A simple and efficient method using reduced amounts of solvents for the determination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) in aqueous matrices from a lagoon and leachate solid waste from a petrochemical industry is proposed. The target analytes were previously concentrated using the disposable pipette extraction (DPX) technique applying gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for analysis. In this innovative approach, the DPX was modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline silica gel immobilized with PdII for the pre-concentration of 4-methyldibenzothiophene, 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, 1,2-naphtobenzothiophene, 2-methylbenzothiophene and 3-methylbenzothiophene. To improve the extraction efficiency, parameters such as desorption solvent, ionic strength, extraction and desorption cycles were optimized. The values obtained for the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are adequate for the determination of PASHs in aqueous and leachate solid waste samples. Precision and accuracy parameters showed satisfactory results, providing relative recoveries of 74.6-131.2% for PASHs from lagoon water samples and 72.7-118.0% for leachate of solid waste samples. In the lagoon samples the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for the five PASHs ranged from 0.3 to 9.2% and 3.8 to 19.4% for the leachate of the solid waste. These results demonstrate that the proposed method represents a promising alternative for the determination of PASHs in aqueous and leachate solid waste samples.

Um eletrodo de pasta de carbono modificado com o polímero cloreto de 3-n-propil-4-picolina silsesquioxano foi testado como sensor para isômeros do di-hidroxibenzeno. O sensor apresentou desempenho excelente para a determinação eletroanalítica simultânea de hidroquinona e catecol. As curvas de calibração obtidas foram lineares na faixa de concentração de 10,0 a 450,0 µmol L-1 para a hidroquinona (r = 0,998) e de 10,0 a 300,0 µmol L-1 para o catecol (r = 0,997). O limite de detecção visual foi de 10,0 µmol L-1 para ambos os isômeros.

A carbon paste electrode modified with 3-n-propyl-4-picolinium chloride silsesquioxane polymer was tested as a sensor for dihydroxybenzene isomers. The sensor showed excellent performance for simultaneous electroanalytical determination of hydroquinone and catechol. The calibration curves obtained were linear in the concentration range of 10.0 to 450.0 µmol L¹ for hydroquinone (r = 0.998) and 10.0 to 300.0 µmol L-1 for catechol (r = 0.997). The visual limit of detection was 10.0 µmol L-1 for both isomers.

Os polímeros Si3Py+Cl- (A) e Si4Py+Cl- (B), cloretos de 3-n-propil (3s-metilpiridínio) silsesquioxano e 3-n-propil(4-metilpiridínio)silsesquioxano respectivamente, foram preparados pelo método de síntese sol-gel. Os valores de capacidade de troca iônica (mmol g-1) foram iguais a 0,90 e 0,81 para (A) e (B), respectivamente. Considerando a reação nSiPy+Cl-(s) + M2+(sln) + 2Cl-(sln) <IMG SRC="../img/a18setas.jpg" WIDTH=54 HEIGHT=15>(SiPy+)nMCl2+n n- (s), as constantes de equilíbrio calculadas para cada etapa foram: (A): CuII, logK(2)¹= 4,14(0,03), logK(2)²= 2,91(0,04); ZnII, logK(2)¹= 3,3(0,3), logK(2)²= 4,9(0,3); (B): CuII, logK(2)¹= 3,82(0,03), logK(2)²= 3,00(0,04); ZnII, logK(2)¹= 3,93(0,03), logK(2)²= 3,55(0,08), onde K(2)¹ e K(2)² correspondem às constantes de equilíbrio de adsorção das espécies MCl4(2-) e MCl3-, respectivamente. No caso da adsorção de ZnII sobre Si3Py+Cl-, em que K(2)² > K(2)¹, uma cooperatividade positiva é observada, ou seja, a adsorção da espécie MCl4(2-)facilita a adsorção da espécie MCl3-. Nos demais casos, K(2)¹> K(2)², o que indica que a adsorção da espécie MCl4(2-) dificulta a adsorção da espécie MCl3- na superfície dos adsorventes, indicando uma cooperatividade negativa. <IMG SRC="../img/a18setas.jpg" WIDTH=54 HEIGHT=15>

Polymers Si3Py+Cl- (A) and Si4Py+Cl- (B), 3-n-propyl (3-methylpyridinium) silsesquioxane and 3-n-propyl(4-methylpyridinium) silsesquioxane chlorides, respectively, were prepared by the sol-gel processing method. The ion exchange capacities (mmol g-1) were 0.90 and 0.81 for (A) and (B) respectively. Considering the reaction nSiPy+Cl-(s) + M2+(sln) + 2Cl-(sln) <IMG SRC="../img/a18setas.jpg" WIDTH=54 HEIGHT=15>(SiPy+)nMCl2+n n-(s), the values of the stepwise equilibrium constants obtained were: (A) CuII: logK(2)¹= 4.14(0.03), logK(2)²= 2.91(0.04); ZnII, logK(2)¹= 3.3(0.3), logK(2)²= 4.9(0.3); (B) CuII:logK(2)¹= 3.82(0.03), logK(2)²= 3.00(0.04); ZnII, logK(2)¹= 3.93(0.03), logK(2)²= 3.55(0.08), being K(2)¹ and K(2)² the equilibrium constants for adsorption of the species MCl4(2-) and MCl3-, respectively. For adsorption of ZnII on Si3Py+Cl-, K(2)² > K(2)¹, indicating positive cooperativity, i.e., the adsorption of MCl4(2-)enhances the adsorption of MCl3- species on the adsorbent surface. For the other cations, K(2)¹ > K(2)², indicating that adsorption of MCl4(2-)depresses the adsorption of MCl3-species, indicating negative cooperativity. <IMG SRC="../img/a18setas.jpg" WIDTH=54 HEIGHT=15>

Um polímero solúvel em água, preparado pelo método sol-gel e designado cloreto de 3-n-propil-1-azonia-4-azabiciclo[2.2.2]octano silsesquioxano, foi adsorvido sobre a superfície da alumina. Essa alumina recoberta com o polímero foi capaz de imobilizar efetivamente complexos de ftalocianina tetrassulfonada metalada com Co(II) como contra-íons. A ftalocianina de cobalto imobilizada dessa forma fica fortemente aderida sobre a superfície do cloreto de Al2O3/3-n-propil-1-azonia-4-azabiciclo[2.2.2]octano silsesquioxano. Além disso, quando incorporada a um eletrodo de pasta de carbono mostra uma boa resposta eletrocatalítica para a oxidação de ácido oxálico. Foi obtida uma relação linear (r = 0,998) para o gráfico de correntes de resposta obtidas por cronoamperometria e a concentração de ácido oxálico na faixa de 7.4 ×10-5 a 9.1 × 10-4 mol L-1. O limite de detecção determinado foi igual a 18 µmol L-1.

A water-soluble polymer prepared by sol-gel process, 3-n-propyl-1-azonia-4-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane silsesquioxane chloride, was adsorbed on alumina surface. This polymer-coated alumina was able to effectively immobilize cobalt(II) tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine complexes as counter ions. Cobalt phthalocyanine immobilized in this way is well and tightly adsorbed on Al2O3/3-n-propyl-1-azonia-4-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane silsesquioxane chloride surface. Furthermore, when incorporated to a carbon paste electrode showed a good electrocatalytic response toward the acid oxalic oxidation, making it a suitable electrode material. A linear relationship (r = 0.998) between the current responses obtained by chronoamperometric measurements and the oxalic acid concentration in the range of 7.4 × 10-5 - 9.1 × 10-4 mol L-1 was observed. A detection limit of 18 µmol L-1 was also determined.