Abstract This paper attempts to understand the forms and trajectories of forced displacement in Colombia, the strategies deployed during those trajectories, and their consequences in terms of gender roles. It makes use of data obtained through semi-structured interviews with female and male victims of the armed conflict who underwent forced displacement. The research reveals three intertwined and interrelated patterns of displacement according to the particularities of the armed conflict, as well as the history of displacement in the country and the ways in which people respond to that phenomenon. Both men and women develop strategies and adapt their roles in the context of a displacement that is psychologically, economically, and socially exhausting and costly. Colombia semistructured semi structured phenomenon psychologically economically costly

Resumen Este artículo busca comprender las diferentes formas y trayectos que adquiere el desplazamiento forzado en Colombia, las estrategias usadas durante dicho desplazamiento y sus consecuencias en los papeles de género. Se utilizaron datos obtenidos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres y hombres víctimas del conflicto armado y que experimentaron el desplazamiento forzado. La investigación muestra tres patrones de desplazamiento que se entrecruzan y relacionan debido a las contingencias que el conflicto armado plantea, así como a la historia de desplazamientos en el país y la manera cómo los individuos afrontan este fenómeno. Tanto hombres como mujeres generan estrategias y modifican sus roles en un desplazamiento que resulta desgastante y costoso en términos psicológicos, económicos y sociales. Colombia género plantea fenómeno psicológicos sociales

Abstract This paper initially presents and operates an analytical framework that allows us to critically analyze daily situations experienced in a university, not only formal or academic, stricto sensu situations. This framework is composed by the idea of the city-university field, social provisions, disturbances and problematic situations, the daily life and the experiences, the subfields and incumbents/insurgents. This analytical framework is constituted based on a public federal university, which has been deurbanized and internationalized and is located in small cities in the countryside of Northeastern Brazil. This university is deeply characterized by social diversity, including hundreds of students from African countries. Data was gathered, built, systematized and analyzed based on daily life immersion in the field, focusing on the impacts of implementation of the university in small cities, specially considering the challenges faced by students. Among the methodological resources used, it is important to point out the participant observation, documental analysis, questionnaires, statements and interviews. We conclude that the city-university field aggregates different agents, with subfields, incumbents/insurgents, cognitive schemes and shared meanings, as well as singular ways different agents deal with problematic situations. Besides, we evidence a conflictual centrality in the daily life dynamics, the presence of two cycles between 2011 and 2019 and the existence of persistent tensions between hegemonies and subalternities that are recreated. We understand, this, that this paper positively affects the studies and analyses on higher education and, more specifically, on universities in Brazil.

Resumen Este artículo presenta y opera preliminarmente un marco analítico que fundamenta un análisis crítico de situaciones cotidianas vividas en una universidad, situaciones que no son sólo formales o académicas, stricto sensu. Este entramado comprende la idea de campo universitario-urbano, disposiciones sociales, perturbaciones y situaciones problemáticas, cotidianidad y vivencias, subcampos y polos. Este marco analítico se está constituyendo a partir de una universidad pública federal, interiorizada e internacionalizada, con sede en pequeñas ciudades del interior del nordeste de Brasil. Una universidad profundamente marcada por la diversidad social, que incluye a cientos de estudiantes que provienen de países africanos. Los datos fueron recolectados, construidos, sistematizados y analizados a partir de la inmersión diaria en el campo, enfocándose en los impactos de la implementación de la universidad en las pequeñas localidades, particularmente considerando los desafíos que enfrentan los estudiantes. Entre los recursos metodológicos utilizados, cabe mencionar la observación participante, el análisis de documentos, cuestionarios, testimonios y entrevistas. Se concluye que el campo universitario-urbano agrega agentes variados, con subcampos, polos de esquemas cognitivos y significados compartidos, así como formas únicas para que los diferentes agentes aborden situaciones problemáticas. Además, se evidencia una centralidad conflictual en las dinámicas cotidianas, la presencia de dos ciclos entre 2011 y 2019 y la existencia de tensiones persistentes entre hegemonías y subalternidades que se recrean. Se entiende, por lo tanto, que el artículo tiene un impacto positivo en los estudios y análisis sobre la educación superior, y particularmente sobre las universidades en Brasil.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta e opera preliminarmente um arcabouço analítico que fundamenta uma análise crítica das situações cotidianas vivenciadas em uma universidade, situações não somente formais ou acadêmicas, stricto sensu. Compõem esse arcabouço a ideia do campo universitário-urbano, as disposições sociais, os distúrbios e as situações problemáticas, o cotidiano e as experiências, os subcampos e polos. Esse arcabouço analítico está sendo constituído a partir de uma universidade federal pública, interiorizada e internacionalizada, sediada em pequenas cidades interioranas no nordeste do Brasil. Uma universidade profundamente marcada pela diversidade social, inclusos centenas de estudantes que são originários de países africanos. Os dados foram coletados, construídos, sistematizados e analisados a partir da imersão cotidiana no campo, com foco nos impactos da implantação da universidade em pequenas cidades, considerando particularmente os desafios enfrentados pelos discentes. Dentre os recursos metodológicos utilizados, cabe indicar a observação participante, a análise documental, questionários, depoimentos e entrevistas. Conclui-se que o campo universitário-urbano agrega agentes variados, com subcampos, polos esquemas cognitivos e sentidos partilhados, bem como formas singulares dos diferentes agentes lidarem com as situações problemáticas. Além disso, evidencia-se uma centralidade conflitual na dinâmica cotidiana, a presença de dois ciclos entre 2011 e 2019 e a existência de tensões persistentes entre hegemonias e subalternidades que se recriam. Entende-se, assim, que o artigo impacta positivamente os estudos e as análises sobre a educação superior, e, particularmente, sobre as universidades no Brasil.

Resumo: Os primeiros 15 anos do século XX presenciaram uma intensa expansão das instituições de educação superior no Brasil, particularmente no interior do país, com pequenas cidades passando a sediar, especialmente, universidades e institutos federais. Esse movimento tem gerado amplas repercussões urbanas, impactando as estruturas, o cotidiano e as dinâmicas de produção social do espaço urbano, com a presença de juventudes estudantis, atingindo particularmente os espaços públicos urbanos. No interior do estado do Ceará, no Nordeste brasileiro, a presença de uma universidade federal pública interiorizada e internacionalizada, com mais de cinco mil estudantes de graduação, sendo aproximadamente 25% migrantes internacionais, impacta duas pequenas cidades – Redenção e Acarape. Nesse sentido, este artigo analisa as dinâmicas territoriais na cidade de Redenção, com foco na Praça do Obelisco, envolvendo juventudes universitárias emergentes e a população local já anteriormente residente, entre o segundo semestre de 2017 e fevereiro de 2020. Metodologicamente, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter etnográfico, acionando também a busca por dados secundários, entrevistas com duas moradoras originárias e estudantes universitárias da UNILAB. A análise revela novas dinâmicas territoriais, por meio das ocupações criativas realizadas pelas juventudes universitárias, e, mais do que isso, a emergência dessas juventudes enquanto agentes políticos e urbanos significativos. Além do mais, os micro, nanoconflitos e lutas que atravessam a praça, assumindo formas urbanas e adquirindo caráter político, evidenciam desigualdades, segregações e estruturas potencialmente normalizadas e invisibilizadas, que estão a ser contestadas socialmente por esses agentes emergentes.

Abstract: The first 15 years of the 20th century witnessed an intense expansion of higher education institutions in Brazil, particularly in the countryside, with small cites then hosting especially federal universites and institutes. This movement has generated large urban repercussions, which impact the structures, the daily life, and the social production dynamics in the urban space, with student youth presence reaching, in particular, the urban public spaces. In the countryside of Ceará, in the Brazilian Northeast, the presence of a public federal university that is both interiorized and internationalized and has more than five thousand undergraduate students, out of which 25% are international migrants, impacts two small cites – Redenção and Acarape. This paper analyzes the territorial dynamics of the city of Redenção, focusing on Obelisco Square, regarding the upcoming university youth and the local population that already resided there, between the second semester of 2017 and February 2020. Regarding methodology, we developed a qualitative ethnographic research, also using a search for secondary data and interviews with two original residents who are also university students at the UNILAB. The analysis has revealed new territorial dynamics, which take place through the creative occupations done by the university youth and, even more, the emergence of this youth as significant urban and political agents. Furthermore, micro and nano conflicts across the Square, which take on urban forms and acquire a political nature, evidence inequalites, segregations, and structures potentially seen as normal and invisible, which are being socially contested by these emerging agents.

Resumen: Los primeros 15 años del siglo XX presenciaron una intensa expansión de las instituciones de educación superior en Brasil, más concretamente en el interior del país, donde pequeñas ciudades fueron transformándose en sedes, particularmente, de universidades e institutos federales. Este movimiento tuvo amplias repercusiones urbanas, impactando las estructuras, el cotidiano y las dinámicas de producción social del espacio urbano, con la presencia de juventudes estudiantiles, específicamente en los espacios públicos urbanos. En el interior del estado de Ceará, Noreste brasileño, la presencia de una universidad federal pública interiorizada e internacionalizada, con más de cinco mil estudiantes de grado, con aproximadamente un 25% de migrantes internacionales, impacta dos pequeñas ciudades: Redenção y Acarape. Este articulo analiza las dinámicas territoriales en la ciudad de Redenção, enfocándose en la Plaza do Obelisco, incluyendo juventudes universitarias emergentes y la población local ya anteriormente residente, entre el segundo semestre de 2017 y febrero de 2020. Metodológicamente, se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa de carácter etnográfico, empleando también la búsqueda por datos secundarios y entrevistas con dos habitantes originarias y también estudiantes universitarias de la UNILAB. El análisis revela nuevas dinámicas territoriales, a través de las ocupaciones creativas realizadas por las juventudes universitarias, e, incluso, el surgimiento de estas juventudes como agentes políticos y urbanos significativos. Más que esto, los micro y nano conflictos y luchas que atraviesan la Plaza, asumiendo formas urbanas y adquiriendo un carácter político, revelan desigualdades, segregaciones y estructuras potencialmente normalizadas e invisibilizadas, que están siendo contestadas socialmente por estos agentes emergentes.

Abstract Background Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease with high morbimortality and an increasing incidence. With improved diagnosis and treatment, a number of epidemiological changes have been reported over time. Objectives We sought to describe the epidemiological profile, mortality predictors, and analysis of a possible microbiological transition in patients admitted to three tertiary centers in Brazil. Methods In this cross-sectional retrospective study, data from 211 patients with definite or probable IE were analyzed according to the modified Duke criteria between 2003 and 2017. The association between categorical variables was assessed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and binary logistic models were built to investigate mortality. We considered p <0.05 statistically significant. Results The median age of the sample was 48 (33-59) years old, 70.6% were men, and the most prevalent pathogen was Staphylococcus spp. (19%). Mortality was 22.3%, with increasing age being the leading risk factor for death (p = 0.028). Regarding the location of the disease, native valves were the most affected site, with the aortic valve being more affected in men than women (p = 0.017). The mean number of cases of Staphylococcus spp. (τ = 0.293, p = 0.148) and Streptococcus spp. (τ = -0.078, p = 0.727) has remained stable over the years. Conclusion No trend towards reduced or increased mortality was evident between 2003 and 2017. Although Staphylococcus spp. were the most prevalent pathogen, the expected epidemiological transition could not be observed.

Resumo Este estudo busca refletir acerca do cuidado intercultural quanto ao modo de agir no processo de enfermagem ante as diferentes culturas. Trata-se de estudo teórico de abordagem reflexiva baseado na experiência do acadêmico na construção de seu portfólio, realizado no ano de 2020 por meio de reflexões pautadas em portfólio acadêmico do quinto semestre de um curso de enfermagem do Sul do Brasil. Após análise do material produzido e das reflexões anotadas no diário do portfólio, emergiram as seguintes categorias: cuidado intercultural em disciplinas de enfermagem e interculturalidade e pandemia. Assim, após reflexão e discussão sobre o cuidado de enfermagem, abordar-se-ão a interculturalidade diante das disciplinas cursadas, as experiências da trajetória acadêmica nesse período e, por fim, os impactos da pandemia de covid-19 no processo de cuidado das pessoas do ponto de vista da interculturalidade. Essa temática torna-se importante por suscitar uma reflexão sobre a relação enfermeiro-paciente.

Abstract This study seeks to reflect on intercultural care regarding the how to act in the nursing process in the face of different cultures. This is a theoretical study with reflexive approach based on the experience of the academic in building their portfolio carried out in 2020 by means of reflections based on academic portfolios of the fifth semester of a nursing program in the South region of Brazil. After analysis of the produced material and of the noted reflections in the portfolio diary, the following categories emerged: intercultural care in nursing courses and interculturality in the pandemic. Thus, after reflection and discussion on nursing care, we will focus on interculturality in the face of the courses taken, the experiences of the academic trajectory in this period, and, finally, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the process of care for people from the point of view of interculturality. This thematic becomes important for bringing up a reflection on the nurse-patient relation.

Resumen Este estudio reflexiona sobre el cuidado intercultural en la forma de actuar de la enfermería ante las diferentes culturas. Se trata de un estudio teórico, de tipo reflexivo, sobre la experiencia de académicos en la construcción de su portafolio, que cursaban el quinto semestre de enfermería en el sur de Brasil, en el periodo de 2020. Tras realizados el análisis de datos y las reflexiones anotadas en el diario de portafolio, surgieron las siguientes categorías: cuidado intercultural en las materias de enfermería e interculturalidad y pandemia. Luego de la reflexión y discusión sobre el cuidado de enfermería, se aborda la interculturalidad en las materias cursadas, las vivencias de la trayectoria académica en este periodo, y los impactos de la pandemia del Covid-19 sobre el proceso de cuidado de las personas desde el punto de vista de la interculturalidad. Este tema es importante para suscitar una reflexión sobre la relación enfermero-paciente.

Abstract The classical method to estimate the light conversion efficiency (εc) gives a single value for the whole crop cycle (εco) but does not reveal any variation along the growing season. We proposed the segmented approach to uncover such variations along sugarcane (Saccharum sp. hybrid) growth cycle. Our analyses revealed that longer sampling intervals could overestimate εco and that the segmented light conversion efficiency (εcs) varied between 0.09 and 5.39 g MJ-1 during the crop cycle. The εcs would provide insights on how the environment affects εc and how to increase biomass production through crop management practices.

Resumo Este artigo discute os significados e implicações da noção de segurança, bem como enfatiza a importância de entender a segurança a partir das práticas que os próprios participantes descrevem como meios de promoção da segurança. Aponta ainda que o modo como a segurança é pensada e promovida tem passado por mudanças provocadas pela ampliação das ameaças objetivas e subjetivas, pelo avanço da securitização e pelo reforço do policiamento estatal e privado. Argumenta também que os estudos brasileiros têm focado prioritariamente o papel do policiamento estatal na promoção da segurança, dando pouca atenção aos atores privados e aos hibridismos e influências mútuas entre atores estatais e não estatais que executam policiamento. A partir da noção de “pluralização do policiamento”, o artigo descreve a complexificação da paisagem da segurança e problematiza os desafios associados a isso. Finalmente, conclui que o estudo das várias modalidades de policiamento plural são importantes para se pensar políticas de segurança e caminhos para se regular as modalidades negativas de policiamento.

Abstract This paper discusses the meanings and implications of the notion of security, and emphasizes the importance of understanding security based on the practices that participants themselves describe as means of promoting security. It also points out that the way security is thought of and promoted has undergone changes caused by the expansion of objective and subjective threats, the advance of securitization, and the reinforcement of state and private policing. The text argues that Brazilian studies have focused mainly on the role of state policing in promoting security, paying little attention to private actors and to hybridisms and mutual influences between state and non-state actors carrying out policing. Based on the notion of “pluralization of policing,” the article describes the complexification of the security landscape and problematizes the challenges associated with it. Finally, the paper concludes that the study of the different modalities of plural policing are important for reflecting on security policies and ways to regulate the negative modalities of policing.

ABSTRACT The root system is essential for sugarcane regrowth and the vigor of ratoon cycles as it represents the unique source of carbon skeletons and energy for the initial plant development. However, root system dynamics after shoot harvesting and its role in sugarcane regrowth remains poorly known. Here, it was hypothesized that sugarcane plants with small volume of root system will accumulate less biomass after shoot harvesting than plants with larger volume and that such regrowth is dependent on root reserves. In sugarcane plants grown in nutrient solution, shoots were cut, and two root treatments were established: reference plants with the entire root system (100%); and plants with half of the root system (50%), randomly removing half of root system. After 37 days of shoot harvesting, plants with the entire root system showed higher shoot, root and total dry mass, root length, root diameter, root area and root volume, when compared with those with 50% of the root system. Sugarcane plants with the entire root system had higher root content of starch, soluble sugar and nonstructural carbohydrates as compared to plants with 50% of the root system. A significant positive correlation was found between the variation of shoot dry mass and the variation of root nonstructural carbohydrates. Interestingly, this data revealed a disproportionate effect of root system size on sugarcane regrowth, with plants with the entire root system accumulating almost three times more biomass than plants with half of the root system during regrowth.

Abstract Aquaculture of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is still incipient in Brazil, as well as the sale of its meat. However, there is a market demand for this product in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The salting process for the meat of cultivated cobia is a way of preserving and marketing the product for the growers. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the chemical properties of salted cobia meat. Market-sized cobia grown in net-tanks located in Baía de Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were used. The fish were eviscerated (gutted), beheaded and lightly flattened. The fillets “charutos” were then subjected to brine salting for 6 days, immersed in saturated brine at refrigeration temperature. After the preparation of the product, analyzes of percent composition, chloride content and lipid profile were performed. The product had high concentrations of protein (20.16%), lipids (19.88%) and 6.56% of total chloride. Lipid profile assessment showed significant percentages of palmitic (6.66%) and oleic (4.99%) acids. Therefore, it is concluded that the salted meat of cobia has good nutritional quality, and the product is a source of palmitic and oleic acids that help preventing cardiovascular diseases and lowering cholesterol levels.

Abstract Background: The association between Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Infective Endocarditis (IE) is controversial in the literature, since many controversial results have been published. However, when evaluating specifically the evidence on IE and individuals with DM using insulin, we found only two observational studies that considered this variable, with discordant results regarding the prognosis and prevalence of Staphylococcus sp in insulin users compared to non-users. Despite the lack of evidence, in clinical practice the insulin use could be interpreted as minor criteria "injection drug use", using the modified Duke criteria for IE diagnosis. Objectives: To compare the microbiological and valvar profile, as well as the outcome of non-diabetic and diabetic patients with IE who were insulin users or not. Methods: This was an observational, analytical and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with IE between 2003 and 2015 in three tertiary care centers. A total of 211 patients were included, of which 17 were diabetics and 9 were insulin users. Patients were compared using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The mortality from IE in diabetic individuals was higher than that of non-diabetic patients, but with no statistical significance (35.29% vs. 21.1%; p = 0.221), even when the groups were divided into insulin-user diabetic, non-insulin user diabetic and non-diabetic patients (33.3% vs. 37.5% vs. 21.1%, p = 0.229). There was a difference regarding the prevalence of IE caused by S. aureus (57.1% vs. 14.3% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.029) and the involvement of the tricuspid valve (33.3% vs. 0.00% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.034) among insulin users. Conclusion: In our sample, insulin use or the presence of DM did not mean higher in-hospital mortality from IE. It is not possible to generalize the microbiological and valvar findings due to the lack of studies evaluating insulin users in IE; however, particularities have been previously reported and may indicate a different behavior of IE in these patients. New studies considering the insulin use variable are required to elucidate the association between DM and IE.

RESUMO Este artigo trata do dilema enfrentado por estudantes-fisiculturistas de Educação Física que se dedicam a aprender, por conta própria, sobre o uso de anabolizantes para fins não terapêuticos em um curso de graduação vinculado à área da saúde. A noção de dilema ético-sanitário é desenvolvida a partir da articulação entre os conceitos de expertise, de Nikolas Rose, e o de risco em saúde, de Deborah Lupton. Entrevistas episódicas com seis alunos da graduação dos cursos de licenciatura e bacharelado em Educação Física de uma universidade brasileira foi a opção metodológica adotada. Como resultado, identificamos dois perfis de estudantes praticantes de fisiculturismo: um composto pelos que ingressaram no curso com o objetivo de aprender a usar anabolizantes; e outro que julgava já saber sobre e tinha por objetivo buscar uma certificação profissional universitária. Concluímos que o dilema ético-sanitário observado em ambos os perfis deveria ser tratado em aula nos cursos de graduação em Educação Física, pois o “silêncio curricular” sobre o processo de hipertrofia muscular pela via medicamentosa, associado à atmosfera de clandestinidade, pode favorecer a circulação de mais desinformação e ainda mais riscos ao público alvo deste estudo.

ABSTRACT This article deals with the dilemma faced by physical education student-bodybuilders who are dedicated to learning on their own about the uses of anabolic steroids for non-therapeutic purposes. The concept of the ethical-sanitary dilemma is developed from the articulation between Nikolas Rose's concept of expertise and Deborah Lupton's concept of risk. Episodic interviews with six undergraduate students of Physical Education from a Brazilian university were applied in this study as the principal method. As a result, we identified two profiles of student-bodybuilders: one composed of those who joined the program in order to learn how to use anabolic steroids, and another one composed of those who presumed to know about the uses and whose purpose was to earn an undergraduate diploma. We conclude that the ethical-sanitary dilemma observed in both profiles should be addressed in the Physical Education undergraduate courses since the “curricular silence” on the process of muscular hypertrophy via steroid anabolics, associated with the clandestine atmosphere, may add more misinformation and even more risks to the target audience of this study.

This paper discuses victimization of women in Colombia’s armed conflict. It uses data from interviews with women who were displaced from the conflict zones. It analyzes victimization from material losses, sexual violence, and murder and disappearance of loved ones. It demonstrates that, although sexual violence is the most specific form of victimization faced by women, the other forms of victimization also had a strong impact on them. While the destruction of material patrimony undermined the social reproduction of their family groups, the effective and potential loss of loved ones affected those women’s ties of maternity, care, and protection. The paper shows that the resulting burden forced those women to react to the armed groups and flee from their places of origin to protect their families. It concludes the effects associated to displacement ensure that the weight of victimisations is more long lasting. Those effects continue to accompany them and project themselves on their new ways of life in their places of destination.

Este trabajo discute la victimización de mujeres en el conflicto armado colombiano. Utiliza datos de entrevistas con mujeres desplazadas de las zonas de conflicto. Analiza la victimización por pérdidas materiales, violencia sexual, asesinatos y desaparición de personas más allegadas. Muestra que a pesar de la violencia sexual ser la forma más específica de victimización de las mujeres, las demás victimizaciones también tuvieron una fuerte incidencia sobre ellas. Mientras la destrucción del patrimonio material minó la reproducción social de sus grupos familiares, las pérdidas efectivas y potenciales de personas significativas afectaron los lazos de maternidad, cuidado y protección por parte de ellas. Afirma que la sobrecarga de ahí resultante obligó a estas mujeres a reaccionar frente a los grupos armados y huir de sus lugares de origen para proteger sus familias. Concluye que los efectos asociados al desplazamiento forzado garantizan que el peso de las victimizaciones sea sentido por más tiempo, acompañándolas y proyectándose en sus nuevos modos de vida en los lugares de destino.

Resumo Este trabalho discute a vitimização de mulheres no conflito armado colombiano utilizando dados de entrevistas com mulheres deslocadas das zonas de conflito e analisando a vitimização por perdas materiais, violência sexual, assassinatos e desaparecimento de pessoas mais próximas. Esta investigação mostra que, apesar de a violência sexual ser a forma mais específica de vitimização das mulheres, as demais vitimizações também tiveram uma forte influência sobre elas. Enquanto a destruição do patrimônio material minou a reprodução social dos seus grupos familiares, as perdas humanas efetivas e potenciais de pessoas significativas afetaram os laços de maternidade, cuidado e proteção por parte delas. Conclui-se que a sobrecarga daí resultante obrigou essas mulheres a reagirem contra os grupos armados e a fugirem dos seus lugares de origem para proteger suas famílias.

Abstract This paper discuses victimization of women in Colombia’s armed conflict. It uses data from interviews with women who were displaced from the conflict zones. It analyzes victimization from material losses, sexual violence, and murder and disappearance of loved ones. It demonstrates that, although sexual violence is the most specific form of victimization faced by women, the other forms of victimization also had a strong impact on them. While the destruction of material patrimony undermined the social reproduction of their family groups, the effective and potential loss of loved ones affected those women’s ties of maternity, care, and protection. The paper concludes that the resulting burden forced those women to react to the armed groups and flee from their places of origin to protect their families.

Resumen Este trabajo discute la victimización de mujeres en el conflicto armado colombiano utilizando datos de entrevistas con mujeres desplazadas de las zonas de conflicto y analizando la victimización por pérdidas materiales, violencia sexual, asesinatos y desaparición de personas más allegadas. Esta investigación muestra que a pesar de la violencia sexual ser la forma más específica de victimización de las mujeres, las demás victimizaciones también tuvieron una fuerte incidencia sobre ellas. Mientras la destrucción del patrimonio material minó la reproducción social de sus grupos familiares, las pérdidas efectivas y potenciales de personas significativas afectaron los lazos de maternidad, cuidado y protección por parte de ellas. Concluye que la sobrecarga de ahí resultante obligó a estas mujeres a reaccionar frente a los grupos armados y huir de sus lugares de origen para proteger sus familias.

Abstract Changes in eating habits generated a demand for processed foods. The use of bovine liver in processed foods provides nutritional enrichment; the use of oatmeal promotes moisture and fat substitution. This study evaluated hamburger-type products derived from bovine liver. Three formulations were prepared using bovine liver and containing 0%, 5%, and 10% oatmeal. The products were evaluated for moisture, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and ash contents and presence of thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase positive staphylococci, Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium sulfite reducers. Yield percentage, sensory acceptance, and purchase intent were evaluated through child and adult sensory panels. The products with oatmeal presented lower lipid content and higher carbohydrate content than products without oatmeal. The microbiological analysis showed products with counts < 10 CFU/g for thermo-tolerant coliforms and coagulase positive staphylococci, and absence of Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium sulfite reducers. The child sensory panel classified the products using hedonic terms; this group demonstrated interest in consuming the products. The adult sensory panel classified the 5% oatmeal product with the best acceptability indexes. This group demonstrated satisfactory purchase intent. It is concluded that the use of bovine liver as a raw material for the production of hamburger-type products is feasible.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação do espaço preparado para o pino com NaOCl e CaOCl em diferentes concentrações na resistência adesiva de pinos cimentados com um cimento resinoso autoadesivo. Oitenta pré-molares foram seccionados 14 mm do ápice e endodonticamente tratado. As obturações foram parcialmente removidas. Os espécimes divididos randomicamente em 8 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o irrigante usado para irrigação do espaço preparado para pino: SF - soro fisiológico 0,9% (grupo controle); CHX - clorexidina 2%; NaOCl 1% - hipoclorito de sódio 1%; NaOCl 2,5% - hipoclorito de sódio 2,5%; NaOCl 5% - hipoclorito de sódio 5%; CaOCl 1% - hipoclorito de cálcio 1%; CaOCl 2,5% - hipoclorito de cálcio 2,5%; CaOCl 5% - hipoclorito de cálcio 5%. Para cada grupo, irrigação foi realizada com 2 mL de solução. O espaço preparado para pino foi seco com cone de papel absorvente (#80) e os pinos de fibra foram cimentados com cimento resinoso autoadesivo. Os espécimes foram seccionados perpendicularmente e o teste de push-out foi realizado. Microscopia óptica foi usada para analisar o padrão de falha. Os testes de ANOVA e Bonferroni analisaram os dados de resistência adesiva. NaOCl e CaOCl apresentaram similar resistência adesiva, independentemente da concentração usada para irrigar o espaço preparado para pino (p>0,05). SF apresentou os maiores valores de resistência adesiva (11,47 MPa) (p<0,05). Falhas adesivas na interface cimento/dentina foram predominantes (58,33%). Soro fisiológico deve ser o irrigante de escolha para irrigar o espaço preparado para pino antes da cimentação de pinos de fibra com cimentos resinosos autoadesivos. NaOCl e CaOCl afetam negativamente os valores de resistência adesiva.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-space irrigation with NaOCl and CaOCl at different concentrations on the bond strength of posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement. Eighty premolars were sectioned 14 mm from the apex, and endodontically treated. The root canal filling was partially removed. Specimens were randomly assigned into 8 groups (n=10), according to the irrigant for post-space irrigation: SS - 0.9% saline solution (control group); CHX - 2% chlorhexidine; 1% NaOCl - 1% sodium hypochlorite; 2.5% NaOCl - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; 5% NaOCl - 5% sodium hypochlorite; 1% CaOCl - 1% calcium hypochlorite; 2.5% CaOCl - 2.5% calcium hypochlorite; and 5% CaOCl - 5% calcium hypochlorite. For each group, irrigation was performed continuously with 2 ml of solution. The post-spaces were dried with paper points (#80), and glass fiber posts were cemented using a self-adhesive resin cement. The specimens were sectioned perpendicularly and the push-out test was performed. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the failure mode. ANOVA and Bonferroni tests analyzed the bond strength data. NaOCl and CaOCl presented similar bond strength regardless the concentration used to irrigate the post-space (p>0.05). SS showed the highest bond strength (11.47 MPa) (p<0.05). Adhesive failures at the cement/dentin interface were predominant (58.33%). Saline solution should be irrigant of choice to irrigate the post-space before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cement. NaOCl and CaOCl negatively affect the bond strength values.