RESUMO: Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de se avaliar a produtividade da biomassa e valor nutricional da silagem e do feno provenientes do consórcio entre o capim-Tamani e diferentes espécies de leguminosas. Para as características produtivas das diferentes culturas consorciadas, adotamos o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, para avaliação da interação dos consórcios com técnicas de conservação usamos esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (cinco consórcios e duas técnicas de conservação). Os tratamentos foram o capim-Tamani em monocultura, e o consórcio de capim-Tamni associado a crotalária, soja, feijão-caupi ou feijão-guandu. As plantas foram semeadas em fileiras alternadas, com espaçamento de 45 cm. As técnicas de conservação foram silagem pré-secada (520 g / kg de MS) e feno (870 g / kg de MS). Avaliamos a produção de biomassa de gramínea e leguminosa, a altura do dossel, a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (ivDMD). Não houve diferenças na produção total de biomassa entre os consórcios e o monocultivo de capim-Tamani. Os tratamentos consorciados com feijão-caupi e soja tiveram maior participação de leguminosas na mistura, promovendo aumento no teor de proteína bruta e ivDMD da silagem pré-secada e feno. A silagem pré-secada e o feno tinham a mesma composição química, embora a silagem pré-secada apresentou maior ivDMD do que o feno. Concluímos que o consórcio de capim-Tamani com soja ou feijão-caupi manteve a produtividade da biomassa total e melhorou o valor nutricional da silagem pré-secada e do feno.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the biomass productivity and nutritional value of the haylage and hay from intercropping between Tamani grass and different legume species. For the productive characteristics of the different intercrops, we adopted a randomized block design, for evaluation of the combination of intercropping and conservation technic we used 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five intercrops and two types of conservation techniques). The treatments were Tamani grass as monoculture, and the intercrops of Tamani grass with crotalaria, soybean, cowpea, or pigeon pea. The conservation techniques were haylage (520 g/kg of DM) and hay (870 g/kg of DM). Plants were sown in alternate rows, with 45 cm of spacing between the rows. The parameters evaluated were grass and legume biomass production, canopy height, and haylage and hay chemical composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivDMD). There were no differences in the total biomass production between the intercrops and TA grass monoculture. The treatments intercropped with cowpea and soybean had the highest legume participation in the mixture, promoting an increase in crude protein and ivDMD content of haylage and hay. Haylage and hay had the same chemical composition, although haylage had higher ivDMD than hay. We concluded that intercropping Tamani grass with soybeans or cowpea maintained total biomass productivity and improved the nutritional value of haylage and hay.

Resumen: Este artículo se propone indagar las actividades de investigación de la Facultad de Derecho desarrolladas desde su creación (1878) hasta la sanción de la Ley Universitaria de 1958 que consagra la investigación como un fin natural de la institución. El estudio identifica actores institucionales de investigaciones jurídicas y sociales, durante un período significativo de ocho décadas y habilita futuros estudios, de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo, en la valoración del impacto que dicha producción tuvo en el campo dogmático así como en la jurisprudencia nacional. El estudio tiene el propósito de confirmar la densidad de las investigaciones jurídicas, así como identificar elementos que estimularon esa actividad. El conjunto de fuentes primarias utilizadas en el estudio, corresponden a las relevadas en el reservorio archivístico de la institución: la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de la República.

Abstract: This article aims to investigate the research activities of the Faculty of Law developed since its inception (1878) until the enactment of the University Law of 1958 that establishes research as a natural end of the institution. The study identifies institutional actors of legal and social research, during a significant period of eight decades and qualifies future studies, of quantitative and qualitative character, in the evaluation of the impact that said production had in the dogmatic field as well as in the national jurisprudence. The purpose of the study is to confirm the density of legal investigations, as well as to identify elements that stimulated this activity. The set of primary sources used in the study correspond to those collected in the archival archive of the institution: the Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de la República.

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar as atividades de pesquisa da Faculdade de Direito desenvolvidas desde sua criação (1878) até a promulgação da Lei Universitária de 1958 que estabelece a pesquisa como um fim natural da instituição. O estudo identifica os atores institucionais da pesquisa jurídica e social, durante um período significativo de oito décadas e qualifica estudos futuros, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo, na avaliação do impacto que a referida produção teve no campo dogmático e na jurisprudência nacional. O objetivo do estudo é confirmar a densidade das investigações legais, bem como identificar elementos que estimularam essa atividade. O conjunto das fontes primárias utilizadas no estudo correspondem àquelas coletadas no arquivo de arquivo da instituição: a Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de la República.

RESUMO Objetivo: A ressonância magnética (RM) é primordial na avaliação de patologias do joelho, particularmente no planejamento de um procedimento cirúrgico. Este estudo comparou a precisão diagnóstica na leitura dos resultados da RM de joelhos patológicos por radiologistas e cirurgiões ortopédicos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal com 80 pacientes, selecionados aleatoriamente, previamente submetidos à cirurgia artroscópica após exame clínico e RM. Foi solicitado um diagnóstico por RM a duas equipes, uma de radiologistas e outra de cirurgiões ortopédicos. As conclusões de cada equipe foram comparadas. A significância estatística considerada foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: Os achados dos radiologistas obtiveram significância estatística para lesões osteocondrais, do LCA e do menisco medial (p < 0,05); os achados dos cirurgiões ortopédicos, para lesões no LCA e meniscos (p < 0,05). Uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre equipes foi demonstrada para lesões do LCA (p < 0,001). Conclusões: A RM parece oferecer leituras confiáveis para lesões do LCA, independentemente da especialidade do observador. O compartimento lateral é de difícil leitura.

ABSTRACT Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is paramount in the assessment of knee pathology, particularly when planning for a surgical procedure. This study compared the diagnostic accuracy in MRI reading of pathological knees by radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study comprising 80 randomly selected patients previously submitted to arthroscopic surgery after clinical examination and MRI. A diagnosis by MRI interpretation was requested from the two teams, one of radiologists and another of orthopaedic surgeons. The conclusions of each team were later compared. Statistical significance was considered for p < 0.05. Results: The radiologists’ findings achieved statistical significance regarding osteochondral injuries, ACL, and medial meniscus (p < 0.05), and orthopaedic surgeons regarding ACL injuries and menisci (p < 0.05). ACL injuries demonstrated a statistically significant association between teams (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MRI appears to offer reliable readings of ACL injuries, regardless the specialty of the observer. The lateral compartment is scarcely well read.

The presence of American referents in the Cuban culture was a process that speeded up during the first half of the 20th century when Cuba was under American domination starting in the middle of the 19th century. Various American cultural aspects, such as the ones associated with religion, architecture, or play activities of different kinds, deeply permeated society in the Largest of the Antilles. However, Cubans in general didn't passively accept cultural penetration but took an active and critical stance by embracing things which they considered modernizing and beneficial to the Island, and criticizing and rejecting the ones considered damaging to national sovereignty and their own class interest. Narrators in the first half of this century didn't keep out of this process but reflected the said cultural presence in their works, as well as how Cubans perceived it.

La presencia del referente norteamericano en la cultura cubana fue un proceso que cobró mayor fuerza durante el siglo xx bajo los lazos establecidos por la dominación de Estados Unidos, cuyo inicio puede localizarse a mediados del siglo xix. Diversos elementos culturales estadounidenses como la religión, la arquitectura o las actividades lúdicas de distinto tipo calaron con gran fuerza en el entramado social de la Mayor de las Antillas. Sin embargo, el cubano no se comportó, en sentido general, como un ente pasivo ante la avalancha cultural, sino que asumió una posición activa y crítica al apropiarse de aquello que consideraba elemento modernizador y beneficioso para la Isla y desechando o criticando los aspectos que asumía lesivos para la soberanía nacional y para sus propios intereses de clase. Los narradores de la primera mitad del siglo xx no se mantuvieron al margen de este proceso y representaron en sus obras dicha presencia cultural, así como la percepción que los cubanos tenían de ella.

Abstract: This article aims to describes and analyses the experience of teaching material elaborated by Portuguese preservice teachers of the course Licenciatura em Língua Portuguesa, in the Instituto Superior de Lenguas of Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), Paraguay based in the Socio-discursive Interacionism of Bronckart, Dolz e Schneuwly discussions, in which the teaching of foreign languages should come from of the linguistic discursive contents work from the discursive genres, considered objects/instruments of teaching, them can be teaching from the process of the didactic transposition. One strategies resulting is the didactic sequence, which consists in the planned and organized activities in the modularize format, from the specific learning objectives. The procedure employed was based in the Language Capacity as analysis category, which propose for the studies of the area, by means an education research-action. The results of this work have demonstrated that the Language Capacities mobilized have complied a Didactic Sequence of the modularize way, from the genre proposed.

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva descrever e analisar a experiência de elaboração de materiais didáticos de professores em pré-serviço da Licenciatura em Língua Portuguesa, do Instituto Superior de Lenguas da Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), Paraguay, com base no Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo de Bronckart, Dolz e Schneuwly, no qual o ensino de línguas estrangeiras deve basear-se em conteúdos linguísticos-discursivos trabalhados a partir de gêneros discursivos, considerados objetos/instrumentos de ensino que podem ser ministrados a partir do processo de transposição didática. Uma das estratégias deste processo é a Sequência Didática, que se constitui em atividades planificadas e organizadas de forma modularizada, desenhadas a partir de objetivos de aprendizagem específicos. O procedimento de análise deste trabalho foi fundamentado nas Capacidades de Linguagem como categorias de análise, tal como proposto pelos estudos da área, por meio de uma pesquisa-ação em que professores em pré-serviço elaboraram os materiais didáticos. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstraram que as Capacidades de Linguagem mobilizadas conformaram uma Sequência Didática de forma modularizada, a partir do gênero textual proposto.

El trabajo propone dar a conocer resultados de una investigación concerniente al análisis de fuentes decimonónicas inéditas de la historia jurídica y la enseñanza jurídica uruguaya, que revelan la continuidad de la legislación hispano-colonial con la republicana pre-codificada. Las fuentes examinadas en el presente estudio comprenden manuscritos que corresponden a los ámbitos específicos: la academia práctica de jurisprudencia y la Universidad de la República uruguaya. Primeramente se describen los ámbitos en que se inscriben las fuentes relevadas, y particularmente el estudio de caso de una pieza documental especial por dos razones: es la única hallada que reivindica la pena capital, al tiempo de ser la primera tesis presentada en la Universidad Mayor de la República.

The paper intends to present the results of a research concerning the analysis of unpublished nineteenth century sources on Uruguayan legal history and education, which reveal the continuity between the Spanish-colonial and the republican pre-coded legislations. The sources examined in the current paper include manuscripts that correspond to specific areas: the legal practice and the Uruguayan University of the Republic. Firstly, there’s a description of the fields in which the revealed sources are inscribed; and particularly the study of a documentary piece, which is fundamental because of two reasons. It’s the only found source that defends death penalty, while being the first thesis presented at the Major University of the Republic.

O exame de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) é frequentemente o elemento determinante para o diagnóstico não somente de infecções mas também de outras doenças do sistema nervoso, tais como doenças inflamatórias, desmielinizantes, neoplásicas e degenerativas. Os autores reveem alguns aspectos práticos e importantes quanto ao papel do exame de LCR em meningites bacterianas agudas, meningoencefalite herpética, neurotuberculose, neurocriptococose, neurocisticercose e neurossífilis.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis very frequently makes the difference to the diagnosis, not only in relation to infections but also in other diseases of the nervous system such as inflammatory, demyelinating, neoplastic and degenerative diseases. The authors review some practical and important features of CSF analysis in infectious diseases of the nervous system, with regard to acute bacterial meningitis, herpetic meningoencephalitis, neurotuberculosis, neurocryptococcosis, neurocysticercosis and neurosyphilis.

No Brasil o estudo do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) como arsenal diagnóstico para a neurologia sempre foi considerado um ponto forte entre os principais exames complementares. Neste artigo são revisados os fatos principais da história do LCR dentro das ciências neurológicas, com ênfase aos fundadores das diversas escolas de LCR do nosso país desde as primeiras décadas do século XX até o momento atual.

Analysis on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in neurological diagnosis has always been considered to be a strong point among the main complementary examinations in Brazil. The present paper reviews the main events in the history of CSF in the neurological sciences, with emphasis on the founders of several CSF schools in our country from the beginning of the 20th century to the present time.

A "hipótese da higiene" postula haver relação inversamente proporcional entre a prevalência de infecções por parasitas e a frequência da esclerose múltipla (EM). Objetivo: Foi verificar se em pacientes com EM aparecem anticorpos antiparasitários mais frequentemente no grupo com bandas oligoclonais (BOC) do que no grupo sem BOC. Métodos: Foram estudadas amostras de sangue de 164 pacientes previamente analisadas para investigar BOC. Foi feita eletroforese unidimensional de proteínas em gel de poliacrilamida contra antígenos de Taenia para pesquisa de anticorpos específicos de baixo peso molecular e também de anticorpos inespecíficos de alto peso molecular. Resultados: Dois dos 103 pacientes em que não havia BOC apresentaram anticorpos de baixo peso molecular, e 59 apresentaram anticorpos de alto peso molecular. Dos 61 pacientes em que não havia BOC, um apresentou anticorpos de baixo peso molecular e 16, anticorpos de alto peso molecular. Conclusão: Anticorpos antiparasitários foram detectados com frequência semelhante em doentes com EM independentemente da presença ou não de BOC.

The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates an inverse relationship between the prevalence of parasitic infections and the frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: It was to study whether antibodies against parasites could be demonstrated more frequently in blood serum from MS patients with oligoclonal bands (OCB) than from MS patients without OCB. Methods: We studied serum samples from 164 patients who had previously been analyzed to investigate OCB. Parasitic antibodies were studied through unidimensional electrophoresis of proteins on polyacrylamide gel against Taenia antigens, searching for antiparasitic specific low molecular weight antibodies and also for antiparasitic nonspecific high molecular weight antibodies. Results: Two of the 103 patients with no evidence of OCB had antibodies of low molecular weight and 59 of them had antibodies of high molecular weight. Of the 61 patients with evidence of OCB, one showed antibodies of low molecular weight and 16 showed antibodies of high molecular weight. Conclusion: Antiparasitic antibodies are detected with similar frequency in MS patients with OCB and in MS patients without OCB.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a metodologia para detecção de mutações nos éxons 8 e 17 do gene KIT em pacientes portadores de leucemia mieloide aguda, para implementação desse teste no laboratório clínico do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. MÉTODOS: Extração do DNA genômico de 54 amostras de sangue periférico ou medula óssea de pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda para amplificação, por reação em cadeia da polimerase, sequenciamento e análise de fragmentos. RESULTADOS: Dentre as amostras analisadas, quatro apresentaram mutação no éxon 8, duas no éxon 17 e uma amostra apresentou mutação nos dois éxons. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa de mutação nos éxons 8 e 17 do gene KIT foi padronizada com sucesso e o teste está em processo de inclusão no menu de exames do laboratório clínico do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes a new method used in the clinical laboratory at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein to detect mutations in exons 8 and 17 of the KIT gene in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. METHODS: Genomic DNA extraction was performed on 54 samples of peripheral blood or bone marrow from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The extracted DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced, and the fragments were analyzed. RESULTS: Within the analyzed samples, we detected four mutations in exon 8, two mutations in exon 17, and mutations or a double mutation in one sample. CONCLUSION: The tests detecting mutations in exon 8 and 17 on the KIT gene were successfully standardized. The test is now included among the routine diagnostics employed for patients at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein clinical laboratory.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to characterize the neuroinfection profile in a tertiary neurological ward. INTRODUCTION: Neuroinfection is a worldwide concern and bacterial meningitis, tetanus and cerebral malaria have been reported as the commonest causes in developing countries. METHODS: From 1999 to 2007, all patients admitted to the Neurology Ward of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University School of Medicine because of neuroinfection had their medical records reviewed. Age, gender, immunological status, neurological syndrome at presentation, infectious agent and clinical outcome were recorded. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy four cases of neuroinfectious diseases accounted for 4.2% of ward admissions and the identification of infectious agent was successful in 81% of cases. Mean age was 40.5 + 13.4 years, 63.8% were male, 19.7% were immunocompromised patients and meningoencephalitis was the most common clinical presentation despite infectious agent. Viruses and bacteria were equally responsible for 29.4% of neuroinfectious diseases; parasitic, fungal and prion infections accounted for 28%, 9.6% and 3.5% respectively. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum, Taenia solium, Schistosoma mansoni, Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum were the more common infectious pathogens in the patients. Infection mortality rate was 14.2%, of which 62.3% occurred in immunocompetent patients. CONCLUSION: Our institution appeared to share some results with developed and developing countries. Comparison with literature may be considered as quality control to health assistance.

A case-control study (12 people in each group) on main social and economic risk factors of the lung tuberculosis was carried out in the population aged 15 and over of Santiago de Cuba municipality during 2005. The analyzed variables of interest were age, sex, educational status, occupation, family income, and housing conditions, overcrowding, nutritional evaluation, smoking habit and alcoholism. Association among qualitative variables by means of the chi-square test, association strength through the odds ratio and estimate of 95 % confidence intervals were determined, as well as the exposure impact by means of the percentage attributable risk. The social and economic risk factors causally associated with the lung tuberculosis were consumption of alcoholic drinks, nutritional evaluation with a 19,9 body mass index and exposure to the cigar.

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles (con 12 integrantes en cada grupo) sobre los principales factores de riesgo socioeconómicos de la tuberculosis pulmonar en la población de 15 y más años del municipio de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2005. Las variables de interés analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, escolaridad, ocupación, per cápita familiar, condiciones de la vivienda, hacinamiento, evaluación nutricional, hábito de fumar y alcoholismo. Se determinaron la asociación entre variables cualitativas mediante la prueba estadística de Ji al cuadrado, la fuerza de asociación a través de la razón de productos cruzados y el cálculo de los intervalos de confianza al 95 %, así como el impacto de la exposición por medio del riesgo atribuible porcentual. Los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos asociados causalmente con la tuberculosis pulmonar resultaron ser: el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, la evaluación nutricional con un índice de masa corporal de ≤19,9 y la exposición al tabaco.

A case-control study (12 people in each group) on main social and economic risk factors of the lung tuberculosis was carried out in the population aged 15 and over of Santiago de Cuba municipality during 2005. The analyzed variables of interest were age, sex, educational status, occupation, family income, and housing conditions, overcrowding, nutritional evaluation, smoking habit and alcoholism. Association among qualitative variables by means of the chi-square test, association strength through the odds ratio and estimate of 95 % confidence intervals were determined, as well as the exposure impact by means of the percentage attributable risk. The social and economic risk factors causally associated with the lung tuberculosis were consumption of alcoholic drinks, nutritional evaluation with a 19,9 body mass index and exposure to the cigar.

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles (con 12 integrantes en cada grupo) sobre los principales factores de riesgo socioeconómicos de la tuberculosis pulmonar en la población de 15 y más años del municipio de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2005. Las variables de interés analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, escolaridad, ocupación, per cápita familiar, condiciones de la vivienda, hacinamiento, evaluación nutricional, hábito de fumar y alcoholismo. Se determinaron la asociación entre variables cualitativas mediante la prueba estadística de Ji al cuadrado, la fuerza de asociación a través de la razón de productos cruzados y el cálculo de los intervalos de confianza al 95 %, así como el impacto de la exposición por medio del riesgo atribuible porcentual. Los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos asociados causalmente con la tuberculosis pulmonar resultaron ser: el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, la evaluación nutricional con un índice de masa corporal de ≤19,9 y la exposición al tabaco.

Strongyloides stercoralis es un parásito intestinal, cuya prevalencia es usualmente subestimada en Costa Rica, porque se emplea solo el examen directo de las muestras de heces; mientras que, para S. stercoralis es necesario emplear métodos más sensibles, como el Baermann o el cultivo en agar. En otros países se ha considerado a los pacientes psiquiátricos como un grupo de riesgo para esta parasitosis; por lo que estudiamos un grupo de pacientes (n=108) y del personal (n=71) del Hospital Nacional Psiquiátrico, analizado mediante una modificación del método de Baermann y el examen directo estándar. Los parásitos más frecuentes fueron Endolimax nana (20%), Entamoeba coli (16%), Giardia duodenalis (4%), y dos casos de S. stercoralis, uno del grupo de pacientes y el otro del personal. Este informe corrobora la importancia del método de Baermann, porque los dos casos de S. stercoralis encontrados, además de dos de Trichuris y otros dos de uncinarias solo fueron detectados por el método de Baermann. Adicionalmente, la prevalencia global de parásitos intestinales encontrada fue un 10% superior a la prevalencia informada para el país en la encuesta nacional de 1996. Los datos presentados corroboran que los pacientes psiquiátricos representan un grupo de alto riesgo para los parásitos intestinales y cualquier otro agente transmitido por contaminación fecal.

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasite, which prevalence is usually underestimated in Costa Rica, because the stool samples are analyzed only by direct fecal smears; whereas, for S. stercoralis analysis is necessary to use more sensible methods; such as the Baermann or agar culture methods. In other countries the psychiatric patients are considered as a risk group for this parasite. For this reason, a group of patients (n=108) and personal (n=71) from the National Hospital of Psychiatric were studied using a modification of the Baermann method and the standard direct fecal analysis. The most frequent parasites found were Endolimax nana (20%), Entamoeba coli (16%), Giardia duodenalis (4%), and two cases of S. stercoralis were diagnosed, one from the patients and the other in the staff. This report stresses the importance of the use of Baermann method, because the two cases of S. stercoralis found and other two cases of Trichuris and another two of hookworms were diagnosed only with this method. The global prevalence of intestinal parasites of the psychiatric patients was 30%, a 10% higher than the prevalence described for the country, according to the national survey from 1996. Our data corroborate that the psychiatric patients represent a high-risk group for intestinal parasites and also to any other agent transmitted by fecal contamination.