Abstract in Brazil, the development of a strong technical foundation for soil and water conservation has made no-tillage (NT) the leading method for preparing land for temporary crops. Despite this, there's insufficient information regarding the extent to which farmers have adopted NT and conservation agriculture (CA) and the distribution and evolution of these practices within Paraná-a state at the forefront of NT and CA implementation. This study investigates the adoption rates of NT and CA among Paraná's farmers, focusing on temporary crops. It utilizes specialized data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics' agricultural censuses of 2006 and 2017. Adoption rates for NT and CA were determined by comparing their proportions in both the number of farming properties and the overall land area devoted to temporary crops across various microregions. Findings indicate a rise in the adoption of NT from 68.5% to 78.9% and CA from 14.6% to 27.7% over the 2006 to 2017 period. Moreover, adoption rates varied across the 39 microregions, with the highest rates in regions dominated by temporary crops, particularly soybeans, maize, and wheat. Conversely, the lowest adoption rates were found in microregions where permanent crops and pastures prevailed, and sugarcane, cassava, and rice were the primary temporary crops. Brazil notillage no tillage (NT this theres there s (CA Paranáa Paraná implementation Paranás Statistics 200 685 68 5 68.5 789 78 9 78.9 146 14 6 14.6 277 27 7 27.7 201 period Moreover 3 soybeans maize wheat Conversely prevailed sugarcane cassava 20 68. 78. 1 14. 2 27.

Resumo: O artigo visa identificar as desigualdades salariais dos trabalhadores inseridos na cultura de cana-de-açúcar nas macrorregiões produtoras Centro-Sul e Norte-Nordeste e mensurar suas causas para os hiatos salariais regionais. Utilizaram-se microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD-C) para 2012 e 2019 e foram estimadas as regressões mincerianas e quantílicas com correção de viés de seleção amostral. Além disso, a decomposição contrafactual de salários de Oaxaca-Blinder também foi aplicada na média e nos quantis. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a diferença de salários dos trabalhadores inseridos no cultivo de cana-de-açúcar entre as duas áreas selecionadas, caracterizando aqueles que trabalham no Centro-Sul como grupo em vantagem. O hiato salarial aumentou no período, sendo maior para os empregados com baixos rendimentos em 2012, enquanto, em 2019, a diferença foi superior para os trabalhadores com maiores remunerações. Constatou-se ainda que a segmentação regional é o grande motivador e responsável pela maior parte das desigualdades salariais em ambos os anos, secundarizando as características pessoais e produtivas do trabalhador.

Abstract: This study aims to identify the inequalities in wages of workers inserted in the culture of sugarcane in the producing macro-regions of South-Central and North-Northeast and to measure their causes for regional wage gaps. The microdata collected from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (Continuous PNAD) of 2012 and 2019 were analyzed, and quantile/mincerian regression models with correction of sample selection bias were estimated. Furthermore, the counterfactual wage decomposition of Oaxaca-Blinder was also applied on the average and by quantiles. These results confirmed the difference in workers’ wages between the two selected areas, characterizing those who work in the South-Central as an advantaged group. The wage gap increased in the period, which is greater for low-income employees in 2012, while in 2019, the difference was greater for workers with higher wages. Thus, it was possible to perceive that the regional segmentation is primarily responsible for most of the wage inequalities in both years, relegating the personal and productive characteristics of the worker.

Resumo: Este artigo visa investigar os fatores que contribuíram para a desigualdade de rendimentos e analisar os efeitos da segmentação ocupacional de trabalhadores brasileiros empregados em atividades agrícolas e não agrícolas, no meio rural. Foram aplicados os métodos de regressão quantílica com correção de viés de seleção amostral e a decomposição contrafactual de rendimentos por quantis, através dos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD-C) para os anos de 2012 e 2019. Os resultados mostraram que existe desigualdade de renda favorável aos trabalhadores empregados em atividades não agrícolas em relação aos designados em atividades agrícolas, sendo a diferença superior para aqueles trabalhadores com rendas mais baixas, assim como para aqueles com altos rendimentos. Confirmou-se ainda a presença da segmentação setorial, da qual a maior parcela em 2012 corresponde à dualidade do mercado de trabalho e em 2019, nos quantis inferiores, a segmentação obteve maior poder explicativo para a diferença de rendimentos entre os grupos, enquanto para os quantis superiores, a teoria do capital humano prevaleceu.

Abstract: The article aims to analyze which factors contributed to the inequality across income distribution of Brazilian workers in rural areas, occupied in agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Quantile regression with sample selection bias correction and counterfactual decomposition of income by quantiles were applied, using the microdata from the National Continuous Household Survey (PNAD-C) for the years 2012 and 2019. The results showed that there is income inequality favorable to workers occupied in non-agricultural activities concerning agricultural activities, which is intensive for those with lower incomes, as well as for those with high incomes. The presence of sectorial segmentation was also confirmed, of which the largest portion in 2012 corresponds to the labor market duality. However in 2019, in lower quantiles the segmentation obtained greater explanatory power for the difference in income between the groups, while in higher quantiles the theory of human capital prevailed.