Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the structure, diversity, composition and drivers of AMF communities in succession areas of Atlantic Forest. Soil and root samples were collected in three natural ecosystems (mature rainforests, early and late secondary forests) with three areas on each ecosystem. In total, 38 AMF taxa were identified in field samples and three more in trap cultures with a greater richness of Acaulospora and Glomus. Based on a richness estimator, 70% of the AMF species were identified. Highest rates of root colonization and number of glomerospores were recorded in the early secondary forest. AMF species diversity differed between early and late forests. The main drivers of AMF distribution were coarse and fine sand, silt, Al, P, Na, pH and base saturation. The greatest number of exclusive species was recorded in the mature rainforests. The distribution of AMF communities was influenced by different successional stages and some soil attributes. structure Forest rainforests forests ecosystem total 3 Glomus estimator 70 forest sand silt Al P Na saturation attributes 7

Resumo speciesLink é um portal de informações em larga escala sobre biodiversidade, que existe graças a uma ampla rede colaborativa de pessoas e instituições. O envolvimento do CRIA com a comunidade científica do Brasil e de outros países é responsável pelos resultados expressivos alcançados, atingindo atualmente mais de 15 milhões de registros de dados primários de biodiversidade, sendo 95% associados a espécimes preservados e cerca de 25% a imagens digitais de alta qualidade. A rede fornece dados sobre mais de 200.000 espécies, das quais mais de 110.000 ocorrem no Brasil. Este artigo descreve as redes temáticas do speciesLink, bem como algumas das ferramentas mais úteis desenvolvidas. A importância e as contribuições do speciesLink são destacadas, assim como as preocupações em garantir um apoio financeiro estável para e-infraestruturas de dados sobre biodiversidade. Aqui revisamos o valor do speciesLink como uma das principais fontes de informação sobre biodiversidade para pesquisa, educação, tomada de decisão, desenvolvimento de políticas e bioeconomia.

Abstract speciesLink is a large-scale biodiversity information portal that exists thanks to a broad collaborative network of people and institutions. CRIA’s involvement with the scientific community of Brazil and other countries is responsible for the significant results achieved, currently reaching more than 15 million primary biodiversity data records, 95% of which are associated with preserved specimens and about 25% with high-quality digital images. The network provides data on over 200,000 species, of which over 110,000 occur in Brazil. This article describes thematic networks within speciesLink, as well as some of the most useful tools developed. The importance and contributions of speciesLink are outlined, as are concerns about securing stable budgetary support for such biodiversity data e-infrastructures. Here we review the value of speciesLink as a major source of biodiversity information for research, education, informed decision-making, policy development, and bioeconomy.

Abstract Cenostigma pyramidale is a native legume of the Brazilian semiarid region which performs symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), being an excellent model for studying genes associated with tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses. In RT-qPCR approach, the use of reference genes is mandatory to avoid incorrect interpretation of the relative expression. This study evaluated the stability of ten candidate reference genes (CRGs) from C. pyramidale root tissues under salt stress (three collection times) and associated with AMF (three different times of salinity). The de novo transcriptome was obtained via RNA-Seq sequencing. Three algorithms were used to calculate the stability of CRGs under different conditions: (i) global (Salt, Salt+AMF, AMF and Control, and collection times), (ii) only non-inoculated plants, and (iii) AMF (only inoculated plants). HAG2, SAC1, aRP3 were the most stable CRGs for global and AMF assays, whereas HAG2, SAC1, RHS1 were the best for salt stress assay. This CRGs were used to validate the relative expression of two up-regulated transcripts in Salt2h (RAP2-3 and PIN8). Our study provides the first set of reference genes for C. pyramidale under salinity and AMF, supporting future researches on gene expression with this species.

RESUMO Programas de revegetação de áreas degradadas por mineração visam recompor os processos essenciais do solo e ajudar na recuperação das comunidades fúngicas associadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição da comunidade de fungos filamentosos em áreas costeiras naturais e revegetadas de Mata Atlântica e fornecer informações sobre a regeneração da micobiota do solo em ambientes em recuperação. Cinquenta e duas espécies de fungos filamentosos foram identificadas. A análise ANOSIM indicou que as comunidades fúngicas diferem entre as áreas naturais e revegetadas (Rglobal = 0,186; p < 0,0001). Penicillium citreonigrum foi um indicador de áreas naturais, mas nenhuma espécie foi um indicador das áreas revegetadas. Áreas revegetadas apresentaram maior riqueza de espécies, demonstrando que a revegetação contribuiu para a recuperação e aumento da diversidade de fungos. Os resultados enfatizam a importância de inventários de biodiversidade em áreas costeiras sujeitas a pressões naturais e antrópicas, destacando a necessidade de políticas de conservação.

ABSTRACT Revegetation programs for degraded mined areas aim to restore essential soil processes and assist in the recovery of the associated fungal communities. This study aimed to determine the community composition of filamentous fungi in natural and revegetated coastal areas of Atlantic Forests and provide information on the recuperation of soil mycobiota in recovering environments. Fifty-two filamentous fungi species were identified. The ANOSIM analysis indicated that the fungi communities differ between natural and revegetated areas (Rglobal = 0.186; p < 0.0001). Penicillium citreonigrum was found to be an indicator of natural areas, whereas no species could be assigned as indicator of the revegetated areas. Revegetated areas showed great species richness, demonstrating that revegetation contributed to the recovery and increased the fungi diversity. The results emphasize the importance of biodiversity inventories in coastal areas subjected to natural and anthropic pressures, highlighting the need for conservation policies.

Foi determinada a ocorrência de espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) em áreas nativa (AN) e impactada (AI) pela mineração de gesso em Araripina, PE, Brasil, utilizando como culturas-armadilha: sorgo e amendoim. Os esporos de FMA foram caracterizados morfologicamente para identificação ao nível de espécie. DNA foi extraído de esporos para caracterização molecular a partir de sequencias da região ITS. No estudo molecular foram identificados três gêneros e quatro espécies (Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus sp., Glomus hoi, Claroideoglomus claroideum), que mostram capacidade para tolerar as condições de estresse da área minerada. Trabalhos em campo devem ser realizados para compreender melhor a dinâmica e funcionalidade dessas espécies de FMA que poderiam ser selecionadas para uso em programas de manejo, na recuperação de áreas similares.

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in native (AN) and gypsum mining impacted (AI) areas in Araripina, Pernambuco State, Brazil, was determined using as trap cultures sorghum and peanut. The spores were morphologically characterized for identification at species level. DNA was extracted from spores and sequences of the ITS region used for molecular characterization. The molecular study confirmed the identification of three genera and four species (Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus sp., Glomus hoi, Claroideoglomus claroideum) that show ability to support stress conditions. Field work should be carried out to better understand the dynamics and functionality of these AMF species which could be selected for management programs in similar degraded areas.

RESUMO A caatinga é um bioma exclusivamente brasileiro com áreas em acentuado processo de desertificação. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) atuam na sucessão vegetal favorecendo o estabelecimento das espécies vegetais próprias das etapas sucessionais e acelerando a recuperação para um estádio clímax da sucessão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência e diversidade de FMA em diferentes estádios sucessionais de caatinga no semiárido paraibano. Parcelas experimentais (30 x 60 m) foram demarcadas em áreas representando diferentes estádios sucessionais de caatinga: inicial (revegetação natural nos últimos 15 anos); intermediário (revegetação natural nos últimos 35 anos); tardio (caatinga madura com mais de 50 anos sem severos distúrbios antrópicos); e também em áreas de pasto cercadas e protegidas para representar o momento inicial de sucessão. Parcelas representativas dos quatro estádios foram implantadas com três repetições. Amostras de solo e raízes foram coletadas na camada de 0-15 cm de profundidade, nas estações seca e chuvosa. Todas as áreas apresentaram baixo potencial de infectividade, sugerindo que a introdução de mudas micorrizadas pode acelerar o processo de revegetação de parcelas degradadas nessa área. Com exceção das áreas em estádio tardio, os reservatórios de glomalina aumentaram com o avanço do processo de sucessão. Áreas em estádio tardio de sucessão apresentaram maior riqueza de espécies de FMA, indicando que o reestabelecimento da vegetação também exerce efeito significativo sobre a comunidade fúngica. Os gêneros Glomus e Acaulospora foram predominantes em ambas as estações, possivelmente por serem bem adaptadas às condições de semiárido.

ABSTRACT Caatinga is an exclusively Brazilian biome with areas in accentuated process of desertification. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) act in plant succession by favoring the establishment of plant species typical of successional stages and by accelerating recovery leading to a climax stage. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the occurrence and diversity of AMF in successional stages of caatinga in the semi-arid region of Paraíba State. Experimental plots (30 x 60 m) were delimitated in 2007 in areas corresponding to different caatinga successional stages: early caatinga succession (natural revegetation during the previous 15 years); intermediate (natural revegetation for about 35 years); late (mature caatinga with more than 50 years without major disturbances;) and also in pasture areas fenced and protected to represent the initial phase of succession. Plots of all four stages were implemented with three replicates. Soil and root samples were collected in the experimental plots, from the 0-15 cm soil layer in the dry and in the rainy seasons. All areas presented low infectivity potential suggesting that the introduction of mycorrhizal seedlings may accelerate the process of revegetation of degraded soils in this region. Except for the areas of late stage, the glomalin reservoirs increased along with the advancement of the succession process. Areas in the late stage of succession presented greater richness of AMF species, indicating that the establishment of the vegetation also exerts a significant effect in the fungal community. Glomus and Acaulospora species were predominant in both seasons, possibly because they are well adapted to semi-arid conditions.

The main goal of this study was to determine the diversity and activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in an area degraded by limestone mining within the semi-arid region of Brazil known as the caatinga (shrublands). Near a limestone quarry, we selected two areas of caatinga (preserved and degraded) for study. The number of glomerospores did not differ significantly between the two areas. There was a trend toward the most probable number of infective propagules being higher in the degraded area. Twenty AMF taxa were identified in the two sampled areas, species richness, diversity and evenness being higher in the preserved area. Two species of Racocetra represent new records for the semi-arid region of Brazil. Glomerospore production and AMF species richness were unaffected by mining activity in the study area.

A diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) pode ser um fator crucial para aumentar a produtividade e diversidade de plantas nos ecossistemas, e em contrapartida, as plantas também influenciam fortemente a ocorrência desses fungos. Foi avaliada a relação entre diferentes sistemas de uso da terra e as comunidades de FMA na região semi-árida do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas subdividas em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A presença ou ausência de árvores (gliricídia e maniçoba) foram parcelas principais e três sistemas de uso da terra foram as subparcelas: 1) cultivo tradicional de milho + feijão; 2) pastagem de capim buffel e 3) cultivo de palma forrageira. A presença das árvores aumentou a colonização micorrízica, esporulação e produção de propágulos de FMA em todos os três sistemas de uso da terra. Houve maior produção de proteínas do solo relacionadas à glomalina pelos FMA em parcelas com o cultivo de palma forrageira, independentemente da presença das árvores. Espécies de FMA pertencentes ao gênero Glomus predominaram independentemente da presença das árvores, do sistema de uso da terra e do período de amostragem do solo.

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be a critical factor in enhancing both the productivity and the diversity of plants in ecosystems, and the plants in the ecosystem also strongly influence the occurrence of these fungi. The relationships between different land use systems and AMF communities in the semi-arid region of the State of Paraíba, NE Brazil were evaluated. The experiment followed a split-plot randomized block design, with four replicates. The main plots were defined by the presence or absence of trees (gliricidia and maniçoba), while the split plots were defined by three land use systems: 1) traditional cropping of maize + beans, 2) buffel grass pasture, and 3) prickly pear forage crop. The presence of trees increased sporulation, mycorrhizal colonization and the production of infective propagules of AMF in all three land use systems. Greater production of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) occurred in the prickly pear plots regardless of the presence or absence of trees. Species belonging to the Glomus genus predominated regardless of the presence of trees, land use systemor soil sampling period.

We analyzed specimens identified as Amanita muscaria, some recently collected and others already deposited in herbaria, in Brazil. We concluded that two subspecies of A. muscaria occur in Brazil: A. muscaria var. muscaria; and A.muscaria var. flavivolvata. The first taxon was found in association with Castanea sativa, and the second (one specimen only) was found in association with Pinus and Eucalyptus spp. Morphologically, A. muscaria var. flavivolvata is distinguished by a shallower subhymenium and by basidiospores that are more elongated than are those of A. muscaria var. muscaria, which is the more widely known subspecies. We present descriptions, discussions, illustrations and a dichotomous key for these two subspecies.

Nineteen taxa of Mucorales, belonging to Absidi, Apophysomyces, Cunninghamella, Fennellomyces, Lichtheimi, Mucor, Mycotypha, Rhizopus and Syncephalastrum were isolated from 36 composite soil samples in three semiarid areas in the State of Pernambuco (Triunfo, Cabrobó and Belém de São Francisco), Northeast Brazil, which are characterized by Caatinga vegetation. Triunfo is preserved, whereas Cabroró and Belém de São Francisco are experiencing low and severe desertification processes, respectively. Mucorales were isolated in Petri dishes in triplicate from 5 mg samples of soil placed on the surface of wheat germ agar plus chloramphenicol and Cercobin [Dimethyl 4,49-(103 phenylene) bis (3-thioallophanate)] medium. The plates were left on a bench at room temperature (28 ± 2 ºC) for 72 h of alternating dark and light periods. Absidia cylindrospora presented the highest amount of CFU/g of soil, followed by L. hyalospor, C. phaeospora and C. echinulata var. echinulata. The latter, and R. microsporus var. microsporus, presented the highest frequencies of occurrence. Soils from Triunfo showed higher diversity of Mucorales than the samples from the other areas, although without differing statistically in relation to species richness. The communities of Mucorales from the degraded areas were more similar, while that from the preserved area was quite different. Most of the identified specimens have been commonly isolated from soil in other Brazilian regions, which indicates that they are not endemic of the semiarid. Eleven taxa are registered for the first time in this ecosystem, while F. heterothallicus is reported for the first time in Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de determinar a infectividade, a riqueza de FMA e a condição micorrízica da vegetação em área de Caatinga não antropizada. Coleta de solo e raízes foi realizada em Triunfo/PE. Raízes foram examinadas para determinação da colonização micorrízica. O número mais provável (NMP) de propágulos infectivos de FMA foi estimado por diluições sucessivas do solo e a utilização de milho (Zea mays L.) como planta isca. Glomerosporos foram quantificados e preparados em lâminas, para identificação das espécies. As plantas apresentaram-se pouco colonizadas (média < 10%) e o número de glomerosporos foi baixo (< 1 glomerosporo g-1 de solo), como registrado em outras áreas de Caatinga. O NMP de propágulos de FMA variou entre 64 e 70 cm-3 solo, indicando a importância dos outros propágulos (além dos glomerosporos) na dispersão dos FMA. Foram registrados 16 táxons de FMA, dos gêneros Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Kuklospora, Pacispora e Paraglomus; Glomus foi o mais representativo (sete espécies). Pacispora boliviana está sendo relatada pela primeira vez no Brasil. Os elevados teores de P na área provavelmente contribuiram para os baixos valores de colonização, infectividade e riqueza de FMA na área estudada. Confirma-se que os FMA são comuns em solos do semiárido brasileiro, com espécies de Glomus predominando nesse ambiente.

The objective of this work was to determine the infectivity and richness of AMF and the mycorrhizal conditions of the vegetation in a preserved area of Caatinga. Soil and root samples were taken in two subareas in the municipality of Triunfo, PE. The roots were stained with Trypan blue, and observed with a microscope to determine if colonization of mycorrhizal fungi was present. Glomerospores were extracted from soil, counted, mounted on microscope slides and the AMF species were identified. The plants from the area showed < 10% colonization. The number of glomerospores (<1 g-1 soil) did not differ between the subareas although in one area the amount of P in the soil was three times higher than in the other. The number of AMF propagules varied from 64 to 70 cm-3 in the soil. Sixteen taxa of AMF were registered and Glomus was the most representative genus, with seven species. Pacispora boliviana is reported for the first time in Brazil. The high amount of P probably contributes to the low values of propagules, colonization, infectivity and richness of AMF in the area. AMF have been commonly found in the Brazilian semiarid region and species of Glomus are predominant in this environment.

With the aim of increasing the knowledge about endophytic fungi, a group of microorganisms with high biotechnological potential and a valuable source of useful metabolites, a survey in leaves of mangrove plants (Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle) was performed at the Itamaracá Island, PE, Brazil. Leaves were collected, during two seasons, dry and rainy, superficially sterilized and fragments maintained in Petri dishes with Potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28º ± 2º C until isolation of the fungi. Fourty taxa were isolated: 25 species representing 19 genera and 15 morphotypes determined as Mycelia sterilia. Leaves of L. racemosa hosted the highest number of colony forming units (CFU) and taxa. Guignardia sp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were the most frequently isolated, while Glomerella cingulata was the only species found in association with the three host plants. The proportional importance of each fungus differed among hosts. The similarity of fungi species between the two seasons reached only 4.2%, and that between the hosts was also low, with the maximum (A. schaueriana x L. racemosa) reaching 24.2%. Sphaerosporium, as well as Chloridium virescens var. virescens, Microsphaeropsis arundinis, Penicillium pinophilum, Periconia cambrensis, Phoma herbarum, P. diachenii, P. obscurans, Sordaria prolifica and Torula elisii are reported for the first time as endophytic in tropical regions.

O efeito da adubação orgânica sobre a comunidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) em sistemas consorciados com milho, feijão e algodão foi avaliado no semi-árido paraibano, ao longo de dois anos. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos: (M) esterco incorporado no solo antes do plantio; (G) ramas de gliricídia incorporadas antes do plantio; (M+G) esterco e gliricídia incorporados no solo antes do plantio; (GS) gliricídia aplicada em cobertura 45 dias após o plantio; (M+GS) esterco incorporado antes do plantio e gliricídia aplicada em cobertura 45 dias após o plantio; (C) tratamento controle. Não foi possível identificar um melhor tratamento, em ambos os anos, em termos de densidade de esporos, colonização micorrízica e teor de glomalina. Entretanto, houve efeito significativo das incorporações na maioria dos tratamentos quando comparados ao controle. Em ambos os anos, M+GS favoreceu a produção de glomalina e a esporulação de FMA no sistema com algodoeiro. No segundo ano, de poucas chuvas, houve aumentos na produção de esporos, glomalina, colonização e riqueza de espécies de FMA, independentemente do efeito das incorporações e da cultura. Os tratamentos com esterco apresentaram maior riqueza de espécies, independentemente do ano e da cultura.

The effect of organic manure on the community of mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was evaluated in maize, cowpea and cotton intercropping systems in a semi-arid region of Brazil over two consecutive years. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with four replicates and six soil treatments: (M) goat manure incorporated in the soil before planting; (G) gliricidia prunings incorporated before planting; (M+G) manure and gliricidia incorporated before planting; (GS) gliricidia applied on the soil surface 45 days after planting; (M+GS) manure incorporated before planting and gliricidia applied to the surface 45 days after planting; and (C) control treatment without incorporation. It was not possible to identify the best treatment for both years in terms of spore density, mycorrhizal colonization and glomalin content. However, there was a significant effect from the fertilization treatments when compared to the control in most treatments. In both years, M+GS favored glomalin and AMF sporulation in the cotton plots. In the second year, which had low rainfall, there was an increase in production of spores, glomalin, colonization and AMF species richness irrespective of soil incorporation and culture. Plots that were fertilized with manure presented greater AMF species richness regardless of the year and crop type.

O Vale do Submédio São Francisco é localizado na região do semi-árido brasileiro, sendo um importante centro da fruticultura irrigada, responsável por 97% da exportação nacional de uvas de mesa, incluindo as uvas sem sementes. Baseado no fato de que a fertilização orgânica pode melhorar a qualidade do solo, comparou-se o efeito do manejo orgânico e convencional sobre a atividade microbiana do solo e o estado micotrófico de videiras produtoras de uvas sem sementes. Foi avaliado o número de glomerosporos, número mais provável de propágulos (NMP), riqueza de espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), colonização de FMA, produção de PSRG-FE, carbono da biomassa microbiana (C-BM), respiração microbiana, atividade de hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA) e quociente metabólico (qCO2). O manejo orgânico aumentou todas as variáveis, com exceção da PSRG-FE e do qCO2. A colonização micorrízica foi 4.7% no cultivo convencional e 15.9% no orgânico. O número de esporos variou de 4.1 a 12.4 por 50 g-1 solo em ambos os sistemas de manejo. O NMP de propágulos de FMA foi de 79 cm-3 solo no sistema convencional e 110 cm-3 solo no sistema orgânico. O carbono microbiano, a emissão de CO2 e a atividade do FDA apresentaram incrementos de 100 a 200% no cultivo orgânico. Treze espécies de FMA foram identificadas, a maioria no sistema orgânico. Acaulospora excavata, Entrophospora infrequens, Glomus sp.3 e Scutellospora sp. foram registradas apenas na cultura orgânica; S. gregaria foi exclusiva no cultivo convencional. O cultivo orgânico dos parreirais favorece a micorrização e a atividade microbiana do solo.

The São Francisco Submedium Valley is located at the Brazilian semiarid region and is an important center for irrigated fruit growing. This region is responsible for 97% of the national exportation of table grapes, including seedless grapes. Based on the fact that organic fertilization can improve soil quality, we compared the effects of conventional and organic soil management on microbial activity and mycorrhization of seedless grape crops. We measured glomerospores number, most probable number (MPN) of propagules, richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species, AMF root colonization, EE-BRSP production, carbon microbial biomass (C-MB), microbial respiration, fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (FDA) and metabolic coefficient (qCO2). The organic management led to an increase in all variables with the exception of EE-BRSP and qCO2. Mycorrhizal colonization increased from 4.7% in conventional crops to 15.9% in organic crops. Spore number ranged from 4.1 to 12.4 per 50 g-1 soil in both management systems. The most probable number of AMF propagules increased from 79 cm-3 soil in the conventional system to 110 cm-3 soil in the organic system. Microbial carbon, CO2 emission, and FDA activity were increased by 100 to 200% in the organic crop. Thirteen species of AMF were identified, the majority in the organic cultivation system. Acaulospora excavata, Entrophospora infrequens, Glomus sp.3 and Scutellospora sp. were found only in the organically managed crop. S. gregaria was found only in the conventional crop. Organically managed vineyards increased mycorrhization and general soil microbial activity.