Abstract In sports context, the motivational climate has been widely studied since 2000, when the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sports Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) was published. Evaluating athletes’ perceptions of the motivational climate created by the coach, this questionnaire has been validated and adapted for different countries, including Brazil. However, important psychometric properties of the Brazilian version present problems, such as poor fit indices and the almost exclusively male samples, make it unfeasible for use in future research. Thus, this study aimed to achieve a new process of cross-cultural adaptation, and search for validity evidence of the PMCSQ-2 for the Brazilian sports context to correct distortions, expand the sources of evidence of validity and ecological validity, and make it suitable for application in future research. The sample consisted of 501 athletes (349 males, 152 females) from different sports. The findings of the current study support the multidimensional hierarchical characteristic of the instrument, its factorial structure, and internal consistency. We concluded that the 33-item PMCSQ-2BR, distributed in two high-order scales (ego-involving and task-involving) with three subscales each, can be used to assess athletes’ perceived motivational climate in the Brazilian sports context.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between age and practice time with the self-efficacy in volleyball athletes according to sex and the relationship between age and practice time with general self-efficacy, as well as to verify how these aspects impact the beliefs of volleyball players’ efficacy. High-performance volleyball athletes (n= 300), mean age was 24.88± 5.51 years, and the meantime of experience was 11.12± 5.24 years answered the Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale and the Perceived General Self-Efficacy Scale. Age and practice time are correlated with the Global Self-Efficacy in Volleyball and the dimensions Self-Efficacy in the Game, Defensive Self-Efficacy in Volleyball and Offensive Self-Efficacy Volleyball of men athletes, female, men, and women. Perceived General Self-efficacy is related to the age and practice time of female athletes and female and male athletes of both sexes. These variables represent important aspects for the construction and solidification of positive beliefs of athletes of both sexes regarding their specific abilities and for women for general self-efficacy in life.

Resumo Compreender a relação entre ansiedade-estado pré-competitiva e desempenho esportivo se constitui em importante meio para ajudar os esportistas a diagnosticar e controlar emoções. O presente estudo pretendeu: a) comparar o nível de ansiedade pré-competitiva entre atletas homens e mulheres, das equipes finalistas da Taça Paraná de Voleibol 2011; b) comparar os níveis de ansiedade pré-competitiva entre as equipes campeã e vice-campeã masculina, bem como entre as equipes campeã e vice-campeã feminina; c) comparar os níveis de ansiedade pré-competitiva dos atletas titulares e reservas, para as equipes de ambos os sexos; d) verificar a relação entre os níveis de ansiedade pré-competitiva e o tempo de prática dos atletas das equipes masculinas, bem como das equipes femininas. Participaram do estudo quatro equipes infanto-juvenis, finalistas da Taça Paraná 2011, totalizando 24 atletas do sexo feminino e 23 do sexo masculino (idade 16,16 ± 0,34 anos) e tempo de prática (4,97 ± 1,99 anos). Para avaliar a ansiedade pré-competitiva, utilizou-se o instrumento CSAI-2. As coletas ocorreram 30 minutos antes do início dos jogos finais. De forma geral, as equipes finalistas apresentaram níveis de ansiedade geral pré-competitiva similares, embora tenham sido encontradas diferenças significativas entre atletas mulheres titulares e reservas em relação à autoconfiança, sendo que as titulares apresentaram médias mais elevadas neste aspecto.

Abstract Understanding the relationship between pre-competitive state anxiety and sports performance are an important means to help sportsmen to diagnose and manage emotions. The present study aimed to: a) compare the level of pre-competitive anxiety among athletes men and women, the finalist teams of Paraná Cup Volleyball 2011; b) to compare the levels of pre-competitive anxiety among male champion teams and runners-up, as well as between female champion teams and runners-up; c) compare the levels of pre-competitive anxiety and reserves holders athletes for teams of both sexes; d) verify the relationship between the levels of pre-competitive anxiety and practice time for athletes of men’s teams and the women’s teams. Study participants were four youth teams, Paraná Cup finalists in 2011, totaling 24 female athletes and 23 male athletes (age 16.16 ± overall 0.34 years) and practice time 4.97 ± 1.99 years . To evaluate the pre-competitive anxiety, used the instrument CSAI-2. Sample occurred 30 minutes before the start of finals games. In general, the finalist teams had higher levels of general pre-competitive anxiety similar, although statistically significant differences between women athletes holders and reserves have been found in relation to the self-confidence, and the holders had higher average in this aspect.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a auto avaliação do saque, efetividade e eficácia deste fundamento. Participaram do estudo duas equipes femininas de voleibol da categoria infantil, com média de idade 14,63 ± 0,5 anos e tempo de prática 4,92 ± 1,87 anos. Aplicou-se a Escala de Auto avaliação do Saque no Voleibol e realizado escalte técnico do saque. Os resultados apontaram diferenças na efetividade da Equipe "A" (37,26 ± 19,38) e Equipe "B" (53,89 ± 14,18) (p=0,02) e eficácia da Equipe "A" (91,50 ± 5,51) e Equipe "B" (96,21 ± 4,46) (p=0,02). Na auto avaliação houve diferença entre a Equipe "A" 45,20 ± 5,11 e a Equipe "B" 41,78 ± 3,19 (p=0,05). Houve correlação moderada (r= 0,65 p=0,00) entre a auto avaliação e o tempo de prática de ambas as equipes. Conclui-se que a equipe que conquistou a melhor colocação foi a que se apresentou mais efetiva e eficaz na execução do saque.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between self-assessment of volleyball serves and the effectiveness and efficacy of this skill. Two female volleyball teams of the infant category, with a mean age of 14.63 ± 0.5 years and a playing experience of 4.92 ± 1.87 years, participated in the study. A Volleyball Serve-Specific Self-Assessment Scale was applied and technical scout of the serve was performed. The results showed differences in effectiveness between team A (37.26 ± 19.38) and team B (53.89 ± 14.18) (p = 0.02) and in efficacy between team A (91 50 ± 5.51) and team B (96.21 ± 4.46) (p = 0.02). There was also a difference in self-assessment between team A (45.20 ± 5.11) and team B (41.78 ± 3.19) (p = 0.05). A moderate correlation (r = 0.65, p = 0.00) was observed between self-assessment and years of practice in both teams. In conclusion, the team that won first place was more effective and efficacious in executing the serve.

O papel da autoeficácia no desempenho é foco de estudo no âmbito esportivo. O objetivo desta revisão integrativa foi verificar os instrumentos empregados para mensurar a autoeficácia relacionada ao desempenho esportivo e identificar suas propriedades psicométricas. Buscaram-se artigos nas bases de dados Eric, Scopus e APA (Psycnet), Scielo ScienceDirect e Pubmedcom os descritores self-efficacy, sports, performance. Dos 13 estudos selecionados para análise, constatou-se que a maioria propôs instrumentos específicos para a pesquisa, seguindo recomendações do guia de construção de medidas de autoeficácia; apenas um artigo apresentou o processo de validação; a consistência interna foi a propriedade psicométrica mais reportada; não houve referência à reprodutibilidade dos instrumentos e tampouco divulgação dos instrumentos utilizados nas pesquisas. Conclui-se que a reprodutibilidade dos instrumentos permitiria maior confiabilidade na análise dos resultados e controle de variáveis cognitivas que afetam o rendimento esportivo e que um padrão ouro de avaliação da autoeficácia em contexto esportivo específico se faz necessário.

The role of self-efficacy on performance is the focus of study in sports. The aim of this integrative review was to assess the instruments used to measure self-efficacy related to sports performance and identify its psychometric properties. We searched for articles in databases Eric, Scopus and APA (Psycnet), Scielo ScienceDirectand Pubmed with descriptors self-efficacy, sports, performance. Of the 13 studies selected for analysis, it was found that most proposed specific instruments for research, following recommendations of the guide construction of measures of self-efficacy; just one article presented the validation process, the internal consistency was reported more psychometric property; there was no reference to the reproducibility of the instruments nor disclosure of the instruments used in research. It is concluded that the reproducibility of the instruments allow greater reliability in the results analysis and control of cognitive variables that affect sport performance and that a gold standard for assessing self-efficacy in specific sporting context is necessary.

As concentrações de cortisol constituem uma importante variável de mensuração do estresse, mas existem controvérsias sobre as respostas desse hormônio ao exercício físico, treino e competição. O intuito desta revisão sistemática foi analisar objetivos, metodologias e principais resultados das pesquisas que utilizaram o cortisol como medida de análise do estresse em atletas. Verificou-se a predominância do cortisol salivar (54.6%) em várias modalidades desportivas, a maioria foi realizada com modalidades individuais (72.8%), com atletas do género masculino (59%) e atletas profissionais de alto rendimento (91%). Diversos procedimentos e momentos de coleta foram descritos nos artigos revisados. As alterações nas concentrações de cortisol salivar detetadas nestes estudos demonstraram que grande parte das situações desportivas foram consideradas possíveis fontes de estresse para atletas. O maior aumento nas concentrações de cortisol foi encontrado entre a situação basal e a situação pós-competitiva, bem como entre as coletas realizadas no dia da competição e aquelas mensuradas no mesmo horário em repouso. A partir da análise dos resultados da presente revisão, percebeu-se a necessidade de uma padronização nos métodos de análise do cortisol em atletas, bem como do controle do ritmo circadiano, a fim de encontrar valores referenciais.

The cortisol levels are an important variable to measure stress. Yet there is still controversy about these hormone responses to physical exercise, sports training and competition. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the objectives, methodological procedures and main results of studies reporting cortisol hormone as a measurement of stress in athletes. There was a predominance of salivary cortisol (54.6%) in a wide variety of sports. Most research was conducted in individual sports (72.8%), male subjects (59%) and high-performance or professional athletes (91%). Several procedures and times of collection have been described in the literature. Changes in salivary cortisol level found in this review showed that most sports were considered as a possible source of stress for athletes. The highest increase in cortisol levels was found between baseline and post-competitive situation, as well as between samples taken on the competition day and those measured at the same time at rest. As a conclusion, there is the need to standardize the procedures for cortisol assessment in athletes, as well as the control of circadian rhythm in order to meet the reference values.