Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, clinicopathological, and prognostic features of acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the oral and maxillofacial region. AciCC cases were retrospectively retrieved from 11 pathology centers of three different countries. Medical records were examined to extract demographic, clinical, pathologic, and follow-up information. A total of 75 cases were included. Females (65.33%) with a mean age of 45.51 years were mostly affected. The lesions usually presented as an asymptomatic (64.28%) nodule (95.66%) in the parotid gland (70.68%). The association of two histopathological patterns was the most common finding (48.93%) and the tumors presented mainly conventional histopathological grades (86.11%). Surgical treatment was performed in the majority of the cases (59.19%). Local recurrence was observed in 20% of the informed cases, regional metastasis in 30.43%, and distant metastasis in 12.50%. The statistical analysis showed that the cases with a solid histopathological pattern (p=0.01), high-grade transformation (p=0.008), recurrence (p=0.007), and regional metastasis (p=0.03) were associated with poor survival. In conclusion, high histopathological transformation, presence of nodal metastasis, and recurrence were prognostic factors for AciCC of the oral and maxillofacial region. prevalence clinicopathological (AciCC region 1 countries demographic clinical pathologic followup follow up information 7 included 65.33% 6533 65 33 (65.33% 4551 45 51 45.5 affected 64.28% 6428 64 28 (64.28% 95.66% 9566 95 66 (95.66% 70.68%. 7068 70.68% . 70 68 (70.68%) 48.93% 4893 48 93 (48.93% 86.11%. 8611 86.11% 86 (86.11%) 59.19%. 5919 59.19% 59 19 (59.19%) 20 3043 30 43 30.43% 1250 12 50 12.50% p=0.01, p001 p p=0.01 , 0 01 (p=0.01) highgrade grade p=0.008, p0008 p=0.008 008 (p=0.008) p=0.007, p0007 p=0.007 007 (p=0.007) p=0.03 p003 03 (p=0.03 survival conclusion 65.33 653 6 3 (65.33 455 4 5 45. 64.28 642 2 (64.28 95.66 956 9 (95.66 706 70.68 (70.68% 48.93 489 (48.93 861 86.11 8 (86.11% 591 59.19 (59.19% 304 30.43 125 12.50 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.01 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.008 (p=0.007 (p=0.0 65.3 (65.3 64.2 (64.2 95.6 (95.6 70.6 (70.68 48.9 (48.9 86.1 (86.11 59.1 (59.19 30.4 12.5 p0 p=0. (p=0.00 (p=0. 65. (65. 64. (64. 95. (95. 70. (70.6 48. (48. 86. (86.1 59. (59.1 30. 12. p=0 (p=0 (65 (64 (95 (70. (48 (86. (59. p= (p= (6 (9 (70 (4 (86 (59 (p ( (7 (8 (5

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a virtual learning object (VLO) to teach undergraduate dental students about the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to oral ulcerative lesions. The VLO was developed with information on the diagnostic process, lesion classification, and clinical-surgical management of oral ulcerative lesions. The VLO content was initially validated by a group of specialists. Learning was evaluated in a sample of 58 undergraduate dental students, divided into control group (conventional theoretical class, n = 29) and intervention group (interaction with VLO, n = 29). All students answered a pre-test and post-test questionnaire. The VLO group also answered a specific questionnaire on the evaluation of the VLO. Both quantitative and qualitative descriptive analyses were performed. The validation showed that professors and students considered the VLO adequate. The use of the VLO was recommended by 100% of professors and 86.6% of students. In the intervention group, the results showed a significantly higher number of correct answers in the post-test (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the VLO proved to be a useful tool for teaching oral medicine, contributing significantly to the knowledge of ulcerated lesions in the mouth. (VLO process classification clinicalsurgical clinical surgical specialists 5 conventional class 29 interaction 29. . pretest pre test posttest post performed adequate 100 866 86 6 86.6 p 0.01. 001 0.01 0 01 0.01) conclusion medicine mouth 2 10 8 86. 00 0.0 1 0.

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship of OM with possible risk factors such as oral health condition, immunological status and IL-1β profile in patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Fifty-four individuals submitted to HSCT were included. All patients received previous dental treatment and photobiomodulation (PBM) as the institutional OM preventive protocol. OM scores, immune status, and IL-1β levels were determined during the conditioning period and at D+3 and D+8 after HSC infusion. IL-1β gene polymorphism was also analyzed during conditioning. Possible associations of OM with risk factors were analyzed using conditional Fisher's exact test. OM was observed in 34 patients (62.9%) classified as Grade 1 (13 patients/24.1%), Grade 2 (14 patients/25.9%), Grade 3 (3 patients/5.5%), and Grade 4 (4 patients/7.4%). Allogeneic HSCT individuals exhibited a higher OM grade than autologous subjects. Moreover, an association was observed between severe OM and severe gingivitis (p = 0.01), neutropenia (p = 0.03), and leukopenia (p = 0.04). A significant association between OM and lower IL-1β levels was detected at three time points, i.e., conditioning (p = 0.048), D+3 (p = 0.01), and D+8 (p = 0.005). The results showed that IL-1β gene polymorphism was not associated with OM. Our study provided important insights into the scope of OM risk factors in the setting of HSCT. Patients submitted to HSCT with severe gingivitis prior to chemotherapy and with severe neutropenia and leukopenia exhibited a higher OM grade. Further investigation will be necessary to better understand the exact role of IL-1β in the context of OM pathobiology and to validate cytokine analysis in larger cohorts.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicodemographic characteristics and treatment protocol as prognostic factors in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the hard palate, upper gingiva, and alveolar ridge (HPUGAR). This retrospective cohort study collected data of patients treated in two head and neck surgery departments in southern Brazil between 1999 and 2021. Information on clinicodemographic data, habits, site, size, clinical aspect, clinical staging, cervical metastasis, treatment, and survival was collected. Associations between independent variables and outcomes were assessed using Pearson's chi-square test and binary regression. Kaplan–Meier test was employed to compare the survival between the neck approaches. Forty-one patients were included; most were male (61%), with a mean age of 68.8 (± 13.9) years. The consumption of tobacco (p = 0.003) and alcohol (p = 0.02) was significantly higher in male than in female patients. The main clinical features observed in the study sample were lesions larger than 2 cm (48.7%), no cervical (90.2%), or distant metastasis (90.2%). Surgery alone was the main treatment approach (48.8%). The watch-and-wait strategy was adopted in 34 cases (83.0%), while elective neck dissection was applied in five (12.2%). Only two patients with cN0 disease (4.9%) presented with cervical metastasis at follow-up. Eight patients (12.2%) died of the disease. Clinicodemographic variables, habits, surgical margins, and histological subtype were not significantly associated with cervical metastasis or survival. Cervical metastasis (p = 0.004) was associated with poor survival. No difference was detected in survival between different neck approaches (p = 0.28). Cervical metastasis and local recurrence are negative prognostic factors for HPUGAR OSCC.

RESUMO O Material Particulado (MP) está entre os principais contaminantes do ar. A Infraestrutura Verde (IV) vem sendo reconhecida como alternativa para melhorar a qualidade do ar. As árvores podem afetar diretamente os níveis de MP, interceptando partículas em sua superfície. Devido a essa capacidade, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo contribuir com informações sobre a viabilidade da vegetação verde para interceptar e identificar as principais fontes de poluentes atmosféricos. Amostras de cascas de árvores de parques urbanos de São Paulo (SP) foram utilizadas como monitor biológico de poluentes atmosféricos. Foi observado um decaimento exponencial das concentrações e aprisionamento de poluentes em direção à região mais interna dos parques. Além disso, foi possível distinguir a emissão de veículos leves das emissões de veículos pesados. O baixo custo do monitoramento e sua eficácia mostram que a IV ocupa papel de destaque na melhoria da saúde e a qualidade de vida das pessoas, bem como nas ações que buscam atenuar os efeitos da poluição do ar em cidades de médio e grande porte.

ABSTRACT Particulate Matter (PM) ranks among the main air contaminants. A Green Infrastructure (GI) has been recognized as an alternative to improve air quality. Trees can directly affect PM levels by trapping it on their surface. This study aimes to provide extra information on the feasibility of using green vegetation to trap pollution and also to identify the main sources of air pollutants in urban areas. Tree bark samples from urban parks in São Paulo, Brazil, were used as biological monitors of air pollutants. The trapping of pollutants and an exponential decay of their concentrations were observed towards the more inner sites of the parks. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate light-duty from heavy-duty vehicle emissions. The low cost of monitoring and its effectiveness emphasize that a GI has a pivotal position in enhancing health and quality of life and in dealing with the effects of air pollution in medium-size and large cities.

RESUMO O jambu possui espilantol e compostos fenólicos responsáveis por muitas de suas propriedades medicinais. Além de melhorar a absorção de nutrientes, os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) podem alterar a produção de metabólitos secundários. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da inoculação de FMA e doses de P na produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea, conteúdo dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg), conteúdo de fenóis totais e concentração de espilantol em plantas de jambu. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x4, com dois FMA (Rhizophagus clarus e Claroideoglomus etunicatum) e sem FMA, em quatro doses de P (0, 30, 60 e 90 mg/kg de solo), com quatro repetições. Plantas inoculadas com R. clarus e C. etunicatum, cultivadas sem adubação fosfatada, apresentaram incremento de 23 e 12 vezes, respectivamente, na biomassa seca da parte aérea, em comparação com plantas sem FMAs. A concentração de espilantol nas plantas inoculadas com R. clarus, sem adubação fosfatada foi 2,4%. A produção da biomassa seca da parte aérea das plantas de jambu e também os conteúdos de P, K, Ca, e Mg são maiores quando inoculadas com R. clarus nas menores doses de P. Essa espécie de FMA, também aumenta os conteúdos de fenóis totais nas plantas, quando adubadas com 60 mg kg-1. A dose 60 mg kg-1 de P aumenta a concentração de espilantol nas plantas de jambu quando inoculadas com C. etunicatum.

ABSTRACT Jambu has spilanthol and phenolic compounds that are responsible for several medicinal properties. Besides improving nutrient absorption, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can change secondary metabolites’ yield. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate AMF inoculation and P influence on shoot dry biomass yield, macronutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), total phenol contents and spilanthol percentage in jambu plants. The experiment followed a randomized block design at 3x4 factorial arrangement, with two AMF (Rhizophagus clarus and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and without AMF, at four P doses (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg/kg of soil), with four replicates. Plants inoculated with R. clarus and C. etunicatum, grown without phosphate fertilization, presented increase by 23 and 12 times, respectively, in comparison to plants without AMF. The relative spilanthol area in plants inoculated with R. clarus, without phosphate fertilization, reached 2.4%. Shoot dry biomass yield of jambu plants and the P, K, Ca and Mg contents were higher when plants were inoculated with R. clarus at the lowest P doses. The AMF also increased the contents of total phenols in plants fertilized with 60 mg kg-1. This P dose increased spilanthol concentration in jambu plants inoculated with C. etunicatum.

RESUMO No campo disciplinar da sintaxe diacrônica, apresento neste artigo um mapeamento diatópico-diacrônico de resultados de diferentes estudos de três fenômenos morfossintáticos do português escrito no Brasil dos séculos XIX e XX: a implementação do pronome você na função de sujeito; a expressão do complemento dativo com referência à segunda pessoa do singular; e a sintaxe de colocação e posição dos pronomes pessoais clíticos em sentenças finitas simples e em predicados complexos. Esse mapeamento diatópico-diacrônico me permite trazer à tona argumentos a favor da hipótese de que, no vasto território brasileiro oitocentista e novecentista, as formas inovadoras da gramática do Português Brasileiro são implementadas com mais expressividade, já na escrita do final do século XIX, primeiro na região Nordeste quando comparada às regiões Sudeste e Sul. Na escrita do século XIX, no Nordeste brasileiro, há reflexos de um sistema já implementado (1) com o pronome você na função de sujeito, (2) com o pronome lhe como forma de complemento dativo com referência à segunda pessoa do singular, com um aumento expressivo das formas preposicionadas ( a/para + te/tu/você ), e (3) com um sistema de clíticos com poucos casos de interpolação e contração de pronomes e formas inovadoras sem alçamento em complexos verbais e com próclise em posição inicial do período.

ABSTRACT In the field of diachronic syntax, I present a diatopic-diachronic overview of three different studies regarding morphosyntactic phenomena from Portuguese written in Brazil in the 19thand 20thcenturies: the use of the subject pronoun você (you); the expression of the dative complement with reference to the second person singular; and the clitic syntax in relation to agreement and position in simple and complex predicate sentences. This diatopic-diachronic overview supports the hypothesis that, in the vast Brazilian territory of the 19thand 20thcentury, the innovative forms of the Brazilian Portuguese grammar are implemented expressively in the end of the 19th century. The Northeast region stands out first in comparison to the Southeast and South regions. Writings from the 19thcentury, from Northeastern Brazil, present reflections of a system that was already implemented (1) with the pronoun você in the function of subject, (2) with the pronoun lhe as a form of dative complement with reference to the second person singular, with an expressive increase of the prepositioned forms ( a/para + te/tu/você ), and (3) with a system of clitics with few cases of interpolation and contraction of pronouns and innovative forms without elevation in verbal complexes and with proclisis in the initial position most common in the sentence.

Abstract Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is considered a public health problem in several countries due to its high incidence and mortality rate. Objective: This study aimed to analyze oral and oropharyngeal cancer mortality in Uruguay from 1997 to 2014 by age, sex and country region. Methodology: A time series ecological study using secondary data was performed. Data on mortality due to oral and oropharyngeal cancers were obtained from the Vital Statistics Department of Uruguay's Ministry of Public Health. Results: The cumulative mortality rate due to oral and oropharyngeal cancer over the study period was of 19.26/100,000 persons in women and 83.61/100.000 in men, with a mean annual rate of 1.75/100,000 in women and 7.60/100,000 in men. Mortality rate from both sites during the study period was 4.34 times higher in men than in women. Malignant neoplasms of other parts of the tongue and base of tongue showed the highest mortality rate. The means of the annual coefficients of deaths were higher for the age groups between 50 and 69 years. Higher mortality rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were observed in Artigas (4.63) and Cerro Largo (3.75). Conclusions: Our study described a high mortality rate for oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Uruguay from 1997 to 2014. According to the country's health department, men, tongue cancer, and oral cavity had higher mortality rates, with some variation. Prevention strategies with control of risk factors and early diagnosis are necessary to improve survival in the Uruguayan population.

RESUMO A recuperação de diferentes ecossistemas degradados demanda pesquisas com espécies florestais nativas que possam subsidiar programas de recuperação florestal. A produção de mudas com espécies arbóreas nativas em associação com os microrganismos do solo é uma importante técnica para a reabilitação desses ambientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e nutrição fosfatada sobre o crescimento e conteúdos nutricionais de mudas de paricá [Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby]. O experimento casa de vegetação por um período de 75 dias, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, inoculação com os FMAs: Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora margarita, inóculo misto (Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita) e controle (sem FMAs); quatro doses de P: 0, 60, 120 e 180 mg dm-3 de solo, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura, matéria seca da parte área (MSPA), matéria seca da raiz (MSR), área foliar (AF), diâmetro do coleto (DC) e os conteúdos de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na parte aérea. As mudas de paricá apresentaram maior porcentagem de colonização para Rhizophagus clarus e o inóculo misto (80 e 90%, respectivamente), diferentemente do observado para a espécie Gigaspora margarita, com menor porcentagem (20%). O Rhizophagus clarus e o inóculo misto, na ausência de P, propiciaram incremento para as variáveis de crescimento em relação ao controle. Os conteúdos de N, P, Ca e Mg foram influenciados pelos FMAs e pelas doses de P.

ABSTRACT The recovery of degraded ecosystems demands research with native species that can support forest restoration programs. The production of seedlings with native tree species in association with soil microorganisms is an important technique for the rehabilitation of these environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphorus nutrition on growth and nutrient content of paricá seedlings [Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby]. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for a period of 75 days, using a completely randomized design in a factorial 4x4, inoculation with AMF: Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora margarita, mixed inoculum (Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita) and control (without AMF), four P doses: 0, 60, 120 and 180 mg dm-3 soil, with four replications. The variables height, dry matter area, root dry matter, leaf area, stem diameter and the contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in shoots, were evaluated. Paricá seedlings showed higher colonization percentage for Rhizophagus clarus and mixed inoculum (80 and 90%, respectively), different from that observed for the species Gigaspora margarita, with a lower percentage (20%). The Rhizophagus clarus and mixed inoculum, in the absence of P, increased the growth variables relative to the control plants. The contents of N, P, Ca and Mg were influenced by the AMF and by the doses of P.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento e os teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg em mudas de cedro australiano em resposta à inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), em diferentes tipos de recipientes. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação e o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com esquemafatorial de 4x 4 sendo: quatro tratamentos de inoculação com FMAs (Rhizophagus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, inóculo misto (R. clarum + G margarita) e o controle (sem inoculação com FMAs); quatro tipos de recipientes (sacosplásticos de 250 cm3, tubetes de 55 e 130 cm3 e bloco prensado 440 cm3. planta-1), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas altura, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca da raiz (MSR) e massa seca total (MST), índice de qualidade de Dickson, porcentagem de colonização micorrízica e teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na massa seca da parte aérea. Observou-se, aos 138 dias após a semeadura, maior crescimento e/ou maiores teores de P, K e Ca na massa seca da parte aérea das mudas de cedro australiano cultivadas no recipiente bloco prensado e inoculadas com a mistura de duas espécies de FMAs (G margarita + R. clarum) ou com R. clarum. Os FMAs podem contribuir significativamente para a produção de mudas de cedro australiano.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the growth and the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in Australian cedar seedlings which had been inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different types of containers. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and the experimental design was that of randomized complete blocks (RCB), with a 4 x 4 factorial design consisting of four inoculation treatments with AMF (Rhizophagus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, a mixed inoculation (R. clarum + G. margarita) and the control (with no AMF inoculation); four types of containers (plastic bags measuring 250 cm3, tubes of 55 and 130 cm3 and pressed blocks 440 cm3. plant-1), with four repetitions. The height, the diameter of the stem base, the aerial part dry weight (APDW), the dry weight of the root (DWR) and the total plant dry weight (DW) were measured, along with the Dickson quality index, the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the aerial part dry weight. One hundred and thirty eight days (138) days after sowing, the greatest growth and/or the highest levels of P, K and Ca could be observed in the aerial part dry weight of the Australian cedar seedlings which had been planted in the pressed block container and inoculated with a mixture of the two AMF species (G. margarita + R. clarum) or with just R. clarum. Thus it can be seen that AMF can make a significant contribution to the production of Australian cedar seedlings.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a produção de mudas de cedro-australiano quanto à capacidade de crescimento, nutrição e produção de fenóis totais inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs). Realizou-se experimento em casa de vegetação com três tratamentos compostos por Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum e Glomus etunicatum testados de forma isolada e quatro tratamentos compostos pela combinação destas espécies: Gigaspora margarita +Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum e Gigaspora margarita + Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum. Todos os tratamentos com o inóculo fúngico foram avaliados sem a adição de fósforo no substrato. Em comparação, foram utilizadas três testemunhas (sem fungo) contendo três doses de fósforo: 0, 50 e 100 mg dm-3, totalizando dez tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Após 140 dias de germinação, foi observado que todas as espécies de FMAs inoculadas de forma isolada ou combinada promoveram benefícios significativos no crescimento, nutrição e produção de fenóis totais nas mudas de cedro-australiano em solos contendo baixa disponibilidade de fósforo. A mistura no solo de Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum e Glomus etunicatum foi capaz de proporcionar incrementos significativos no desenvolvimento das plantas na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, obtendo-se desempenhos superiores ou equivalentes às plantas testemunhas não micorrizadas e cultivadas em solos adubados com fósforo. Isto sugere que os FMAs podem promover redução na adubação fosfatada no processo de produção de mudas de cedro-australiano.

This study aimed to evaluate the Australian red cedar seedlings for their ability to growth, nutrition and production of phenolic compounds under arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, with three treatments consisting of Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum in single inoculation, and four treatments composed by the combination of these species, Gigaspora margarita +Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum, Glomus clarum + Glomus etunicatum and Gigaspora margarita + Glomus etunicatum + Glomus clarum. All treatments with the fungal inoculum were evaluated without addition of phosphorus in the substrate. In comparison, three treatment controls were used (without fungus) containing three levels of phosphorus: 0, 50 and 100 mg dm-3, performing ten treatments. The experimental design was in random blocks with five replicates. After 140 days of germination, it was observed that all species of AMF inoculated alone or in combination, led to significant benefits on growth, nutrition and production of phenolic compounds in Australian red cedar seedlings in soils containing low phosphorus availability. The mixture in the soil of Gigaspora margarita, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus clarum was able to provide significant increases in plant growth in most parameters assessed, resulting in performance equivalent or higher than non-mycorrhizal and control plants grown in soil fertilized with phosphorus. This suggests that AMF can promote reduction in phosphorus addition during the production of Australian red cedar seedlings.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of oral mucosal lesions and their associations with sociodemographic, health, and behavioral factors in a southern Brazilian population. Information was collected from participants (n = 801) using a structured questionnaire during an oral cancer screening campaign held at an agribusiness show in southern Brazil in 2009. Data were described using frequency distributions or means and standard deviations. Associations between independent variables and outcomes were assessed using the Chi-squared test. A total of 465 lesions were detected (actinic cheilitis: n = 204, 25.5%; candidiasis: n = 50, 6.2%; fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia: n = 42, 5.2%; ulceration, n = 33, 4.1%; hemangioma: n = 14, 1.7%; leukoplakia: n = 11, 1.4%). Candidiasis, actinic cheilitis, and fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia were associated significantly with literacy. Actinic cheilitis was also associated significantly with sun exposure and hat use, and leukoplakia was associated with smoking. The high frequency of oral mucosal lesions observed highlights the importance of education about risk factors. Additionally, training of health professionals, mainly those from public health services, in the use of preventive and community education strategies is needed.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de atmosferas controladas contendo diferentes concentrações de oxigênio sobre a atividade das enzimas β-galactosidase e pectina metilesterase, e sobre a cor da casca e a firmeza da polpa de mamões 'Golden'. Os frutos foram mantidos por 36 dias, nas seguintes atmosferas controladas: 1% de O2 e 0,03% CO2 com adsorvedor de etileno, 3% de O2 e 0,03% de CO2 com adsorvedor de etileno, 5% O2 e 0,03% de CO2 com adsorvedor de etileno e atmosfera ambiente sem adsorvedor de etileno. A UR e a temperatura foram mantidas entre 85-95% e a 13º C, respectivamente. Os frutos estocados sob atmosfera de 1% de O2 e 0,03% CO2 apresentaram retardamento nas atividades das enzimas β-galactosidase e pectina metilesterase comparado com os frutos estocados nas outras atmosferas avaliadas. Os frutos armazenados sob atmosfera de 1% de O2 e 0,03% O2 também apresentaram atraso no desenvolvimento da cor da casca e amolecimento da polpa.

This study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effect of controlled atmospheres containing different concentration of oxygen on the activity of β-galactosidase and pectinmethylesterase enzymes, on the skin color and pulp firmness in 'Golden' papaya. The fruits were kept for 36 days under the following controlled atmospheres: 1% of O2 and 0.03% CO2 with ethylene absorber, 3% of O2 and 0.03% of CO2 with ethylene absorber, 5% O2 and 0.03% of CO2 with ethylene absorber and environmental atmosphere without ethylene absorber. Relative humidity was set at the range 85-95% and temperature maintained at 13ºC. Fruit stored under atmospheres of 1% of O2 and 0.03% CO2 had a β-galactosidase and pectimethylesterase activities delayed compared with the fruits storage under the other atmospheres evaluated. There was also, a delay in the development of color and pulp softening in fruits stored under atmospheres of 1% of O2 and 0.03% O2.

Conduziu-se o experimento em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e de bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas no crescimento de mudas de maracujazeiro-doce sob diferentes doses de fósforo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 3x2x4, sendo três tratamentos com fungos: Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum e controle (sem fungo); dois tratamentos com bactérias: Burkholderia sp. + Burkholderia silvatlantica e controle (sem bactéria); e quatro doses de fósforo: 0; 15; 30 e 60 mg dm-3, com quatro repetições. A unidade experimental foi composta por um vaso de 3,5 dm³ com três plantas. As mudas foram produzidas a partir de sementes e transplantadas para vasos, contendo mistura de solo e areia (1:2 v:v) esterilizada. Aos noventa dias após o transplante das mudas, foram avaliados: altura, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, porcentagem de raízes colonizadas por fungos e enumeração de bactérias nas raízes. Independentemente da presença de bactérias diazotróficas, a inoculação com FMAs proporcionou incrementos na altura, massa seca de parte aérea, área foliar e diâmetro do caule das mudas de maracujazeiro-doce, nas doses de 0 e 15 mg dm-3 de P. As bactérias promoveram incrementos na altura e área foliar das mudas quando associadas ao FMA G. margarita, entretanto, sem a presença dos FMAs, estas reduziram a massa seca da parte aérea, independentemente das doses de P no substrato.

An experiment, at greenhouse conditions, was carried out to evaluate the effects of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and diazotrophic bacteria, on sweet passion fruit seedling growth under different phosphorus levels. The experiment design was randomized blocks in 3x2x4 factorial, with three treatments with fungi: Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum and control (without fungus); two treatments with bacteria: Burkholderia sp. + Burkholderia silvatlantica and control (without bacteria); and four P levels: 0, 15, 30 and 60 mg dm-3 of soil, with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of a 3.5 dm³ pot with three plants. The seedlings were grown from seed and transplanted to pots containing a sterile soil: sand mixture (1:2 v: v). At 90 days after transplantation were assessed: height, diameter of stem, leaf area, shoot dry weight, percentage of root colonization by fungi and enumeration of diazotrophs in roots. Despite the presence of diazotrophic bacteria, inoculation with AMF provided increase in height, shoot dry weight, leaf area and stem diameter of seedlings, both at 0 and 15 mg dm-3 of P levels. Bacteria increased height and leaf area in shoots when associated with the AMF species of G. margarita, however in the absence of AMF, they reduced the shoot dry mass, regardless of P levels in the substrate.

Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma análise dos padrões de inversão do sujeito, restrita a orações em que há um constituinte em posição pré-verbal (em contextos XV(S)), em uma amostra extraída de cinco peças de teatro escritas por brasileiros nascidos no curso do século 19, no litoral de Santa Catarina. A perspectiva teórica assumida buscará conciliar a gradação observada entre formas em variação em textos escritos e uma interpretação gramatical (estrutural) da mudança sintática (KROCH, 1989). Os resultados atestam a recorrência de diferentes padrões de inversão: (i) construções com inversão inacusativa, que são encontradas tanto nas gramáticas do Português Antigo (PA), quanto na do Português do Brasil (PB) (ou mesmo do Português Europeu (PE)); (ii) construções XVS, com inversão do sujeito (pronominal) em construções com verbos não inacusativos - inversão germânica - que parecem superficializar estruturas geradas pela gramática do PA; e (iii) construções YXV, em que o sujeito ocupa sempre a posição pré-verbal (XSV ou SXV), associadas a estruturas geradas pela gramática do PB (ou mesmo do PE). Interpretamos esses padrões empíricos como construções geradas por estruturas que refletem nos textos a competição de diferentes gramáticas do português.

This paper presents the results of a study of the subject inversion patterns in clauses with a pre-verbal constituent in XV(S) contexts, in a sample of five plays written by Brazilian playwrights born during the 19th century on the coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Our theoretical basis is an attempt to conciliate the gradation observed in forms exhibiting variation in written texts and a grammatical (structural) interpretation of syntactic change (KROCH, 1989). Our results show recurrence of different inversion patterns: (i) constructions with an unaccusative inversion, which may be found both in the Old Portuguese (OP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) grammars (and even in the European Portuguese (EP) grammar); (ii) XVS constructions, with an inversion of (pronominal) subject in constructions with non-unaccusative verbs - Germanic inversion - which seem to surface structures generated by the grammar of OP; and (iii) constructions YXV, where the subject always takes a pre-verbal position (XSV or SXV), associated with structures generated by the BP grammar (or even EP grammar). We interpret these empirical patterns as constructions generated by different structures that reflect, in the analyzed texts, a competition between different grammars of Portuguese.