Abstract The presence of Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans has led to the development of a multi-ethnic, admixed population in Chile. This study aimed to contribute to the characterization of the uniparental genetic structure of three Chilean regions. Newborns from seven hospitals in Independencia, Providencia, Santiago, Curicó, Cauquenes, Valdívia, and Puerto Montt communes, belonging to the Chilean regions of Santiago, Maule, and Los Lagos, were studied. The presence of Native American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and two markers present in the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome, DYS199 and DYS287, indicative of Native American and African ancestry, respectively, was determined. A high Native American matrilineal contribution and a low Native American and African patrilineal contributions were found in all three studied regions. As previously found in Chilean admixed populations, the Native American matrilineal contribution was lower in Santiago than in the other studied regions. However, there was an unexpectedly higher contribution of Native American ancestry in one of the studied communes in Santiago, probably due to the high rate of immigration from other regions of the country. The population genetic sub-structure we detected in Santiago using few uniparental markers requires further confirmation, owing to possible stratification for autosomal and X-chromosome markers.

The paper presents a computational analysis of the results from a sorting task with motion verbs in Norwegian. The sorting behavior of humans rests on the features they use when they compare two or more words. We investigate what these features are and how differential each feature may be in sorting. The key rationale for our method of analysis is the assumption that a sorting task rests on a similarity assessment process. The main idea is that a set of features underlies this similarity judgment, and similarity between two verbs amounts to the sum of the weighted similarity between the given set of features. The computational methodology used to investigate the features is as follows. Based on the frequency of co-occurrence of verbs in the human generated cluster, weights of a given set of features are computed using linear regression. The weights are used, in turn, to compute a similarity matrix between the verbs. This matrix is used as an input for the agglomerative hierarchical clustering. If the selected/projected set of features aligns with the features the participants used when sorting verbs in groups, then the clusters we obtain using this computational method would align with the clusters generated by humans. Otherwise, the method proceeds with modifying the feature set and repeating the process. Features promoting clusters that align with human-generated clusters are evaluated by a set of human experts and the results show that the method manages to identify the appropriate feature sets. This method can be applied in analyzing a variety of data ranging from experimental free production data, to linguistic data from controlled experiments in the assessment of semantic relations and hierarchies within languages and across languages.

ABSTRACT In this research work the degradation process of agave bagasse was studied. For this, eight agave bagasse piles were prepared using four different treatments with two replicates per treatment. Treatment 1 consisted of agave bagasse wetted with tap water; treatment 2, agave bagasse wetted with vinasses; treatment 3, agave bagasse with urea wetted with tap water; and treatment 4 agave bagasse with urea wetted with vinasses. While making the piles, five temperature sensors were placed at different heights. Temperature readings were averaged on a daily basis and reported for the composting period. Every two months, the piles were moved to facilitate aeration and the addition of water and/or vinasses. Samples were taken for the analysis of pH, organic matter and cellulose. At the end of the composting time, composts were subjected to analysis of ash, total organic carbon, N, P, K and conductivity. Composts were also subjected to qualitative bioassay to screen for the presence of phytotoxins using seedling emergence, relative growth, in vitro germination and root elongation. For treatments 1 and 2 the organic matter (OM) and cellulose degradation followed a first order reaction with respect to time. Treatments 3 and 4 showed the evolution of OM and cellulose degradation following a mixed order reaction. The composting time for treatments 1 and 2 was 142 days, having achieved a total loss of dry matter of about 52.8 % and 59.1 % respectively. For treatments 3 and 4, the composting time was 208 and 228 days, with a total loss of dry matter of about 56.7 % and 63.7 %, respectively. Composts from the four treatments had no adverse effects on seedling emergence, relative growth, in vitro germination and root elongation of cucumber seeds.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio de compostaje de bagazo de agave para estudiar su proceso de degradación. Para esto se pusieron en compostaje 8 pilas de bagazo bajo un sistema experimental de cuatro tratamientos con dos repeticiones por tratamiento. El primero consistió de bagazo regado con agua de la llave, el segundo de bagazo regado con vinazas, el tercero de bagazo con urea regado con agua de la llave y el cuarto de bagazo con urea regado con vinazas. Al formarse las pilas se colocaron en cada una de ellas, a diferentes niveles, 5 sensores de temperatura. El promedio de los cambios de temperatura se graficó para cada día. Cada dos meses, al remover las pilas para facilitar la aireación y la adición de agua y/o vinazas se tomaron muestras para el análisis de pH, materia orgánica y celulosa. Al final del tiempo de compostaje el material de las pilas (composta) fue sujeto a un análisis de cenizas, carbono orgánico total, nitrógeno, P, K y conductividad. Además las compostas también fueron sujetas a estudios de madurez y fitotoxicidad mediante el análisis de brote de semillas, crecimiento relativo, germinación in vitro, elongación de la raíz y prueba de "Solvita". La degradación de materia orgánica (MO) y de la celulosa para los tratamientos 1 y 2 siguió una ecuación cinética de primer orden mientras que para los tratamientos 3 y 4 la degradación siguió una ecuación cinética de orden mixto. El período de compostaje para los tratamientos 1 y 2 fue de 242 días, habiendo logrado pérdidas de materia seca de 52.8 y 59.1 % respectivamente. Para los tratamientos 3 y 4 el tiempo de compostaje fue de 208 y 228 días, respectivamente, con pérdidas de materia seca de 56.7 y 63.7 % respectivamente. En las pruebas de fitotoxicidad ninguna de las cuatro compostas provocó problemas de crecimiento ni de germinación de semillas.

Este é um estudo qualitativo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 20 adolescentes grávidas, que aceitaram participar da pesquisa sobre a relação entre as características da adolescente grávida e a resistência contra o consumo de drogas. Foi observado que tiveram contato com drogas legais e ilegais, e a sua decisão para rejeitá-las, desistir ou diminuir o consumo; também identificamos a falta de conhecimento das jovens sobre saúde reprodutiva e as modificações corporais. Para essa população, é importante poder contar com o parceiro e o filho, como apoio para não consumir substâncias tóxicas aditivas.

This is a qualitative study. We interviewed 20 pregnant adolescents, who agreed to participate in this research about the relation between the characteristics of pregnant adolescents and resistance to drugs use. We observed that they had contact will legal and illegal drugs, as well as their decision to reject them, give up or decrease substance use; we also identified a lack of knowledge about reproductive health and body changes. It is important for this population to be able to count on their partner and child, as a support not using addictive toxic substances.

Es un estudio cualitativo, se realizo entrevistas en profundidad a 20 adolescentes embarazadas, que aceptaron participar de la investigación, sobre la relación entre las características de la adolescente embarazada y la resistencia al consumo de droga. Se logro conocer que ellas tuvieron contacto con drogas licitas e ilícitas, así como la decisión para rechazar, dejar o disminuir el consumo; también se identifico el escaso conocimiento que las jovencitas tienen del salud reproductiva y las modificaciones gravídicas en su cuerpo. Para esta población es importante contar con una pareja y su hijo, como sostén para el no consumo de sustancias toxicas que causan adicción.

This is a qualitative study. We interviewed 20 pregnant adolescents, who agreed to participate in this research about the relation between the characteristics of pregnant adolescents and resistance to drugs use. We observed that they had contact will legal and illegal drugs, as well as their decision to reject them, give up or decrease substance use; we also identified a lack of knowledge about reproductive health and body changes. It is important for this population to be able to count on their partner and child, as a support not using addictive toxic substances.

Es un estudio cualitativo, se realizo entrevistas en profundidad a 20 adolescentes embarazadas, que aceptaron participar de la investigación, sobre la relación entre las características de la adolescente embarazada y la resistencia al consumo de droga. Se logro conocer que ellas tuvieron contacto con drogas licitas e ilícitas, así como la decisión para rechazar, dejar o disminuir el consumo; también se identifico el escaso conocimiento que las jovencitas tienen del salud reproductiva y las modificaciones gravídicas en su cuerpo. Para esta población es importante contar con una pareja y su hijo, como sostén para el no consumo de sustancias toxicas que causan adicción.

Este é um estudo qualitativo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 20 adolescentes grávidas, que aceitaram participar da pesquisa sobre a relação entre as características da adolescente grávida e a resistência contra o consumo de drogas. Foi observado que tiveram contato com drogas legais e ilegais, e a sua decisão para rejeitá-las, desistir ou diminuir o consumo; também identificamos a falta de conhecimento das jovens sobre saúde reprodutiva e as modificações corporais. Para essa população, é importante poder contar com o parceiro e o filho, como apoio para não consumir substâncias tóxicas aditivas.