG ratio of 1:1:1 mol, a dimeric species was observed for the olefin metathesis of EUG, in all time studied and in an additional experiment at 70 ºC for 48 h. When the Ru:PIP:EUG ratio was 1:10:10 mol, this dimer was not observed. Isomerization processes also were observed at all temperatures and catalyst:substrates ratio. The reaction yield increased with the raise of substrates amount. There was no cross-metathesis reaction. This fact was attributed to the chelating effect of the double coordination of the PIP to the catalyst.

Abstract Kavain is one of the main kavalactones of Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) with anxiolytic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, mutagenic, and antimutagenic potential of kavain in Allium cepa cells. Roots of A. cepa were transferred to the negative (2% acetone) and positive (10 µg/mL of Methylmethanesulfonate, MMS) controls and to the concentrations of kavain (32, 64 and 128 µg/mL) for 48 h. A total of 5,000 meristematic cells were analyzed under an optical microscope to determine the mitotic index, mean number of chromosomal alterations and percentage of damage reduction. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05). All concentrations of kavain were not cytotoxic and did not show significant chromosomal changes when compared to 2% acetone. Kavain showed a cytoprotective effect in the pre (128 μg/mL) and in the post-treatment (32 and 64 μg/mL) and reduced damage against the mutagenic action of MMS in all concentrations of the pre and simultaneous and at the highest of post (128 μg/mL). Kavain promoted a significant reduction in micronuclei, nuclear buds and chromosomal losses in relation to MMS. The observed data indicate the importance of kavain for the inhibition of damage and chemoprevention.

Abstract Piperine and capsaicin are important molecules with biological and pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the cytogenotoxic and protective effect of piperine and capsaicin on Allium cepa cells. A. cepa roots were exposed to negative (2% Dimethylsulfoxide) and positive (Methylmethanesulfonate, MMS, 10 µg/mL) controls, and four concentrations (25-200 µM) of piperine or capsaicin (alone) or associated before, simultaneously or after with the MMS. Only the lowest concentration of piperine (25 µM) showed a protective effect because it was not genotoxic. Piperine and capsaicin were cytotoxic (50, 100 and 200 µM). Piperine (50 to 200 µM) caused a significant increase in the total average of chromosomal alterations of in A. cepa cells. For capsaicin, the genotoxic effect was dose-dependent with a significant increase for all concentrations, highlighting the significant presence of micronuclei and nuclear buds for the two isolates. In general, bioactive compounds reduced the total average of chromosomal alterations against damage caused by MMS, mainly micronuclei and/or nuclear buds. Therefore, the two molecules were cytotoxic and genotoxic at the highest concentrations, and did not have cytoprotective action, and the lowest concentration of piperine demonstrated important chemopreventive activity.

Resumen Introducción: Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae), conocida como catingueira, es tradicionalmente utilizada en la medicina para tratar diarrea, hepatitis y anemia. Sin embargo, no hay estudios sobre los efectos tóxico genéticos de la P. bracteosa. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se tuvo como objetivo investigar el perfil fitoquímico y el potencial mutagénico y antimutagénico del extracto acuoso de la cáscara de P. bracteosa en Allium cepa y Mus musculus. Métodos: El extracto de la cáscara fue diluido en agua destilada para fornecer las cuatro concentraciones (2, 4, 8 y 16 mg/ml) utilizadas en el bioensayo A. cepa y las tres dosis (10, 20 y 40 mg / Kg) fueron administradas a los ratones (5 animales por grupo). El perfil fito-químico fue realizado por el test colorimétrico para identificar los principales metabólitos secundarios en el extracto de la cáscara. Tras el tratamiento, 5 000 células meristemáticas fueron analizadas para determinar el índice mitótico, el promedio de alteraciones cromosómicas y el porcentaje de reducción de daños. Para ratones, tras 24, 48 y 72 h, la sangre de la cola de cada animal fue recolectado para la preparación de dos láminas por animal. Para cada animal, 2 000 eritrocitos normocromáticos por ratón fueron evaluados para establecer el número de micronúcleos y el efecto protector. Se analizaron los dados por el test de Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0.05). El estudio fito-químico del extracto detectó azúcares reductores y taninos. Resultados: Ninguna de las concentraciones del extracto fue citotóxica y en todos los tratamientos (pre, simultáneo y después) fue observado el efecto citoprotetor en A. cepa. El promedio total de las alteraciones cromosómicas en todas las concentraciones apuntó actividad no mutagénica de la cáscara. El porcentaje de reducción del daño fue observada en los tratamientos pre (de 77.6 al 90.5 %), simultáneo (del 95.6 al 114.7 %) y tras (de 84.8 al 117.7 %). En los ratones, ninguna de las dosis del extracto presentó efecto mutagénico y el porcentaje de reducción del daño osciló de -21.2 al 78.6 % (pre); de 27.5 al 101.3 % (simultánea) y de 85.5 al 120.6 % (tras-tratamiento). Probablemente, los fito-químicos presentes en el extracto no interfirieron en el ciclo celular (A. cepa), tampoco causaron daños al DNA (A. cepa y ratones) y presentaron efecto protector en las dos especies estudiadas. Los datos observados apuntan la importancia del extracto de la cáscara de P. bracteosa para inhibición del daño y quimio prevención. Sin embargo, más estudios deben ser realizados para garantizar su efecto protector sobre el material genético.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae), known as catingueira, is traditionally used in medicine to treat diarrhea, hepatitis and anemia. However, there are no studies on their toxicogenetic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile as well as the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of P. bracteosa aqueous bark extract in Allium cepa and Mus musculus. Methods: The extract from barks was diluted in distilled water to yield the four concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) used in the A. cepa bioassay and the three doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg) administered to the mice (five animals per group). The phytochemical profile was performed by the colorimetric test to identify the main secondary metabolites in the bark extract. After treatment, five-thousand meristematic cells were analyzed to determine the mitotic index, the mean number of chromosome alterations and the percentage of damage reduction. For mice, after 24, 48 and 72 h, tail blood was collected from each animal for the preparation of two slides per animal. For each animal, 2 000 normochromatic erythrocytes per mice were evaluated to establish the number of micronuclei and the protective effect. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). Results: The phytochemical analysis of the extract detected reducing sugars and tannins. None of the concentrations of extract was cytotoxic and the cytoprotective effect was observed in A. cepa for all treatments (pre-, simultaneous and post-). The total mean of chromosome alterations in all concentrations indicated a non-mutagenic activity of the bark. The percentage of damage reduction was observed in the pre- (77.6 to 90.5 %), simultaneous (95.6 to 114.7 %) and post- (84.8 to 117.7 %) treatments. In mice, none of the dosages of extract presented mutagenic effect and the percentage of damage reduction varied from -21.16 to 78.63 % (pre-); from 27.51 to 101.28 % (simultaneous) and from 85.47 to 120.63 % (post-treatment). Conclusions: Probably, the phytochemicals in the extract did not interfere with the cell cycle (A. cepa) nor caused damage to the DNA (A. cepa and mice), and exhibited protective effect in both studied species. The observed data indicate the importance of P. bracteosa bark extract for the inhibition of damage and chemoprevention. However, more studies should be carried out to ensure its protective effect on the genetic material.

RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer e comparar, quanto à representatividade, coleções nucleares obtidas a partir de dados quantitativos, multicategóricos, moleculares e coleções que contemplem todas essas informações, simultaneamente. Foram estabelecidas 10 subcoleções a partir de 67 acessos de tomateiro do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV), caracterizados quanto a 19 caracteres quantitativos, 30 multicategóricos, 52 locos ISSR e reação a três patógenos. Essas subcoleções foram definidas pela combinação entre a natureza dos dados avaliados e a intensidade de amostragem. A subcoleção COD-20 destacou-se a 20% de intensidade de amostragem por possuir maiores índices de coincidência da amplitude acompanhados de valores de variância mais adequados. A 30% de intensidade, a subcoleção MOL-30 foi tão eficiente quanto à subcoleção COD-30, quando se considerou apenas os índices de coincidência da amplitude e as variâncias. Entretanto, a análise gráfica da variabilidade mostrou uma ligeira superioridade da subcoleção COD-30 em manter a variabilidade, principalmente em relação aos caracteres multicategóricos. Assim, sempre que dados de diferentes naturezas estiverem disponíveis, deve-se priorizar o estabelecimento de coleções nucleares a partir da integração dos mesmos, uma vez que essas se mostraram mais representativas, quando considerados o coeficiente de amplitude, variância e o índice de retenção da variabilidade, simultaneamente.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to establish and compare, as to their representativeness, core collections obtained from quantitative data, multicategoric, molecular and collections that covering all this information simultaneously. Ten subcollections were established from 67 tomato accessions of the Germplasm Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV), characterized according to 19 quantitative traits, 30 multicategoric characters, 52 ISSR loci and to the reaction to three pathogens. These subcollections were defined by the combination of the nature of data collected and the sampling rate. The COD-20 subcollection stood out in 20% intensity of sampling by has higher rates of coincidence amplitude followed by more appropriate values of variance. At 30% intensity, subcollection MOL-30 was as efficient as the subcollection COD-30 when considering only the rates of coincidence of the amplitude and the variances. However, the graphical analysis of the variability showed a slight superiority of subcollection COD-30 in maintaining the variability, especially regarding multicategoric characters. So whenever data from different sources are available, should be prioritized the establishment of core collections from the integration of these data, since these were more representative when the amplitude coefficient, variance, and retention index of variability, are regarded simultaneously.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on gastrocnemius muscle morphology and Myod imunoexpression in a model of dorsal burn in rats. METHODS: Sixteen male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups: control group (CG): rats submitted to scald burn injury without treatment and laser treated group (LG): rats submitted to scald burn injury and treated with laser therapy. Fourteen days post-surgery, gastrocnemius muscle was evaluated being the specimens stained with HE and morphometric data was evaluated. MyoD expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The results showed that laser treated animals presented more organized tissue morphology compared to the non-treated animals, with a higher number of nucleus in the fibers. Also, the cross sectional area of the fibers and the MyoD immunoexpression in the laser treated groups was higher. CONCLUSION: Low-level laser therapy had positive effects on gastrocnemius muscle, improving tissue muscle morphology, increasing cross sectional area and MyoD immunoexpression.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi integrar dados de caracteres quantitativos, multicategóricos, moleculares e fitopatológicos para a avaliação da diversidade genética de subamostras de tomateiro do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV). Foram utilizados dados de 67 subamostras de tomateiro do BGH-UFV, caracterizadas quanto a 19 caracteres quantitativos, 30 multicategóricos, 52 locos ISSR e à reação a três patógenos (Alternaria solani, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato e Tomato yellow spot virus). Inicialmente, a avaliação da diversidade entre as subamostras foi realizada para cada conjunto de caracteres individualmente, e indicou que a diversidade baseada em qualquer um dos conjuntos de dados não reflete a diversidade dos demais. Para a integração dos dados, codificaram-se os de natureza quantitativa em multicategóricos, por meio de cinco estratégias diferentes. A estratégia de divisão equitativa da amplitude dos dados em três classes foi a mais indicada, com correlação de 0,78 entre as matrizes de dissimilaridade dos dados codificados e originais. A análise de diversidade genética a partir da integração dos dados resultou em grupos com maior correspondência às origens das subamostras de tomateiro avaliadas, o que indica que a integração de dados de diferentes naturezas pode ser realizada com êxito pela conversão dos dados quantitativos em multicategóricos.

The objective of this work was to integrate data from quantitative, multicategorical, molecular and phytopathological traits in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato subsamples from the germplasm bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH-UFV). Data from 67 tomato subsamples from BGH-UFV were used, characterized according to 19 quantitative traits, 30 multicategoric characters, 52 ISSR loci, and to the reaction to three diseases (Alternaria solani, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Tomato yellow spot virus). Initially, the diversity assessment between the subsamples was performed for each set of characters, indicating that diversity based on any one set of data does not reflect the diversity of another set. For the integration of data, the quantitative ones were coded as multicategoric, by five different strategies. The coding strategy with equitable division of the range of data in three classes was the most appropriate, with correlation of 0.78 between the dissimilarity matrices of encoded and original data. The analysis of genetic diversity by the integration of data resulted in groups with higher correspondence to the origins of the subsamples of tomato, indicating that the integration of data from different sources can be successfully carried out by the conversion of quantitative data in multicategoric.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi distinguir a origem de alelos em progênies heterozigóticas usando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) semiquantitativa em endosperma de milho. Endospermas derivados de híbridos simples diretos e recíprocos entre as linhagens de milho L3 e L1113-01 foram genotipados pela metodologia de PCR semiquantitativa (PCR-SQ) com uso de primers microssatélites fluorescentes. Os produtos de amplificação foram avaliados por meio da razão de intensidade de fluorescência (RIF), calculada entre os valores de intensidade dos picos correspondentes aos alelos derivados de cada genitor. Com base no contraste estatisticamente significativo dos valores médios das RIF entre os híbridos simples direto e recíproco, foi possível distinguir o número de alelos recebidos de cada genitor e, finalmente, determinar a origem dos alelos de cada híbrido. Assim, a genotipagem de endosperma utilizando PCR-SQ é uma estratégia promissora no mapeamento de QTLs em populações exogâmicas de milho.

The objective of this work was to distinguish the parental source of alleles in heterozygous progeny using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in maize endosperm. Endosperms derived from direct and reciprocal single-cross hybrids between maize inbred lines L3 and L1113-01 were genotyped by semiquantitative PCR methodology (SQ-PCR) using fluorescent microsatellite primers. The amplification products were evaluated by the ratios of fluorescence intensity (RFI), calculated between the peaks corresponding to the alleles derived from each parental line. Based on the statistically significant contrast between RFI mean values of direct and reciprocal single-cross hybrids, it was possible to distinguish the number of alleles received from each parental line and, ultimately, to determine the origin of the alleles of each cross. Thus, endosperm genotyping using SQ-PCR is a promising strategy to map QTL in maize outbred populations.