Abstract Activities related to the marine exploration of oil and gas reservoirs tend to cause a concentration of natural radionuclides in related materials. As such, knowledge regarding the distribution of radionuclides in sedimentary basins with current oil operations is essential for modeling radiological hazards and possible risks of site contamination. This study investigated the distribution of 226Ra and 228Ra, radioisotopes from the 232U and 232Th decay chains in bottom sediment of the Santos basin. Sediment samples were collected from sites in a sampling grid based on depth contours and were analyzed through high-resolution gamma spectrometry. A distribution model of the spatial variation of these isotopes, the frst of its kind for the Basin, supported the interpretation of similar tendencies in their distribution. From studying the spatial trends of the mean levels of the isotopes with descriptive statistics and variance analysis, latitudinal and bathymetric diferences in the content of radionuclides emerged. These diferences are probably derived from the distinct sources of these elements, as 226Ra originates in the deep ocean from the decay of parent 230Th and from the patterns of sedimentation driven by open ocean circulation, while 228Ra is supplied by terrigenous materials transported by the northward-fowing Brazilian Coastal Current. such contamination Ra U Th basin highresolution high resolution spectrometry Basin analysis emerged elements circulation northwardfowing northward fowing Current

Abstract The Antarctic environment has special characteristics that influence the local marine life. The benthic organisms, adapted to these extreme conditions of life, are subject nowadays to effects of climate change. Recently, the consequences of glacier retreat on these assemblages have been observed in many West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) regions, including King George Island (KGI). This study described the spatial variation of the benthic macrofauna in different areas of the Martel Inlet (Admiralty Bay - KGI), at depths around 25-30 m. Sampling was done in January 2001 at ten stations classified in localities according to their proximity to ice-margin/coastline in marine-terminating glacier (MTG), terrestrial-terminating glacier (TTG) and ice-free area (IFA). The total density and the abundance of annelids, nematodes, peracarid crustaceans and bivalves were higher at IFA stations. The locality discrimination by taxa and species was independent of available environmental/sedimentary conditions or was the result of unmeasured variables or species life history processes not assessed herein. Considering that our findings were obtained 21 years ago, they will be especially useful for comparing future studies of benthic assemblage responses to the influence of climate change and continuous glacier retreats in the WAP region. organisms Recently (WAP regions KGI. KGI . (KGI) Admiralty KGI, , KGI) 2530 25 30 25-3 m 200 icemargin/coastline icemargincoastline ice margin/coastline margin coastline marineterminating terminating MTG, MTG (MTG) terrestrialterminating terrestrial TTG (TTG icefree free IFA. (IFA) annelids nematodes environmentalsedimentary environmental sedimentary herein 2 ago region (KGI 253 3 25- 20 icemargin margincoastline (MTG (IFA

Abstract The iAtlantic Project has established an international collaborative strategy to improve mapping and characterization of deep and open ocean ecosystems in understudied regions of the Atlantic and evaluate their health. In December 2022, the first iAtlantic expedition in the South Atlantic set off to map and explore seafloor ecosystems in the Santos Basin slope (200-1,000 m depths) in collaboration with the Petrobras ‘Santos Basin - Regional Characterization Project.’ The 17-day ‘iAtlantic_BR10-Petrobras’ cruise was conducted on board the research vessel NPqHOc Vital de Oliveira (Brazilian Navy) and performed (a) water column structure characterization, (b) seafloor morphology mapping, (c) description of benthic habitats and communities by seafloor imagery and biological/ geological sampling, and (d) ex-situ experiments to assess the functioning of sedimentary ecosystems and their responses to climate-related environmental changes. This study describes the rationale behind the iAtlantic_BR10-Petrobras cruise science plan, reports its sampling strategy and methods, and summarizes its collected data and preliminary results. health 2022 2001,000 2001000 200 1,000 1 000 (200-1,00 depths Project. 17day day 17 ‘iAtlantic_BR10Petrobras iAtlanticBR10Petrobras iAtlanticBRPetrobras ‘iAtlantic_BR10 BR10 BR ‘iAtlantic_BR10-Petrobras Brazilian Navy a (a b (b c (c biological d (d exsitu ex situ climaterelated climate related changes iAtlantic_BR10Petrobras iAtlantic_BR10 plan methods results 202 2001 2001,00 200100 20 1000 1,00 00 (200-1,0 BR10Petrobras iAtlanticBR iAtlanticBR10 ‘iAtlantic_BR1 BR1 iAtlantic_BR1 2001,0 20010 2 100 1,0 0 (200-1, BRPetrobras iAtlanticBR1 ‘iAtlantic_BR iAtlantic_BR 2001, 10 1, (200-1 (200- (200 (20 (2 (

Abstract Pockmarks are circular or elliptical structures formed at the seabed by the expulsion of gas from the subsurface. They are widely distributed along the continental margin off southeastern Brazil and can be over a kilometer wide and 100 meters deep. However, studies concerning the organic characteristics of these pockmark areas are scarce. This study sought to evaluate the organic composition of the sedimentary matter in pockmark areas located in the continental slope region of the southern Brazilian coast. Hydrocarbons, sterols, long-chain alcohols, stable isotopes of C and N, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen were assessed to provide an organic molecular characterization of the pockmarks located in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. These compounds did not reflect the organic characteristics of the scape of fluids that generate pockmark structures.

Abstract Carbonate mounds and pockmarks are geologically and ecologically important features distributed worldwide in the world’s oceans. In the present study, we present a chemical characterization of deep-sea scleractinian coral skeletons collected in these geomorphological areas at the southeastern continental margin of Brazil. Coral samples were collected from ten sampling stations during cruises aboard the R/V Alpha Crucis, in 2019. Three species of scleractinian corals were studied: Enallopsammia rostrata, Solenosmilia variabilis, and Desmophyllum pertusum. Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen (δ13C and δ18O), metals, and phosphorus present in the coral carbonate skeletons were analyzed. Corals are recognized as archives of physical-chemical variations in the marine environment, and the Element/Ca ratios, δ13C, and δ18O allowed for the characterization of the studied areas. Chemical composition found in pockmark areas indicated affinity to terrigenous and particulate materials input (Ba/Ca, Fe/Ca, Mn/Ca, Li/Ca, and Mg/Ca). Greater availability of nutrients and anthropogenic materials (Pb/Ca, Cd/Ca, Zn/Ca, and P/Ca) is also likely to occur in this region, with some elemental ratios higher than those measured in other oceans. These mounds can act as barriers for metals from land flows. Also, corals benefit from a higher food supply due to stronger currents. The corals at the top of the Alpha Crucis Carbonate Ridge receive significant marine influence. Most coral samples have carbonate of aragonitic origin, except for a specimen of D. pertusum, which presented carbonate of biogenic calcite and aragonite. The results demonstrate the potential of scleractinian corals in the chemical characterization of the deep ocean and the need for further investigation of carbonate mound areas from the SW Atlantic.

Abstract Pockmarks are geological features that often sustain hydrocarbon-related communities of microorganisms when active, seeping oil or methane. Microbial communities of inactive pockmarks have not been well studied until the present. Plenty of pockmarks in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean have been discovered. However, no information is available about the organic characteristics in association with the microbial diversity related to methane and non-methane hydrocarbon consumption. This study examined the identity and potential ecology of the methane-related microbial community in an inactive SW Atlantic Carbonate-enriched Pockmark (SWACP). Undisturbed sediment cores were enriched with CH4 99.5% at 5°C, with samples harvested at 16h, 120h, 240h, 720h, and 960h, followed by metataxonomics functional prediction, and the correlation of microbial groups with incubation and enrichment types. The SWACP is depleted in organic compounds, and chemosynthetic production is dominant. Incubated mini-cores of sediment were affected by incubation time and enrichment type, which influenced the microbial composition. Although several taxa were shared among all sediment samples, specific groups per enrichment type and incubation time were observed. These communities comprised taxa previously reported in marine bottom waters, carbonate crusts, active cold-seeps, and inactive pockmarks. The methane-enriched taxa were predominantly related to aerobic methanotrophy, methylotrophy, aerobic and anaerobic non-methane hydrocarbon degradation, and fermentation. This study brings the first survey of the key microbial groups in methane fluxes of a Brazilian deep-sea pockmark, providing data for understanding the ecology surrounding the SW Atlantic gas field areas.

Abstract The continental margin off the southeastern Brazilian coast is punctuated by a series of geological-geomorphological features, such as subsurface saline diapirs and pockmarks at the seafloor interface, which evidence the abundant presence of oil and gas in the region. In several of these sites, hydrocarbons can be naturally released into the water column, areas are cold seep areas. These are marked by the presence of oil- and gas-dependent ecosystems, where specific organisms are able to fix carbon from hydrocarbon chemosynthesis. In addition, light hydrocarbon fluid flow through the sediment may build up authigenic carbonates that can be further colonized by cold-water corals, generating large carbonate mounds over geological time, normally positioned at the border of these pockmark features. The present work reports on a multidisciplinary oceanographic cruise carried out in the Santos Basin, SW Atlantic, to seek, map, and collect geological, chemical, and biological data from different deep-sea habitats. The cruise occurred in November 2019 on the R/V Alpha Crucis of the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo (IOUSP). We intended to discover and detail different geomorphological features, characterize free-living and symbiotic microorganisms, determine the chemosynthetic rates in relation to heterotrophic microbial production, and characterize the fauna and study their ecological and evolutionary links within and across ocean basins. All discoveries made during the cruise and their respective results will be presented separately in several papers that comprise this special volume.

Abstract Although carbonate mounds have been investigated for 100 years, few studies focus on the giant variety. The Alpha Crucis Carbonate Ridge (ACCR), a ~17 x 12-km ring-shaped ridge formed by hundreds of mounded structures, located between the 300 and 800-m isobaths and reaching a maximum height of 340 meters above the adjacent seafloor, is the first giant carbonate mounded feature described for the SW Atlantic margin. This study provides the first multiproxy approach to investigate sediments covering the ACCR and its adjacencies. Most of the area is located under the Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC) flow, which carries the nutrient-rich Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). Radiocarbon aging shows pronounced differences for the shallow layers (MIS3 for the top of the mounds and late Holocene for the adjacencies). Grain size data indicate the prevalence of sandy fractions on top of the mounds and muddy sediments in the adjacent areas. Fe/Ca and Ti/Ca proxies allowed for identifying mainly biogenic sedimentation in the area. However, the input of allochthonous terrigenous sediment is necessary for mound buildup, and values of Fe and Ti collected on the top of the mounds are significant. End-Members distributions and metal concentrations also allowed for recognition of distinct sources of sediment. εNd and Ln(Fe/K) indicated two primary terrigenous sources, the Precambrian rocks of the Brazilian shield (Cabo Frio end-member) and the multiple lithologies drained by the Rio de la Plata basin. Redox condition proxies indicated that the area is submitted to oxic conditions, probably reflecting the action of the IWBC. This work provides the first insight into an integrated grain-size and geochemical characterization of the Alpha Crucis Carbonate Ridge (southwestern Atlantic margin).

Abstract Deep-sea sediments comprise one of the largest habitats on Earth. The archaeal groups contribute to a large fraction of the deep-sea benthic biomass, playing a key role in biogeochemical cycles. However, their diversity in deep-sea benthic ecosystems remains poorly understood, mostly because only recently novel taxa have been proposed, thus remodeling the phylogenetic tree. Despite the dificulty in obtaining cultivated representatives, the metabolic capabilities of archaea have lately been described through metagenomic data, indicating that archaeal taxa are highly versatile. Here, we aimed to reveal the diversity of archaeal communities in surface (0 to 15 cm depth) and subsurface (200 cm depth) sediments from a carbonate-rich region in the Southwestern Atlantic upper slope. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and found that the archaeal composition in surface sediments was mainly dominated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea within Nitrososphaeria class. The distribution of Nitrososphaeria ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) indicates the presence of several species or ecotypes. Contrastingly, the subsurface sediment was dominated by uncultivated anaerobic and poorly known archaea, including representatives of all supergroups (Asgard, TACK, DPANN and Euryarchaeota). These archaea have been described as having potentially diverse metabolic capabilities, including autotrophic and heterotrophic pathways, such as acetogenesis, methylotrophy, and degradation of labile and recalcitrant organic compounds. This indicates an important role in the remineralization of organic matter in the SW (Southwest) Atlantic slope. They are likely enriched due to the transport and mixing of sediments by the IWBC (Intermediate Western Boundary Current) along the continental slope. However, further studies are needed to reveal the geochemical and oceanographic drivers of the archaeal distribution. This study provides the first description of the archaeal communities in carbonate-rich sediments in the SW Atlantic slope, and adds new biodiversity insights to this geological feature, which is considered a vulnerable marine ecosystem, thus helping for future conservation strategies.

Resumo Inaugurado em 1852, o canal artificial do Valo Grande (VG), no rio Ribeira de Iguape (SP), configura-se como um dos maiores desastres ambientais da costa brasileira. Este artigo apresenta uma síntese sobre o tema, abordando suas dimensões histórica, ecológica, geográfica e sociopolítica. O VG tem causado a desestruturação do ecossistema e a reconfiguração da paisagem no Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar Cananéia-Iguape. Estudos também indicam que parte dessas transformações pode ser reversível, caso o canal venha a ser fechado, como determinado em decisão judicial de 2a Instância em 2018. Tal medida deverá ser acompanhada, no entanto, por um amplo programa de monitoramento visando sua efetividade (ambiental e social) em longo prazo. A questão do VG permanece ainda sem definição, passados mais de 150 anos desde os seus primeiros impactos significativos na região. Trata-se de fenômeno singular no Brasil e sobre o qual este artigo procura lançar alguma luz.

Abstract The channel of the Valo Grande (VG) in the Ribeira de Iguape River (São Paulo State, Brazil), inaugurated in 1852, is one of the largest environmental disasters in the Brazilian coast. This article presents a synthesis of the historical, ecological, geographic and sociopolitical dimensions involving the VG. The VG has promoted the ecosystem disrupting and the landscape reconfiguration of Cananéia-Iguape estuary-lagoon complex. Studies have also indicated that part of these environmental changes could be reversible, in the case of VG closure, which was determined by Brazilian jury at second instance in 2018. Such a decision, however, shall be accompanied by an extensive monitoring program aiming at the environmental and social effectiveness of this action in long-term. The VG question still remains unsolved, although more than 150 years have passed since its first impacts in the region. It is a unique case in Brazil, which this article seeks shed some light.

Resumen Inaugurado en 1852, el canal artificial del Valo Grande (VG), en el río Ribeira de Iguape (SP, Brasil), se configura como uno de los mayores desastres ambientales de la costa brasileña. Este artículo presenta una síntesis sobre el tema, abordando sus dimensiones histórica, ecológica, geográfica y sociopolítica. El VG ha causado la desestructuración del ecosistema y la reconfiguración del paisaje en el Complejo Estuarino-Lagunar Cananéia-Iguape. Los estudios también indican que parte de esas transformaciones puede ser reversible si el canal se cerraba, según lo determinado en decisión judicial de 2a Instancia en 2018. Tal medida deberá acompañarse, sin embargo, de un amplio programa de monitoreo para su efectividad (ambiental y social) a largo plazo. La cuestión del VG sigue siendo sin definición, pasados más de 150 años desde sus primeros impactos significativos en la región. Es un fenómeno único en Brasil, y sobre el cual este artículo busca arrojar alguna luz.

RESUMO: Neste artigo, apresentamos novas evidências sobre a transgressão ocorrida Estágio Isotópico 3 (MIS3) na costa do sudeste do Brasil (Baixada Santista). Dados coletados por meio de um ensaio de penetração em solo (SPT) revelam a ocorrência de sedimentos mixohalinos entre 45.000 e 41.000 anos a.P. Uma sequência mais profunda, que mostra clara transição de ambiente continental para um mixohalino, foi associada ao Estágio Isotópico 5e (MIS5e). Marcadores orgânicos e inorgânicos foram usados para reconhecer as variações dos ambientes terrestre/mixohalino/marinho, bem como inferir sobre o clima e a energia do ambiente deposicional. Uma mudança ambiental, que poderia corresponder a um pico do nível do mar ou à ocorrência de condições mais secas, foi reconhecida entre 43.000 e 42.000 anos a.P. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de futuros trabalhos sobre a variabilidade do MIS3 na costa atlântica sul-americana.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we present new evidence regarding a Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) transgression on the south-eastern Brazilian coast (Baixada Santista coastal plain). Data collected from a Standard Penetration Test (SPT) drilling reveal the occurrence of myxohaline sediments between cal BP 45,000 and 41,000. A deeper sequence, which shows a clear transition from terrestrial to a myxohaline environment, was associated with MIS5e. Organic and inorganic proxies have been used to recognize the variations on the terrestrial/myxohaline/marine deposits, as well as to infer about climate and energy of the depositional environment. Environmental change, which could correspond to a sea-level peak or the occurrence of drier conditions, was recognized between 43,000 and 42,000 cal BP. The results reinforce the need for future works on MIS3 variability on the South American Atlantic coast.

The Southwestern Atlantic margin is characterized by several canyon systems incised on a huge contourite depositional system associated with the interaction of strong Antarctic water masses with the seafloor. So far, however, only one mega slide canyon (Cabo Polonio) has been described in the Uruguayan continental slope. In this work, sedimentary processes dominating the head of this mega slide canyon are described and interpreted based on the analysis of the composition (texture and fossils) and distribution of widespread gravel along its head and thalweg. This information is integrated with acoustic (multibeam and seismic) and hydrological data. Results suggest that the evolution of the head of the canyon presents retrogressive erosion related to debris and turbidity flows. This erosion is ongoing and/or has been active during the recent past and contourite deposits are involved in headwall erosion. The pathway of gravel along the canyon and the thalweg was reconstructed. The strong flow of the South Atlantic Central Water, and its interaction with the Antarctic Intermediate Water, dominates the modern hydrology, promoting highly energetic conditions enhancing headwall erosion. This work contributes to a better understanding of the sedimentary processes connected to an mega slide canyon in the upper slope off Uruguay and located in the northernmost distribution of the South Atlantic Contourite Depositional System.

The Río de la Plata Estuary (RdlP) is a fluviomarine system that drains into the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean with the Paraná and Uruguay rivers as main tributaries. The estuary is fed by a 3,100,000 km2 catchment area which extends over the territories of Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay (Acha et al., 2008). The RdlP exhibits significant natural decadal- and annual-scale, hydrodynamic and oceanographic variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the El Niño/ La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Depetris and Pasquini, 2007b; Chiessi et al., 2009; Garreaud et al., 2009). Such variability affects the moisture budget over the surrounding continental areas and leads, thus, to changes in the river discharge. PDO is associated with ENSO as both appear to display similar hydrological responses, though their inherent mechanisms are not yet fully understood (Garreaud et al., 2009). In this sense, warm and cold PDO phases strongly resemble El Niño and La Niña events, respectively (Garreaud et al., 2009). During El Niño episodes, an increase in precipitation over the RdlP drainage basin is commonly observed (Boulanger et al., 2005; Camilloni, 2005; Garreaud et al., 2009; García-Rodríguez et al., 2014), and consequently increased Paraná and Uruguay river discharges are displayed (Depetris and Pasquini, 2007a). Campos et al. (1999) have recorded a freshwater plume of low salinity and temperature (32, 18 ºC respectively) associated with an increase in RdlP discharge during the El Niño event of 1997, expanding northwards up to 23ºS. Furthermore, during negative AMO phases it was recorded an increasing trend on the precipitations over the SE South America (SESA) and, as a consequence, a concomitant increase in the Rivers Paraná and Uruguay discharge was recorded, while the opposite pattern was observed during positive phases (Chiessi et al., 2009). The aim of this paper is to infer the link between changes in the delivery of terrigenous sediment to the adjacent Atlantic Ocean with recorded hydrological variability of the RdlP. To achieve this, we used sedimentological and geochemical proxies from two sediment cores, which were retrieved from the inner continental shelf off Uruguay and encompass the past 100 AD. Sediment Core GeoB 13813-4 was taken from the inner-shelf “RdlP paleo-valley mudbelt” (Fig. 1;34°44’13’’S, 53°33’16’’W) during research cruise M76/3a (Krastel et al., 2012; Lantzsch et al., 2014). Sediment Core BAR1 was retrieved in the innershelf “Barra del Indio” zone (Fig. 1; 35°03’00’’S, 56°09’00’’W), performed by the Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). For Core GeoB 13813-4, we analyzed the relative abundance of major elements (Ca and Ti) obtained by an X-ray fluorescent sediment core scanner AVAATECH and the Ca/Ti ratio was used to infer continental versus marine influence. This chemical elemental ratio was chosen according to previous successful applications within the Atlantic Ocean (Chiessi et al., 2009; Mahiques et al., 2009; Govin et al., 2012; Bender et al., 2013; Burone et al., 2013). Furthermore, the arithmetic mean grain size distribution was studied from both sediment cores, using the GRADISTAT program (Grain Size Distribution and Statistics Package for the Analysis of Unconsolidated Sediments) version 8 (Blott and Pye, 2001) (Fig. 4). For Core GeoB 13813-4 grain size were obtained by Laser Particle Sizer LS200 and for Core BAR1 were obtained by Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Laser analyser. The chronology from both cores was assessed by 210Pbxs dating (Table 1 and Fig. 2; Appleby, 2001; 2008). For core BAR1 we selected the CRS (Constant Rate Supply) model (which is highly used for estuarine systems), while for GeoB 13813-4 the CFCS (Constant Fluxe: Constant Sedimentation Rate) model was applied (Appleby, 2008; Bernal et al., 2010). In the last case, the decision of using the CF-CS model was due to the lack of a complete 210Pb dataset, which would bring very high sedimentation rates uncertainties (Sanchez-Cabeza and Ruiz-Fernández, 2012). To assess the climatic variability over the past century as inferred from the sediment proxies, we evaluated the climatic indices PDO and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), of the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington (http://jisao.washington.edu), as well as the AMO from the NOAA (http://www.aoml. noaa.gov/phod/amo_faq.php). We further compared these data with temporal series (encompassing the last century) of the Paraná and Uruguay fluvial discharges (http://www.hidricosargentina. gov.ar/acceso_bd.php), river-flow anomalies were calculated following the approach of Piovano et al. (2004). The generated proxy data were analyzed by running cluster analyses using the stratigraphically constrained Moristia similarity index, in PAST program version 3 (http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/ past/). The generated groups are represented with red lines in figure 3. The sedimentation rate of core GeoB 13813-4 was assumed to be constant with a mean value of 1.3 cm yr-1 (Table 1; Perez Becoña, 2014), while for the sedimentation rate of core BAR1 three groups were observed: 1911-1973; 1976-1984 and 1986-2010. The mean sedimentation rate for the above groups showed an increasing trend from 0.24 ± 0.13 cm yr-1 to 0.31 ± 0.14 cm yr-1 and 0.37 ± 0.10 cm yr-1, respectively. The most positive and stable values of SOI (La Niña events) were recorded during 1910-1970. After 1970, a higher variability and a trend towards more negative values was observed (El Niño events). After the year 2005, very negative SOI values occurred (Fig. 4). PDO showed either negative or close to zero values during the early period 1910-1970 (cold phase). During the subsequent interval, i.e., 1970- 2005, positive values (warm phase) were observed. Regarding with AMO, a positive phase was observed from 1925-1960, followed by a negative phase (1960- 2000), but then a shift to a positive phase until the present was observed. The Paraná river discharge anomalies for the years 1910-1970 were mostly associated with negative values (Fig. 4), while between 1970 and 2010 positive anomalies were documented. Between the years 2000 and 2010, we mostly registered values close to zero. Furthermore, the trends in AMO and SOI indices were negatively associated with the anomalies of both Paraná and Uruguay rivers flows, while PDO index were positive associated with such anomalies. A change in mode polarity observed for PDO and AMO took place by the middle 1970s, in addition to more frequent and intense El Niño events that led to the increased rainfall over SESA (Garreaud et al., 2009). Thus, the increase in rainfall over SESA was concomitant with positive anomalies in the Paraná and Uruguay river discharge rates after 1970 (Camilloni, 2005). In this sense, the Paraná river discharge was 20% higher during the past 30 years than the historical average of the 20th century (Mauas et al., 2008). The results of the cluster analyses groups (Fig. 3) showed a differentiation in both sediment cores that correspons to the beginning of the 1970s, which could be associated with the increasing discharge trend recorded for the Parana and Uruguay rivers over the last three decades. The increase in RdlP discharge led to a higher accumulation rate of terrigenous sediments, as inferred from the high sedimentation rate and mean grain size (BAR1), and the lowest Ca/ Ti ratio (GeoB 13813-4), and explains both the spatial and temporal sedimentological and geochemical variability. Ca/Ti ratio in the RdlP was successfully used to infer marine vs. continental influence, as Ti is associated with a continental RdlP discharge, while Ca is associated with autochthonous marine productivity (e.g. foraminifera, Burone et al., 2013). Thus, the highest continental sediment supply to the inner continental shelf is observed in GeoB 13813-4 after 1970, associated with a decrease in the Ca/Ti ratio (Fig. 4). Regarding with Core BAR1 the grainsize distribution and the sedimentation rate were both associated with the estuarine hydrodynamic changes. After 1970, the highest and most variable sedimentation rate and mean grain size was found, probably associated to an increase in both the Paraná and Uruguay river discharges during the past three decades, while the lowest and more stable sedimentation rates and mean sediment grain size recorded before 1970, is indicating a reduced RdlP freshwater supply to the study area. This study shows that both sediment cores contain a distinct continental runoff record as the result of climatic changes (PDO, AMO and ENOS), which have influenced the precipitation patterns over SESA. Both sites reflect similar responses to these environmental changes for the last 100 yr in continental terrigenous sediment supply from the RdlP watershed towards the inner continental shelf. We conclude that it is possible to assess the temporal? RdlP discharge patterns variability within the estuarine and adjacent oceanic area through the study of terrigenous proxies from sediment cores retrieved within the continental shelf.

El Río de la Plata (RdlP) presenta significativas variaciones naturales (hidrodinámicas y oceanográficas) asociadas a diferentes condiciones climáticas. El propósito de este trabajo es inferir los cambios de aportes continentales de sedimentos y su relación con las variaciones hidrológicas del Río de la Plata, a través del análisis de proxies sedimentológicos y geoquímicos en testigos de sedimentos de la plataforma interna uruguaya que registran los últimos 100 años, aproximadamente. A partir de la datación por 210Pb de dos testigos de sedimentos (GeoB 13813-4 y BAR1) se reconstruyó la geocronología del ambiente, y se relacionó con datos de las forzantes climáticas Pacific Decadal Oscillation, El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, y las anomalías hidrológicas de los ríos Paraná y Uruguay. Los valores más positivos y estables del Southern Oscillation Index, los cuales corresponden a fases La Niña, se observan en el periodo correspondiente entre 1910-1970, respecto al resto de la serie, donde se aprecia una mayor variabilidad y una tendencia hacia valores más negativos (eventos El Niño). Se hicieron dendrogramas (clustering) jerárquicos para ambos testigos. Para el testigo GeoB 13813-4, se utilizó la relación Ca/Ti y la granulometría, mientras que para BAR1 se recurrió a variables granulométricas y la tasa de sedimentación. El mayor aporte continental hacia la región de la plataforma adyacente al Río de la Plata registrado a partir del año 1970, podría ser el factor principal de los agrupamientos observados en los clusters para ambos testigos. Las agrupaciones mostraron una diferenciación en la década de 1970, lo que estaría asociado al aumento de los caudales de los ríos Paraná y Uruguay, durante las últimas tres décadas del siglo XX. Por otra parte se observa que la granulometría del testigo BAR1 presentó un mayor tamaño de grano y más variabilidad que en el caso del testigo GeoB 13813-4. También se determinó una mayor acumulación de sedimentos a través del tiempo en el cinturón de barro del Río de la Plata (plataforma continental adyacente), comparado con aquel registrado en la Barra del Indio (límite entre zona intermedia y externa del estuario). Estas diferencias podrían estar relacionadas con la influencia del Río de la Plata, el cual genera un ambiente altamente dinámico sobre la Barra del Indio y un ambiente más estable sobre el cinturón de barro en la plataforma continental.