Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the inconsistency between clinical diagnosis of death and autopsy findings in adolescents with chronic diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional study including a sample of adolescents’ autopsies who died in a pediatric and adolescent tertiary hospital over 18 consecutive years. During this period, there were n = 2912 deaths, and n = 581/2912(20%) occurred in adolescents. Of these, n = 85/581(15%) underwent autopsies and were analyzed. Further results were divided into two groups: Goldman classes I or II (high disagreement between main clinical diagnosis of death and anatomopathological findings, n = 26) and Goldman classes III, IV or V (low or no disagreement between these two parameters, n = 59). Results: Median age at death (13.5 [10‒19] vs. 13 [10‒19] years, p = 0.495) and disease duration (22 [0‒164] vs. 20 [0‒200] months, p = 0.931), and frequencies for males (58% vs. 44%, p = 0.247) were similar between class I/II vs. class III/IV/V. The frequency of pneumonia (73% vs. 48%, p = 0.029), pulmonary abscess (12% vs. 0%, p = 0.026), as well as isolation of yeast (27% vs. 5%, p = 0.008), and virus (15% vs. 2%, p = 0.029) identified in the autopsy, were significantly higher in adolescents with Goldman class I/II compared to those with Goldman class III/IV/V. In contrast, cerebral edema was significantly lower in adolescents of the first group (4% vs. 25%, p = 0.018). Conclusion: This study showed that 30% of the adolescents with chronic diseases had major discrepancies between clinical diagnosis of death and autopsy findings. Pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, as well as isolation of yeast and virus were more frequently identified at autopsy findings in the groups with major discrepancies.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate seroconverted asymptomatic COVID-19 in pediatric Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases (ARDs) patients and to identify the risk factors related to contagion. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2021, before vaccination of children and adolescents in Brazil, including 77 pediatric ARDs patients, followed at a tertiary hospital and 45 healthy controls, all of them without a previous diagnosis of COVID-19. Data was obtained by a questionnaire with demographic data, symptoms compatible with COVID-19 over the previous year, and contact with people with confirmed COVID-19. Patient’s medical records were reviewed to access data regarding disease and current medications. A qualitative immunochromatographic SARS-CoV-2 test was performed on all participants. Results: Patients and controls were similar in terms of female gender (70.1% vs. 57.8%, p = 0.173), age (14 vs. 13 years, p = 0.269) and SARS-CoV-2 positive serology (22% vs. 15.5%, p = 0.481). 80.5% of rheumatic patients were in use of immunosuppressive drugs: 27.3% of them used corticosteroids (33.3% in high doses), and 7.8% on immunobiologicals. No statistical differences were found between positive (n = 17) and negative serology (n = 60) patients regarding demographic/socioeconomic data, contact with people with confirmed COVID-19, use and number of immunosuppressive drugs, use and dose of corticosteroids, use of hydroxychloroquine and immunobiological drugs (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Pediatric rheumatic disease patients were infected at the same rate as healthy ones. Neither the underlying pathology nor its immunosuppressive treatment seemed to interfere with contagion risk.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a mortalidade entre adolescentes e pacientes adultos jovens com doenças crônicas acompanhados em um hospital terciário na América Latina. Métodos: Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo transversal em um hospital terciário/universitário no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Houve mortalidade de 529/2.850(18,5%) pacientes adolescentes e adultos jovens com doenças crônicas, porém 25/529(4,7%) foram excluídos devido a prontuários médicos incompletos. Portanto, foram avaliados 504 óbitos. Resultados: Ocorrem 316/504(63%) óbitos entre pacientes no início da adolescência e 188/504(37%) pacientes no fim da adolescência/adultos jovens. As comparações adicionais entre os pacientes no início da adolescência (n = 316) e no fim da adolescência/pacientes jovens (n = 188) com doenças crônicas pediátricas na última internação mostraram que a duração média da doença [22,0 (0-173) em comparação com 43,0 (0-227) meses, p < 0,001], foi significativamente menor nos pacientes no início da adolescência em comparação com os pacientes no fim da adolescência/adultos jovens. O número médio de internação anterior foi significativamente menor no primeiro grupo [4,0 (1-45) em comparação com 6,0 (1-52), p < 0,001], ao passo que a última internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foi significativamente maior (60% em comparação com 47%, p = 0,003). Com relação a medidas de suporte, o cuidado paliativo foi significativamente menor no grupo de pacientes no início da adolescência em comparação com o grupo de pacientes no fim da adolescência (33% em comparação com 43%, p = 0,02). As frequências de terapia de substituição renal (22% em comparação com 13%, p = 0,02), agentes vasoativos (65% em comparação com 54%, p = 0,01) e transfusão de hemoderivados (75% em comparação com 66%, p = 0,03) foram significativamente maiores no primeiro grupo. As cinco etiologias mais importantes de doenças crônicas pediátricas foram: neoplasias (54,2%), doenças hepáticas/transplante (10%), vírus da imunodeficiência humana (5,9%), lúpus eritematoso sistêmico de início na infância e artrite idiopática juvenil (4,9%). Foi feita autópsia em 58/504 (11%) e a discordância entre os diagnósticos clínico e pós-morte foi comprovada em 24/58 (41,3%). Conclusões: Quase 20% dos óbitos ocorreram em adolescentes e adultos jovens com diferentes padrões de cuidados de suporte e doenças graves. A discordância entre o diagnóstico clínico e a necropsia foi frequentemente observada.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate mortality in adolescents and young adult patients with chronic diseases followed in a Latin American tertiary hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in a tertiary/academic hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Death occurred in 529/2850 (18.5%) adolescents and young adult patients with chronic diseases, and 25/529 (4.7%) were excluded due to incomplete medical charts. Therefore, 504 deaths were evaluated. Results: Deaths occurred in 316/504 (63%) of early adolescent patients and in 188/504 (37%) of late adolescent/young adult patients. Further comparisons between early adolescents (n = 316) and late adolescent/young adult patients (n = 188) with pediatric chronic diseases at the last hospitalization showed that the median disease duration (22.0 [0-173] vs. 43.0 [0-227] months, p < 0.001) was significantly lower in early adolescents vs. late adolescent/young adult patients. The median number of previous hospitalizations was significantly lower in the former group (4.0 [1-45] vs. 6.0 [1-52], p < 0.001), whereas the last hospitalization in intensive care unit was significantly higher (60% vs. 47%, p = 0.003). Regarding supportive measures, palliative care was significantly lower in the younger group compared to the older group (33% vs. 43%, p = 0.02). The frequencies of renal replacement therapy (22% vs. 13%, p = 0.02), vasoactive agents (65% vs. 54%, p = 0.01), and transfusion of blood products (75% vs. 66%, p = 0.03) were significantly higher in the younger group. The five most important etiologies of pediatric chronic diseases were: neoplasias (54.2%), hepatic diseases/transplantation (10%), human immunodeficiency virus (5.9%), and childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (4.9%). Autopsy was performed in 58/504 (11%), and discordance between clinical and postmortem diagnoses was evidenced in 24/58 (41.3%). Conclusions: Almost 20% of deaths occurred in adolescents and young adults with distinct supportive care and severe disease patterns. Discordance between clinical diagnosis and autopsy was frequently observed.

A poliomielite associada à vacina oral é definida como a forma paralítica da poliomielite anterior aguda decorrente da cepa vacinal. Uma vez que o comportamento da cepa vacinal é semelhante ao do vírus selvagem, epidemiologicamente podemos distinguir dois tipos de poliomielite associada à vacina, os casos em que o paciente foi vacinado e os casos em que o paciente teve contato com pessoas que receberam a vacina. Apresentamos o caso de um lactente não vacinado, que apresentou quadro de poliomielite anterior aguda associada à vacina oral, cujo irmão havia recebido a vacina Sabin 20 dias antes do início do quadro clínico. Na cultura de fezes do paciente foi isolado o poliovírus tipo 3, cepa vacinal, que apresentava mutação do nucleotídeo 472 (C<FONT FACE="Symbol">®</font>U) na região 5' não codificadora, a qual está significativamente relacionada com a maior virulência da cepa.

Poliomyelitis associated with live strain vaccine is defined as the paralytic form of the acute anterior poliomyelitis related to the vaccine strain. Since these strains behave similarly to the wild-type virus, we can differentiate, epidemiologically, two types of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis: cases in which the patient was vaccinated and cases in which the patient had had contact with vaccinated individuals. We herein present the case of an unvaccinated child, with a clinical picture of an acute anterior poliomyelitis associated with the live strain vaccine, whose brother received the Sabin vaccine 20 days before the onset of the symptoms. Vaccine strain of the type 3 poliovirus was isolated in fecal culture and a presented mutation in nucleotide 472 (C<FONT FACE="Symbol">®</font>U) in the 5' non-coding region, which is strongly related to the higher strain virulence.