Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do hipoclorito de cálcio (Ca(OCl)2) e do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) usando a microscopia confocal a laser (MCVL) e a alteração da matriz orgânica da dentina por meio da coloração com picrosirius e microscopia óptica (MO). Amostras de dentes humanos extraídos foram infectados com Enterococcus faecalis por centrifugação da suspensão bacteriana. As amostras foram tratadas com Ca(OCl)2 ou NaOCl a 0,5%, 2,5% e 6% durante 15, 30 e 60 segundos. A MCVLe a coloração de viabilidade foram utilizadas para analisar quantitativamente as proporções de bactérias vivas/mortas no lúmen do canal e no bordo do canal radicular. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Fisher LSD. Para análise de MO, cem dentes bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 10 grupos teste (n=10): G1- Sem tratamento; G2- 17% de EDTA; G3- 6% de NaOCl; G4- 6% de NaOCl + EDTA; G5- 0,5% de Ca(OCl)2; G6- 0,5% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G7- 2,5% de Ca(OCl)2; G8- 2,5% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G9- 6% de Ca(OCl)2; G10- 6% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA. As amostras foram fragmentadas e coradas com Picrosirius. Os dados foram analisados por Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn (P<0,05). Houve uma forte correlação nos resultados do lúmen do canal e na borda do canal radicular (r=0,962). Ambos os hipocloritos, a uma concentração de 0,5%, mostraram menor redução microbiana em comparação com 2,5% e 6% (P<0,05). Houve menor atividade antimicrobiana aos 15 segundos em comparação com 30 e 60 segundos (P<0,05). Em conclusão, o Ca(OCl)2 e o NaOCl apresentaram resultados semelhantes nas mesmas concentrações (P>0,05). O Ca(OCl)2 causou menos alterações na matriz orgânica da dentina em concentrações de 0,5% e 2,5%. O Ca(OCl)2 apresenta atividade antimicrobiana semelhante ao NaOCl, e os danos ao colágeno dependem da concentraçã CaOCl2 CaOCl Ca OCl 2 (Ca(OCl)2 (NaOCl MCVL (MCVL MO. MO . (MO) bacteriana Ca(OCl) 05 0 5 25 2,5 6 3 vivasmortas vivas mortas LSD 1 n=10 n10 n (n=10) G1 G tratamento G2 17 EDTA G3 G4 G5 0,5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 Picrosirius KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 (P<0,05) r=0,962. r0962 r r=0,962 962 (r=0,962) hipocloritos conclusão P>0,05. P>0,05 (P>0,05) (Ca(OCl) (MO Ca(OCl 2, n=1 n1 (n=10 0, P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 r096 r=0,96 96 (r=0,962 P>0,0 (P>0,05 (Ca(OCl n= (n=1 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 r09 r=0,9 9 (r=0,96 P>0, (P>0,0 (n= P<0 (P<0, r0 r=0, (r=0,9 P>0 (P>0, (n P< (P<0 r=0 (r=0, P> (P>0 (P< r= (r=0 (P> (P (r= (r

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca (OCl)2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and dentin organic matrix alteration by picrosirius staining and light microscopy (LM). Samples of human extracted teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis by centrifugation of the bacterial suspension and were treated with Ca(OCl)2 or NaOCl at 0.5%, 2.5%, and 6% for 15, 30, and 60 seconds. CLSM and viability staining were used to quantitatively analyze the proportions of dead/live bacteria in the canal lumen and border of the root canal. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher test. For LM analysis, one hundred bovine teeth were randomly divided into 10 test groups (n=10): G1- Without treatment; G2- 17% EDTA; G3- 6% NaOCl; G4- 6% NaOCl + EDTA; G5- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2; G6- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G7- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2; G8- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G9- 6% Ca(OCl)2; G10- 6% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA. The samples were fragmented and stained with Picrosirius. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (P<0.05). There was a strong correlation between the results of the canal lumen and the border of the root canal (r=0.962). Both hypochlorites at a concentration of 0.5% showed less microbial reduction compared to 2.5% and 6% (P<0.05). There was less antimicrobial activity at 15 seconds compared to 30 and 60 seconds (P<0.05). Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl showed similar results at the same concentrations (P>0.05). In conclusion, Ca(OCl)2 caused fewer alterations to the dentin organic matrix at concentrations of 0.5% and 2.5%. Ca(OCl)2 presents antimicrobial activity similar to NaOCl, and collagen damage is concentration-dependent. Ca OCl2 OCl 2 (OCl)2 (NaOCl (CLSM LM. . (LM) CaOCl2 CaOCl Ca(OCl) 05 0 5 25 6 deadlive dead live analysis 1 n=10 n10 n (n=10) G1 G treatment G2 17 EDTA G3 G4 G5 0.5 G6 G7 2.5 G8 G9 G10 Picrosirius KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 (P<0.05) r=0.962. r0962 r r=0.962 962 (r=0.962) 3 P>0.05. P>0.05 (P>0.05) conclusion concentrationdependent. concentrationdependent dependent. dependent concentration-dependent (OCl) (LM Ca(OCl n=1 n1 (n=10 0. 2. P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 r096 r=0.96 96 (r=0.962 P>0.0 (P>0.05 (OCl n= (n=1 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 r09 r=0.9 9 (r=0.96 P>0. (P>0.0 (n= P<0 (P<0. r0 r=0. (r=0.9 P>0 (P>0. (n P< (P<0 r=0 (r=0. P> (P>0 (P< r= (r=0 (P> (P (r= (r

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade bacteriana após o uso de diferentes protocolos de desinfecção em canais radiculares infectados com um biofilme multiespécies (MB) formado in situ. Raízes palatinas com canal único foram obtidas de molares superiores extraídos e esterilizadas antes de serem inseridas na boca. As raízes foram contaminadas com MB em um aparelho intraoral usado por dez voluntários. Todos os voluntários usaram seis raízes simultaneamente em dois dispositivos intrabucais por 21 dias. Uma raiz de cada voluntário foi atribuída a cada grupo (n=10): PUI - irrigação ultrassônica passiva; EC - Easy clean; XPF - XP-endo Finisher; aPDT - terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana; IC - irrigação convencional; e, NC - controle negativo. As amostras foram avaliadas em microscopia confocal de varredura a laser. A porcentagem de células viáveis (VC) foi calculada sobre a porcentagem total do biovolume de MB. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (α=5%). A viabilidade celular em todo o canal radicular ou em cada terço foi comparada entre os grupos (teste de Kruskal-Wallis, teste post-hoc de Dunn) e no mesmo grupo (teste de Friedman, teste post-hoc de Dunn). Os protocolos de desinfecção não foram significativamente diferentes entre si (P>0,05). Amostras dos grupos EC, PUI e aPDT apresentaram menor viabilidade celular do as do NC (P<0,05). No terço cervical das amostras do EC, XPF, PUI e aPDT, a porcentagem de biovolume de VC foi menor do que no NC (P<0,05). A porcentagem de VC nas amostras do EC foi menor nos terços cervical e médio do que no terço apical (P<0,05). EC, PUI e aPDT tiveram efeitos significativos na viabilidade celular do biofilme multiespécies intrarradicular formado in situ quando comparado com amostras não tratadas. Estudos clínicos devem investigar o papel da redução de cargas bacterianas viáveis no sistema de canais radiculares para o sucesso do tratamento endodôntico. (MB boca 2 dias n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10) passiva clean XPendo XP endo Finisher antimicrobiana convencional negativo laser (VC α=5%. α5 α α=5% . 5 (α=5%) KruskalWallis, KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis, Wallis Kruskal-Wallis posthoc post hoc Dunn Friedman Dunn. P>0,05. P005 P P>0,05 0 05 (P>0,05) P<0,05. P<0,05 (P<0,05) tratadas endodôntico n=1 n1 1 (n=10 α=5 (α=5% P00 P>0,0 (P>0,05 P<0,0 (P<0,05 n= (n=1 α= (α=5 P0 P>0, (P>0,0 P<0, (P<0,0 (n= (α= P>0 (P>0, P<0 (P<0, (n (α P> (P>0 P< (P<0 (P> (P< (P

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate bacterial viability after the use of different disinfection protocols in root canals infected with a multispecies biofilm (MB) formed in situ. Palatal roots with a single canal were obtained from extracted maxillary molars and sterilized before being inserted into the mouth. The roots were contaminated with a MB in an intraoral appliance worn by ten volunteers. All volunteers wore six roots simultaneously in two intraoral devices for 21 days. One root from each volunteer was assigned to each group (n=10): PUI - passive ultrasonic irrigation; EC - Easy Clean; XPF - XP-endo Finisher; aPDT - antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; CI - conventional irrigation; and NC - negative control. The samples were evaluated under confocal laser scanning microscopy. The percentage of viable cells (VC) was calculated over the total percentage of MB biovolume. Data were statistically analyzed (α=5%). The cell viability in the entire root canal or for each third was compared between groups (Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn post-hoc test) and for the same group (Friedman test, Dunn post-hoc test). Disinfection protocols were not significantly different from each other (P>.05). Samples in EC, PUI, and aPDT had lower cell viability than in NC (P<.05). In the coronal third of samples in the EC, XPF, PUI and aPDT, the percentage of VC biovolume was lower than in the NC (P<.05). The percentage of VC in EC samples was lower in the coronal and middle thirds than in the apical third (P<.05). EC, PUI and aPDT had significant effects on cell viability in intraradicular multispecies biofilm formed in situ when compared with untreated samples. (MB mouth 2 days n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10) irrigation Clean XPendo XP endo Finisher therapy control microscopy (VC α=5%. α5 α α=5% . 5 (α=5%) KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis test posthoc post hoc Friedman test. P>.05. P05 P P>.05 05 (P>.05) P<.05. P<.05 (P<.05) n=1 n1 1 (n=10 α=5 (α=5% P0 P>.0 0 (P>.05 P<.0 (P<.05 n= (n=1 α= (α=5 P>. (P>.0 P<. (P<.0 (n= (α= P> (P>. P< (P<. (n (α (P> (P< (P

Resumo Introdução O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas, tecnologias e materiais influenciam a prática clínica da endodontia e impactam consideravelmente a forma como o tratamento do canal radicular é realizado. Embora existam informações sobre as várias formas de tratamentos praticados por dentistas em outras cidades e/ou países, muito pouco se sabe sobre as endodontias realizadas em clínicas odontológicas na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. Objetivo Analisar a prática endodôntica realizada por dentistas nas clínicas odontológicas na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS, visando explorar as técnicas, materiais e equipamentos empregados durante o tratamento. Material e método Foi aplicado um questionário online, por meio da Plataforma Google Forms, com vinte e seis questões abertas e fechadas aos dentistas que realizam tratamentos endodônticos em clínicas odontológicas. O questionário foi estruturado a fim de analisar os materiais, técnicas e equipamentos que estão presentes nos tratamentos endodônticos realizados pelos dentistas nas clínicas odontológicas aqui avaliadas. Os dados coletados nos questionários foram transferidos para uma planilha Excel®. A análise dos dados foi feita de duas formas: frequência absoluta e relativa para as questões fechadas, e descritiva para as questões abertas. Resultado 15,57% das clínicas odontológicas registradas no CRO/RS participaram da presente pesquisa. Foi possível verificar que a maioria dos materiais e técnicas aplicadas no tratamento endodôntico são os mesmos recomendados pela literatura científica. Conclusão Os protocolos clínicos em endodontia seguidos pelos participantes do presente estudo apresentam embasamento clínico e científico na literatura. realizado eou ou países AlegreRS Alegre RS Alegre/RS online Forms avaliadas Excel Excel® 1557 15 57 15,57 CRORS CRO pesquisa científica 155 1 5 15,5 15,

Abstract Introduction The evolution of new techniques, technologies, and materials significantly influences the clinical practice of endodontics, thus profoundly impacting the approach to root canal treatments. While information about various treatment methods practiced by dentists in other cities or countries is available, there is a notable gap in our understanding of endodontic practices in the Porto Alegre city. Objective The objective of this study is to analyze the endodontic practices employed by dentists in dental clinics located in Porto Alegre city. We aimed to explore the techniques, materials, and equipment routinely utilized during endodontic treatments. Material and method An online questionnaire using the Google Forms platform was administered, consisting of twenty-six open and closed questions to dentists performing endodontic treatments in dental clinics. The questionnaire was structured to assess the materials, techniques, and equipment employed during endodontic procedures. Data collected from the questionnaires were recorded in an Excel® spreadsheet. Data analysis encompassed both absolute and relative frequency for closed questions and also a descriptive approach for open-ended questions. Results Participation was obtained from 15.57% of dental clinics registered with CRO/RS. The findings indicated that the majority of materials and techniques applied in endodontic treatment could be aligned with recommendations found in the scientific literature. Conclusion The clinical protocols observed by the participants in endodontic practice demonstrated a solid foundation in both clinical and scientific literature. technologies endodontics available city administered twentysix twenty six procedures Excel spreadsheet openended ended 1557 15 57 15.57 CRORS CRO RS CRO/RS literature 155 1 5 15.5 15.

Objective: To assess the adherence to a set of evidence-based recommendations to support mental health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its association with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Methods: A team of health workers and researchers prepared the recommendations, formatted into three volumes (1: COVID-19 prevention; 2: Healthy habits; 3: Biological clock and sleep). Participants were randomized to receive only Volume 1 (control), Volumes 1 and 2, Volumes 1 and 3, or all volumes. We used a convenience sample of Portuguese-speaking participants over age 18 years. An online survey consisting of sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaires and mental health instruments (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9] and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7]) was administered. At 14 and 28 days later, participants were invited to complete follow-up surveys, which also included questions regarding adherence to the recommendations. A total of 409 participants completed the study – mostly young adult women holding university degrees. Results: The set of recommendations contained in Volumes 2 and 3 was effective in protecting mental health, as suggested by significant associations of adherence with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores (reflecting anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively). Conclusion: The recommendations developed in this study could be useful to prevent negative mental health effects in the context of the pandemic and beyond.

Aim This study analyzed public procurements for different endodontic materials used in the Brazilian public health system and evaluated the variables related to their cost. Methods A time-series study was performed by screening materials for endodontic application in the public Brazilian Databank of Healthcare Prices from 2010 to 2019. Data were categorized according to material composition and clinical application. The collated variables were used in a multiple linear regression model to predict the impact of unit price in procurement processes. Results A total of 5,973 procurement processes (1,524,693 items) were evaluated. Calcium hydroxides were found in 79% of the observations (4,669 processes). Prices drop each year by US$1.87 while MTAs and epoxy resins are increasingly purchased at higher prices (US$50.87; US$67.69, respectively). The microregion, the procurement modality, and the type of institution had no influence on unit prices in the adjusted model (p > 0.05). Conclusions Calcium hydroxide-based materials were the cheapest and most frequently purchased endodontic materials in the public health care system. Novel formulations are being implemented into clinical practice over time and their cost may be a barrier to the broad application of materials such as MTAs, despite their effectiveness.

Resumo A descontaminação do sistema do canal radicular (CR) é essencial para o sucesso da terapia endodôntica. Neste estudo in vitro, foi avaliado o potencial de desinfecção de um dispositivo de eletrofulguração, o Endox® Endodontic System (EES), em CR infectado com Enterococcus faecalis. Sessenta e cinco pré-molares inferiores humanos foram instrumentados com o sistema MTwo®. As amostras foram distribuídas em seis grupos experimentais (n = 10), de acordo com o protocolo de irrigação: clorexidina gel a 2% (CHX); CHX + EES; Hipoclorito de sódio 5,25% (NaOCl); NaOCl + EES; solução salina (SS); e SS + EES. Cinco amostras não foram tratadas (controle). As amostras de CR foram coletadas antes (C1) e após o tratamento com EES (C2), após preparo químico-mecânico (PQM) (C3) e após o tratamento final com EES (C4). Todas as amostras foram plaqueadas para unidades formadoras de colônias (CFU / mL) em meio sólido. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Wilcoxon e Friedman para comparações intragrupos e pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis, seguidos pelo teste de Dunn para comparações intergrupos (α = 0,05). O tratamento com o EES não reduziu significativamente o número de CFU / mL em comparação com os níveis basais (C1 vs. C2, p> 0,05). Após PQM (C3), todos os grupos apresentaram uma quantidade significativamente reduzida de CFU / mL (p <0,05), sem diferença entre as amostras tratadas com CHX e NaOCl (p> 0,05). Por fim, o tratamento com o EES após PQM (C4) não reduziu significativamente a quantidade de CFU / mL (C3 vs. C4, p> 0,05). Concluindo, o uso do Endox® Endodontic System não resultou em redução bacteriana considerável em todos os momentos operatórios, enquanto os tratamentos com NaOCl e CHX foram igualmente eficientes para esse fim.

Abstract Decontamination of the root canal (RC) system is essential for successful endodontic therapy. In this in vitro study, it was evaluated the disinfection potential of an electrofulguration device, the Endox® Endodontic System (EES), in RC infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Sixty-five human lower premolars were instrumented with MTwo® system. The specimens were distributed into six experimental groups (n = 10), according to the irrigation protocol: 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX); CHX + EES; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); NaOCl + EES; saline solution (SS); and SS + EES. Five specimens were untreated (control). RC samples were collected before (C1) and after EES treatment (C2), after chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP) (C3), and after final EES treatment (C4). All samples were plated for colony forming units (CFU/mL) onto solid media. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and Friedman tests for intragroup comparisons and by Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test for intergroup comparisons (α = 0.05). Treatment with the EES did not significantly reduce the number of CFU/mL as compared to baseline levels (C1 vs. C2, p> 0.05). After CMP (C3), all groups showed a significantly reduced amount of CFU/mL (p <0.05), with no difference between CHX- and NaOCl-treated samples (p >0.05). Lastly, treatment with the EES following CMP (C4) did not significantly reduce the amount of CFU/mL (C3 vs. C4, p> 0.05). To conclude, the use of the Endox® Endodontic System did not result in considerable bacterial reduction at all operative times, while treatment with NaOCl and CHX was equally efficient for this purpose.

Resumo Introdução Dentro da prática odontológica, os profissionais podem receber diversos casos de urgência, principalmente relacionados a problemas endodônticos e, para atendê-los, há a necessidade de um extenso treinamento pré-clínico prévio, sendo uma das principais dificuldades a busca por modelos que simulem a morfologia dentária. Objetivo Comparar a morfometria de dentes artificiais polirradiculares à literatura. Material e método Os dentes artificiais (Primeiro Pré-molar Superior, Primeiro Molar Superior e Primeiro Molar Inferior) foram doados pelos fabricantes: Fábrica de Sorrisos (FS) e IM do Brasil Ltda. (IM), totalizando 30 dentes. Foi realizada mensuração do comprimento total do dente e o da raiz, da altura e das dimensões vestíbulo-palatina e mésio-distal da coroa, com paquímetro digital. Os dados foram dispostos em uma planilha de cálculo e realizou-se a análise estatística [ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis e, após, teste de Dunnett (α=5%)]. Resultado A amostra de molares superiores da empresa FS apresentou todas as variáveis dentro dos padrões morfométricos descritos na literatura. Os demais grupos dentários apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes, mantendo ou não certa proporcionalidade. Conclusão De todos os grupos dentários pesquisados o molar superior da empresa FS foi o único que apresentou todos os aspectos morfométricos externos de acordo com os dados da literatura.

Abstract Introduction Dental practice professionals encounter several urgency cases, mainly related to endodontic problems. To attend to these, professionals need extensive prior preclinical training, being one of the main difficulties the search for models that simulate dental morphology. Aim To compare the external morphometry of multirooted artificial teeth to literature. Material and method The artificial teeth (Upper First Premolar, Upper First Molar and Lower First Molar) were donated by the manufacturers: Fábrica de Sorrisos (FS) and IM do Brasil LTDA (IM), totaling 30 teeth. The total length of the tooth and root, height and buccal-palatal and mesial-distal dimensions of the crown were measured with a digital pachymeter. The data were placed in a spreadsheet and the statistical analysis was performed [ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and then, Dunnett's test (α=5%)]. Result The Upper Molar samples of the company Fábrica de Sorrisos presented all variables within the morphometric patterns described in the literature. The other dental groups presented statistically significant differences, maintaining or not a certain proportionality. Conclusion Of all the dental groups analyzed, the upper molar from the company Fábrica de Sorrisos was the only one that presented all the external morphometric aspects according to literature.

Resumo Introdução É desafio do ensino pré-clínico em Endodontia fornecer aos alunos dentes artificiais que reproduzam a morfologia dos dentes humanos. Objetivo Comparar a morfologia interna e externa de dentes artificiais monorradiculares com dados da literatura sobre dentes humanos. Material e método Os dentes artificiais foram doados pelos fabricantes: Fábrica de Sorrisos, empresa A, (n=20), e IM do Brasil Ltda., empresa B, (n=20). Foi realizada mensuração do comprimento total do dente e da raiz, da altura, das dimensões vestibulopalatina e mesiodistal da coroa, com paquímetro digital. A descrição morfológica das raízes, coroas e câmaras pulpares foi realizada. A localização topográfica do forame apical principal foi avaliada após exploração dos canais com instrumento endodôntico tipo K #15 até este atingir visualmente o ápice radicular. Os dados foram dispostos em uma planilha de cálculo e realizou-se a análise estatística [ANOVA e pós-teste de Tukey (α=5%)]. Resultado A amostra de caninos superiores da empresa B apresentou todas as variáveis dentro dos padrões morfométricos descritos na literatura. Em relação às morfologias interna e externa, a amostra de incisivos laterais superiores da empresa A foi a única a apresentar todas as variáveis dentro dos padrões descritos na literatura. Em relação à localização topográfica foraminal, os dentes da empresa A, assim como o canino inferior da empresa B, apresentaram tendência à posição distalizada e centralizada, vindo ao encontro da literatura. Conclusão Nenhum dente artificial estudado apresentou total similaridade morfológica e morfométrica com a literatura analisada, diferindo em pelo menos uma das variáveis, sendo indicada aos fabricantes uma revisão dos seus modelos.

Abstract Introduction It is a challenge of pre-clinical teaching in Endodontics to provide students with artificial teeth that reproduce the internal and external morphology of human teeth. Objective To compare the internal and external morphology of single-rooted artificial teeth with data from the literature on human teeth. Material and method The artificial teeth were donated from two companies: Fábrica de Sorrisos, company A, (n=20) and IM do Brasil Ltda, company B (n=20). Measurement of total tooth length, root, height, buccal-palatal and mesio-distal crown dimensions with digital caliper was performed. The morphological description of the roots, crown and pulp chamber was performed, the last one only after access. The topographic location of the main apical foramen was evaluated after canal exploration with a K #15 endodontic instrument until it visually reached the root apex. The data were arranged in a spreadsheet and statistical analysis was performed (ANOVA, followed by the Tukey post-test (α=5%)). Result Regarding the morphometric parameters, the upper canine sample from company B presented all variables within the standards described in the literature. Regarding internal and external morphology, the sample of upper lateral incisors from Company A was the only one to present all variables within the standards described in the literature. Regarding the foraminal topographic location, the teeth of Company A, as well as the lower canine of company B, showed a tendency to the distalized and centralized position, in line with the literature. Conclusion none of the artificial teeth studied showed total morphological and morphometric similarity with the control, differing in at least one of the variables, and a review of their models is indicated to the manufacturers.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surfactants 0.2% or 0.1% cetrimide (Cet) or 0.008% benzalkonium chloride (BAK) on 2.5% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and compare to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), regarding the properties of pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. Material and Methods The pH and free chlorine content were evaluated by digital pHmeter and by titration, respectively. Surface tension was measured by the platinum ring technique with a Du Noüy tensiometer. The solution's contact angle in human dentin surfaces was checked by Drop Shape Analyzer software. Bovine pulps were used for pulp dissolution analysis and the dissolving capacity was expressed by percent weight loss. Antimicrobial activity over Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by the agar diffusion method. Results Surfactants addition to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl did not alter the pH, free chlorine content and pulp dissolution properties. Ca(OCl)2 had the highest surface tension among all tested solutions. When surfactants were added to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl, there was a significant reduction of surface tension and contact angle values. The addition of 0.2% or 0.1% Cet enhanced antimicrobial activity of both Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl. Conclusion Surfactant addition to 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 has shown acceptable outcomes for pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the addition of 0.2% Cet showed better results for all tested properties.

Resumo Introdução Dentes artificiais têm sido utilizados para a prática odontológica e, segundo seus fabricantes, apresentam muita similaridade aos dentes humanos para treinamento. Objetivo Avaliar a radiopacidade de dentes endodônticos artificiais para uso em atividades de ensino e saber a percepção de docentes quanto à análise radiográfica. Material e método Trinta réplicas de incisivos centrais superiores de três marcas comerciais (Fábrica de Sorrisos, IM do Brasil e Real Dent) e um incisivo humano foram utilizados. Foram dispostos sobre um sensor radiográfico o dente humano e um dente artificial de cada empresa. As análises de radiopacidade foram feitas no programa Photoshop® em triplicata em quatro regiões distintas: porção central da coroa e nos terços cervical, médio e apical do canal. A percepção quanto à utilização dos dentes como instrumento prático de ensino foi avaliada por meio de um questionário aplicado a oito professores de endodontia. Para análise estatística dos valores de radiopacidade, foi utilizada a ANOVA, seguida do teste de Tukey. Foi empregado um nível de significância de 5%. Para análise do questionário, foram empregados métodos descritivos e por porcentagem de dados no que se refere à frequência das respostas. Resultado Houve diferença de radiopacidade entre os diferentes dentes testados em cada região analisada (p > 0,05). Na percepção dos professores com relação à utilização dos dentes no ensino, eles colocaram em ordem crescente os seguintes dentes para uso: IM do Brasil, Fábrica de Sorrisos, Real Dent e humano. Conclusão A radiopacidade dos dentes artificiais foi diferente do humano. O dente artificial da Fábrica de Sorrisos apresentou os maiores valores de radiopacidade. Contudo, os professores consideraram ideais para utilização no ensino apenas o dente humano e o dente da Real Dent.

Abstract Introduction Artificial teeth have been used for dental practice which, acoording to their manufactures, bear much similarity to human teeth for training. Objective To evaluate radiopacity of artificial endodontic teeth for use in teaching activities and to know the perception of teachers regarding radiographic analysis. Material and method Thirty replicates of upper central incisors of three trade marks (Fábrica de Sorrisos, IM do Brasil and Real Dent) and a human incisor were used. On a radiographic sensor, human tooth and one artificial tooth of each marks were arranged. Radiopacity analyzes were performed using Photoshop® in triplicate in four distinct regions: central portion of the crown and in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of the canal. The perception about the use of teeth as a practical teaching instrument was evaluated through a questionnaire applied to eight teachers of Endodontics. For statistical analysis of the radiopacity values ANOVA was used, followed by the Tukey test. Significance level of 5%. For the analysis of the questionnaire were used descriptive methods and percentage of data regarding the frequency of responses. Result There was a difference in radiopacity between the different teeth tested, in each region analyzed (P > 0.05). In the teachers' perception regarding the use of teeth in teaching, the teachers placed the following teeth for use: IM do Brasil, Fábrica de Sorrisos, Real Dent and human. Conclusion The radiopacity of the artificial teeth was different from the human teeth. The artificial tooth of the Fábrica de Sorrisos presented the highest values of radiopacity. The teachers considered ideal for use in teaching only the human teeth and the prototype Real Dent.

Resumo Introdução Dentes artificiais têm sido empregados para a prática de ensino pré-clínico. Porém, não se sabe o comportamento dos mesmos frente aos diferentes procedimentos realizados durante um tratamento endodôntico simulado. Objetivo Avaliar a microdureza de réplicas de dentes humanos, frente a diferentes soluções irrigadoras. Material e método Quarenta e cinco incisivos centrais superiores artificiais de três marcas comerciais nacionais (dentes “A”, “B” e “C”) e 15 incisivos humanos foram utilizados. As amostras foram seccionadas a 5 mm do ápice dentário. Os fragmentos radiculares foram fixados em resina para posterior teste de microdureza. Os ensaios da microdureza Knoop foram realizados em dois momentos: momento 1 - microdureza inicial; momento 2 - microdureza final, que foi feita após o uso das soluções irrigadoras (Cloreto de Sódio a 0,9%, Hipoclorito de Sódio a 2,5% e Gluconato de Clorexidina a 2%). As endentações deixadas na superfície da amostra foram mensuradas. O valor obtido para microdureza de cada amostra foi feita com base na média de três endentações. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes ANOVA e Teste t pareado, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultado Os dentes artificiais “A” e “C” apresentaram valores inferiores de microdureza quando comparados ao dente humano (P = 0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre os dentes artificiais “B” e o dente humano (P = 0,2428). Quanto ao uso das diferentes soluções irrigadoras, também não houve diferença na microdureza das peças dentárias. Conclusão Embora a solução irrigadora não tenha influenciado a microdureza, os dentes artificiais apresentaram valores de dureza inferiores aos do dente humano.

Abstract Introduction Artificial teeth have been used for preclinical teaching practice. However, the behavior of the same is not known in relation to the different procedures performed during a simulated endodontic treatment. Objective To evaluate the microhardness of replicates of human teeth, in front of different irrigating solutions. Material and method Forty-five artificial upper central incisors of three national trade marks (teeth “A”, “B” and “C”) and fifteen human incisors were used. Samples were sectioned 5 mm from the apex. The root fragments were fixed in resin for later microhardness test. The Knoop microhardness tests were performed in two moments: moment 1 - initial microhardness; moment 2 - final microhardness, which was done after the use of the irrigating solutions (0.9% sodium chloride, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate). The indentations left on the sample surface were measured. The obtained value for microhardness of each sample was made based on the average of three indentations. ANOVA and Paired t-test were used for statistical analysis. Significance level of 5%. Result Artificial teeth “A” and “C” presented lower values of microhardness when compared to human teeth (P = 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the artificial teeth “B” for the human (P = 0.2428). Regarding the use of different irrigation solutions, there was also no difference in the microhardness of dental pieces. Conclusion Although the irrigating solution did not influence the microhardness, the artificial teeth presented values of hardness inferior to the human tooth.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a composição bacteriana de canais radiculares associados com abscesso apical agudo através de identificação molecular (16S rRNA) de bactérias cultiváveis. Duzentas e vinte cepas, de 20 casos, isoladas por cultura foram submetidas a extração de DNA e amplificação do gene 16S rRNA (PCR), seguido de sequenciamento. As sequências de nucleotídeos obtidas foram comparadas com o banco de dados (GenBank) do National Center of Biotechnology Information através do BLAST. Cepas não identificadas pelo sequenciamento foram submetidas à clonagem. Associação de achados microbiológicos e características clínicas e associação entre espécies bacterianas também foram investigadas. Cinquenta e nove bactérias cultiváveis diferentes foram identificadas pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, pertencentes a 6 filos, numa média de 6 espécies por canal. Método molecular permitiu identificação de 99% das cepas isoladas. As bactérias mais frequentes foram Prevotella spp., Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Parvimonas micra, Dialister invisus, Filifactor alocis, Peptostreptococcus stomatis. Associação positiva foi encontrada entre Prevotella buccae e Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, e entre Parvimonas micra e Prevotella nigrescens (p<0,05). Foi concluído que a microbiota de canais radiculares infectados associados com abscesso apical agudo é diversa e heterogênea, composta principalmente por anaeróbios Gram-negativos, pertencentes aos filos Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the bacterial composition present in root canals of teeth associated with acute apical abscess by molecular identification (16S rRNA) of cultivable bacteria. Two hundred and twenty strains isolated by culture from 20 root canals were subjected to DNA extraction and amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (PCR), followed by sequencing. The resulting nucleotide sequences were compared to the GenBank database from the National Center of Biotechnology Information through BLAST. Strains not identified by sequencing were submitted to clonal analysis. The association of microbiological findings with clinical features and the association between microbial species were also investigated. Fifty-nine different cultivable bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, belonging to 6 phyla, with an average number of 6 species per root canal. Molecular approaches allowed identification of 99% of isolates. The most frequently identified bacteria were Prevotella spp., Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Parvimonas micra, Dialister invisus, Filifactor alocis, and Peptostreptococcus stomatis. Positive association was found between Prevotella buccae and Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus and between Parvimonas micra and Prevotella nigrescens (both p<0.05). It was concluded that the microbiota of infected root canals associated with acute apical abscess is diverse and heterogeneous, composed mainly of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, with the great majority belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.

Abstract The present study aims to verify the effect of ozone gas (OZY® System) and high frequency electric pulse (Endox® System) systems on human root canals previously contaminated with Escherichia colilipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fifty single-rooted teeth had their dental crowns removed and root lengths standardized to 16 mm. The root canals were prepared up to #60 hand K-files and sterilized using gamma radiation with cobalt 60. The specimens were divided into the following five groups (n = 10) based on the disinfection protocol used: OZY® System, one 120-second-pulse (OZY 1p); OZY® System, four 24-second-pulses (OZY 4p); and Endox® System (ENDOX). Contaminated and non-contaminated canals were exposed only to apyrogenic water and used as positive (C+) and negative (C-) controls, respectively. LPS (O55:B55) was administered in all root canals except those belonging to group C-. After performing disinfection, LPS samples were collected from the canals using apyrogenic paper tips. Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) was used to quantify the LPS levels, and the data obtained was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The disinfection protocols used were unable to reduce the LPS levels significantly (p = 0.019). The use of ozone gas and high frequency electric pulses was not effective in eliminating LPS from the root canals.

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the bacterial diversity of 10 root canals with acute apical abscess using clonal analysis. Samples were collected from 10 patients and submitted to bacterial DNA isolation, 16S rRNA gene amplification, cloning, and sequencing. A bacterial genomic library was constructed and bacterial diversity was estimated. The mean number of taxa per canal was 15, ranging from 11 to 21. A total of 689 clones were analyzed and 76 phylotypes identified, of which 47 (61.84%) were different species and 29 (38.15%) were taxa reported as yet-uncultivable or as yet-uncharacterized species. Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Filifactor alocis, and Peptostreptococcus stomatis were the most frequently detected species, followed by Dialister invisus, Phocaeicola abscessus, the uncharacterized Lachnospiraceae oral clone, Porphyromonas spp., and Parvimonas micra. Eight phyla were detected and the most frequently identified taxa belonged to the phylum Firmicutes (43.5%), followed by Bacteroidetes (22.5%) and Proteobacteria (13.2%). No species was detected in all studied samples and some species were identified in only one case. It was concluded that acute primary endodontic infection is characterized by wide bacterial diversity and a high intersubject variability was observed. Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes, were the most frequently detected microorganisms.

AbstractThe presence of endotoxin inside the root canal has been associated with periapical inflammation, bone resorption and symptomatic conditions.Objectives To determine, in vitro, the effect of QMix® and other three root canal irrigants in reducing the endotoxin content in root canals.Material and Methods Root canals of single-rooted teeth were prepared. Samples were detoxified with Co-60 irradiation and inoculated with E. coli LPS (24 h, at 37°C). After that period, samples were divided into 4 groups, according to the irrigation solution tested: QMix®, 17% EDTA, 2% chlorhexidine solution (CHX), and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). LPS quantification was determined by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. The initial counting of endotoxins for all samples, and the determination of LPS levels in non-contaminated teeth and in contaminated teeth exposed only to non-pyrogenic water, were used as controls.Results QMix® reduced LPS levels, with a median value of 1.11 endotoxins units (EU)/mL (p<0.001). NaOCl (25.50 EU/mL), chlorhexidine (44.10 EU/mL) and positive control group (26.80 EU/mL) samples had similar results. Higher levels were found with EDTA (176.00 EU/mL) when compared to positive control (p<0.001). There was no significant difference among EDTA, NaOCl and CHX groups. Negative control group (0.005 EU/mL) had statistically significant lower levels of endotoxins when compared to all test groups (p<0.001).Conclusion QMix® decreased LPS levels when compared to the other groups (p<0.001). 3% NaOCl, 2% CHX and 17% EDTA were not able to significantly reduce the root canal endotoxins load.