Abstract Integrated Nutrition Management (INM) is a concept developed during the last decade in fruit agroecosystems based on the application of organic matter, biostimulants, and adjusted chemical fertilization to improve soil quality, plant rhizogenesis, and nutrition. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the application of the INM concept on the recovery of decayed orchards. The present study was focused on the evaluation of the effects of INM on soil and plant quality changes as recovery indicators of a decayed pear orchard. Two treatments (T1: conventional, T2: INM) were evaluated under three tree vigor levels, during two growing seasons. Old pear trees were used in a factorial experiment of two treatments (control and INM) x three vigor levels, based on a previous aerial Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image. Soil properties, nutrient leaf contents, and NDVI were evaluated. Soil chemical and biological properties and their spatial variability were determined after two and five years of treatment application, respectively. The INM improved β-glucosidase activity, reduced bulk density, and increased soil porosity. Furthermore, nutrient indices (NDVI x N, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, and B) were significantly increased under INM. After two years, soil chemical properties and root density were improved by INM. A significantly higher yield, soil organic matter, soluble C, and dehydrogenase activity was observed with INM after five growing seasons. The results indicated that INM is a sustainable alternative for recovering decayed orchards, through the inclusion of good-quality organic matter within the management program.

Frente al interés por incluir prácticas biológicas en los programas de fertilización en cultivos de importancia comercial, se propuso evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de un bioinoculante a base de bacterias fosfato solubilizadoras junto con la adición de compost, en un cultivo de palma de aceite en etapa de vivero y en zona definitiva. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos que comprendieron: (C) compost únicamente, (CQ) compost con fertilizantes químicos 50/50, (IC) compost con inoculante, (IQ) fertilizantes químicos con inoculante e (ICQ) inoculante, compost y fertilizantes químicos 50/50; como control positivo se usó un grupo de plantas con la fertilización química tradicional. La materia orgánica se adicionó a razón de 2% (p/p) en vivero y 15 kg/planta en zona definitiva. Las variables de respuesta incluyeron variables agronómicas (altura total, altura hasta bifurcación, diámetro del bulbo y número de hojas) y fisicoquímicas del suelo (pH, carbono orgánico oxidable (OOC), fósforo extractable y boro total), medidas durante 8 meses en zona de vivero y 6 meses en zona definitiva. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el compost evaluado constituye una alternativa para la fertilización de palma en zona definitiva, ya que fue una fuente de nutrientes que logró suplir la demanda en esta fase del cultivo, igualando los niveles nutricionales de las plantas del control (P≥0,005). Por su parte, en zona de vivero resulta indispensable la fertilización con productos químicos para asegurar la calidad de las plantas desde la primera etapa de crecimiento, dado que en esta fase las plantas demandan una alta cantidad de N, que no pudo abastecer el compost. Finalmente, no fue posible evidenciar el efecto estimulador del crecimiento vegetal del inoculante microbiano, por lo que se hace necesario complementar la investigación en relación a éste producto

In accordance with interest to include biological practices in fertilization programs for commercially important crops, the effect of a bioinoculant application based on phosphate solubilizing bacteria along with compost was evaluated on oil palm cultivation in the nursery stage and in a definitive area. The five treatments that were evaluated included: (C) compost, (CQ) compost and chemical fertilizers 50/50, (IC) compost and inoculant, (IQ) chemical fertilizers and inoculant and (ICQ) inoculant, compost and chemical fertilizers 50/50; as a positive control it was used a plant group fertilized with traditional chemical compounds. Organic matter was added at 2% (w/w) at nursery stage and 15 kg/plant in the definitive area. Response variables includedagronomic variables were evaluated (total height, height to bifurcation, bulb diameter and number of leaves) and soil physicochemical variables (pH, oxidizable organic carbon (OOC), extractable phosphorus and total boron), measured during 8 months in the nursery area and 6 months in the definitive area. The results showed that the evaluated compost constitutes an alternative for palm fertilization in the definitive area, as source of nutrients that meet crop demand at this stage of the crop, matching the nutritional levels of the control plants (P≥0.005). Meanwhile, in the nursery area, chemical fertilization is essential to ensure the quality of the plants during the first stage of growth, since, at this stage, plants require high amount of N, which is not supplied by the compost. Finally, it was not possible to demonstrate the promoting effect of the microbial inoculant on plant growth, so it is necessary to complement this research in regard to this product

With the purpose of isolating and characterizing free nitrogen fixing bacteria (FNFB) of the genus Azotobacter, soil samples were collected randomly from different vegetable organic cultures with neutral pH in different zones of Boyacá-Colombia. Isolations were done in selective free nitrogen Ashby-Sucrose agar obtaining a recovery of 40%. Twenty four isolates were evaluated for colony and cellular morphology, pigment production and metabolic activities. Molecular characterization was carried out using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). After digestion of 16S rDNA Y1-Y3 PCR products (1487pb) with AluI, HpaII and RsaI endonucleases, a polymorphism of 16% was obtained. Cluster analysis showed three main groups based on DNA fingerprints. Comparison between ribotypes generated by isolates and in silico restriction of 16S rDNA partial sequences with same restriction enzymes was done with Gen Workbench v.2.2.4 software. Nevertheless, Y1-Y2 PCR products were analysed using BLASTn. Isolate C5T from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown soils presented the same in silico restriction patterns with A. chroococcum (AY353708) and 99% of similarity with the same sequence. Isolate C5CO from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) grown soils showed black pigmentation in Ashby-Benzoate agar and high similarity (91%) with A. nigricans (AB175651) sequence. In this work we demonstrated the utility of molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools as a support to conventional techniques in characterization of the genus Azotobacter from vegetable-grown soils.

Objetivo: Demostrar la presencia de Rotavirus en las diferentes fases de un proceso de compostaje: matrices utilizadas como materia prima, mezcla a compostar y producto terminado. Materiales y métodos. El Rotavirus se determinó durante los tres procesos de compostaje. La detección viral se realizó por inmunocromatografía, ELISA y RT- PCR. Resultados. Se evidenció presencia viral en el primer proceso de compostaje, ausencia viral en el segundo y en el tercer proceso de compostaje, se presentaron interferencias que dificultaron interpretar los resultados de la PCR, lo cual impidió llegar a un resultado concluyente de su presencia en el abono. Conclusiones. Los abonos orgánicos pueden ser portadores de virus motivo por el cual se deben implementar pruebas de calidad para evitar que este material contribuya con la diseminación viral. Dentro de estos abonos existen sustancias capaces de interferir en las pruebas de detección.

Objective. To show the presence of rotavirus in different stages of a composting process: matrices used as raw material, mixture to be composted and the final product. Materials and methods. Immunochromatography, ELISA and RT-PCR were used for viral detection. Results. Rotavirus was found in the first composting step, no virus was found in the second step, and some inhibitory substances were found in the third step that posed difficulties in interpreting the PCR results and therefore providing a concluding result on rotavirus presence in the final product. Conclusions. Organic fertilizers can be vectors of human pathogenic viruses; therefore quality control tests must be implemented to avoid further viral dissemination. There are inhibitory substances present in organic fertilizers capable of interfering with the detection tests.

Objetivo. Demonstrar a presença de Rotavírus nas diferentes fases de um processo de compostagem: matrizes utilizadas como matéria-prima, mistura de composto e produto final. Materiais e métodos: A determinação do Rotavírus foi realizada nos três processos de compostagem. A detecção viral foi realizada por imunocromatografia, ELISA e RT-PCR. Resultados. Evidenciou-se a presença viral no primeiro processo de compostagem, ausência de vírus no segundo, e no terceiro processo de compostagem, apresentaram-se interferências que dificultaram a interpre tação dos resultados da PCR, tornando impossível chegar a um resultado conclusivo de sua presença no adubo. Conclusões. Os adubos orgânicos podem abrigar o vírus é por isso que se devem implementar provas de qualidade para evitar que esse material contribuía com a disseminação viral. Dentro desses fertilizantes existem substâncias capazes de interferir nas provas de detecção.

En el presente estudio se determinó la actividad celulolítica en suelo mediante el uso de una técnica fluorogénica que utiliza 4-metilumbeliferil B-glucosa (MUF) como sustrato, y se comparó con la técnica de Somogyi Nelson (SN). Se manejó sedimento como control positivo del método MUF, ya que esta técnica se estandarizó previamente en esta matriz, y suelo como matriz a evaluar. El muestreo de suelo se realizó en Puerto López, Meta, en cultivos de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. El sedimento se recolectó en el humedal La Conejera, localidad de Suba, Bogotá. Se realizaron tres tratamientos para ambas matrices: T1: matriz (control); T2: matriz+extracto crudo enzimático (2,34 UC); T3: matriz+Streptomyces sp. (59x103 conidios/mL). Para la obtención del extracto crudo enzimático utilizado en el T2 se realizó el aislamiento del microorganismo celulolítico con mayor actividad en agar CMC 1% m/v a partir de muestras de suelo, para su posterior fermentación y obtención de extracto enzimático. La incubación de las matrices en los tres tratamientos se realizó a temperatura ambiente, humedad mantenida a 4,6% durante 60 días, con muestreos periódicos cada 15 días para determinar actividad enzimática por métodos planteados (MUF y SN). No se evidenciaron efectos diferenciales en la actividad enzimática con ninguno de los tratamientos planteados, como tampoco se obtuvo correlación estadística entre los métodos (<16%). Es así que se propone la técnica fluorogénica como una metodología viable y fiable de la actividad celulolítica, en virtud de su alta especificidad, mayor rapidez en el montaje, así como por su facilidad de ejecución y apreciable precisión en términos de repetibilidad; sin embargo la técnica de SN no se descarta para futuros estudios.

In this study celullolytic activity was determined in soil using a fluorogenic technique, which utilizes 4-methylumbelliferil B-glucose (MUF) as substrate, and was compared with the quantitative technique of Somogyi Nelson (SN). Sediment control was handled as a positive method of MUF, as this technique was standardized previously in this matrix. Soil sampling was done in Puerto López, Meta, in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni crops using a simple random sampling. Sediments were collected in La Conejera wetland located in Suba, Bogotá. Three treatments were done to both matrixes: T1: Matrix (control); T2: Matrix + crude enzymatic extract (2.34 UC); T3: Matrix + Streptomyces sp (59x103 spores/mL). To obtain the crude enzymatic extract used in T2 an isolation of the celulloytic microogranisms was done with greater activity in carboximethylcellulose (CMC 1%) from soil samples for its subsequent fermentation and extraction of enzyme extract. Incubation of the matrix in three treatments was done at room temperature during 60 days where tests were performed every 15 days in order to analyze enzymatic activity by the established methods (MUF and SN). Humidity was maintained at 4.6%. No evidence of differential effects in the enzymatic activity with any of the treatments was found. Also, there was no statistical correlation between the methods (<16%). Thus, we propose the fluorogenic technique as a viable and reliable methodology to determinate cellulolytic activity because of its high specificity, faster assembly as well as its easy manipulation, precision and repeatability. Nevertheless the SN technique has not been ruled out for future studies.

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el nivel de actividad física y la percepción de los beneficios, las barreras y la autoeficacia en un grupo de empleados de 18 a 65 años con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Método: estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional. Para evaluar la actividad física se utilizó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) versión larga y para la evaluación de la escala de barreras, beneficios y autoeficacia se empleó el cuestionario de Nola Pender (EBBS). Muestra: conformada por 243 empleados. Resultados: el 65,8% de los empleados eran activos físicamente, los hombres 70,9% y las mujeres 61,7%. Se encontró una correlación negativa entre METS y autoeficacia y beneficios de la actividad física; no se evidencia correlación entre actividad física y barreras. Conclusiones: los hombres son más activos físicamente que las mujeres, los niveles de actividad física se elevan con la edad y disminuyen cuando aumenta el nivel educativo. La percepción de los beneficios de la actividad física en las personas sedentarias fue mayor que en personas físicamente activas.

Objective: To determine the relation between the level of physical activity and perception of benefits, barriers and self efficiency in a group of employees between 18 and 65 years of age with cardiovascular risk factors. Method: quantitative, descriptive, correlational study. To evaluate the physical activity, an International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) large version was used and to evaluate the barriers, benefits and self efficiency scales, Nola Pender's (EBBS) questionnaire was used. Sample: consisted of 243 employees. Results: 65,8% of the employees were physically active, males 70,9% and females 61,7%. A negative correlation was found between METS and self efficiency and benefits of physical activity; there is no evidence of correlation between physical activities and barriers. Conclusions: Men are physically more active than women, physical activity levels increase with age and decrease when education level increases. The perception of the benefits offered by physical activity in sedentary persons was higher than in physically active persons.

Objetivo: determinar a relação entre o nível de atividade física e a percepção dos benefícios, as barreiras e a auto-eficácia em um grupo de empregados de 18 a 65 anos com fatores de risco cardiovascular. Método: levantamento de tipo quantitativo, descritivo, correlativo. Para avaliar a atividade física se utilizou o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) versão completa e para a avaliação da escala de barreiras, benefícios e auto-eficácia se utilizou o questionário de Nola Pender (EBBS). Amostra: conformada por 243 empregados. Resultados: 65,8% dos empregados estavam ativos fisi-camente, os homens 70,9% e as mulheres 61,7%. Encontrou-se uma correlação negativa entre METS e auto-eficácia e benefícios da atividade física; não se evidencia correlação entre atividade física e barreiras. Conclusões: os homens são mais ativos fisicamente que as mulheres, os níveis de atividade física aumentam com a idade e diminuem quando aumenta o nível educativo. A percepção dos benefícios da atividade física nas pessoas sedentárias foi maior do que nas pessoas fisicamente ativas

Processes using microbiological filters are included under those waste water treatments that use immobilized microorganisms that are trapped in supports. Immobilization was achieved through the use of isolated amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria, characterized from water samples taken from an anaerobic treatment at coffee-growing farms and at Cenicafe's pilot plant. Furthermore, bacteria having identical enzymatic capacity were isolated from compost piles. In all, seven strains were obtained, corresponding to Bacillus liqueniformis featuring an amylolytic activity of 12289 UA/min; Bacillus megatherium, with an activity of 9890 UA / min; and Brevibacterium sp., with an activity of 3433 UP /min. Cell immobilization efforts were carried out on columns measuring 50 cm in height and 3.5 cm in diameter, while using different subproducts deriving from production of vellum coffee ("pergamino"), such as floss, coffee shells, and silverplated pellicle, and mixtures thereof. Activated carbon was used in the absorbtion-based immovilzation control. The selected support for this essay was made up of a mixture of 25 % floss, 25 % coffee shells, and 50 % activated carbon, with a removal rate of 88.6 % DQO over the obtained value for the anaerobic post-tratment, after 36 h. Experimental conditions were: 2.5 mL / min. flux; temperature range of 22-24 °C.; pH 7.0 ± 0.2.

Los procesos con filtros microbiológicos son unos de los tratamientos de aguas residuales donde se usan microorganismos inmovilizados atrapados en soportes. La inmovilización se realizó utilizando bacterias amilolíticas y proteolíticas aisladas y caracterizadas a partir de muestras de aguas provenientes del tratamiento anaeróbico de fincas cafeteras y de la planta piloto de Cenicafé. Así mismo se aislaron bacterias con igual capacidad enzimática a partir de pilas de compost obteniendo un total de siete cepas correspondientes a Bacillus liqueniformis con una actividad amilolítica de 12289 UA/min; Bacillus megatherium de 9890 UA / min y Brevibacterium sp. de 3433 UP / min. La inmovilización de las células se llevó a cabo en columnas de 50 cm de alto por 3.5 cm de diámetro, empleando diferentes subproductos de la producción de café pergamino como borra, cascarilla de café y película plateada y sus respectivas mezclas, utilizando carbón activado como control de inmovilización por adsorción. El soporte seleccionado en este estudio fue la mezcla de borra 25%, cascarilla de café 25 % y carbón activado 50 %, con una remoción de 88.6 % DQO sobre el valor obtenido postratamiento anaeróbico, a las 36 h. Las condiciones del experimento fueron flujo 2.5 mL / min.; temperatura entre 22-24 °C. y pH 7.0 ± 0.2.