ABSTRACT: This work is the first record of Encarsia inaron (Walker, 1839) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on soybeans in Brazil. Morphological and molecular characterizations are provided, in addition to verification of the presence of E. inaron in areas infested by whiteflies, indicating that the wasp can potentially be used in integrated management programs. Additionally to morphological verification, the molecular analysis allowed the identification of some degree of genetic variability in the genome of the parasitoid.

RESUMEN: Este es el primer registro de Encarsia inaron (Walker, 1839) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitando Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) en soja en Brasil. Se proporcionan caracterizaciones morfológicas y moleculares, además de la verificación de la presencia de E. inaron en áreas infestadas por mosca blanca, lo que indica que la avispa puede potencialmente ser utilizada en programas de manejo integrado. Además de la verificación morfológica, el análisis molecular permitió identificar algún grado de variabilidad genética en el genoma del parasitoide.

Survey of potential sharpshooter and spittlebug vectors of Xylella fastidiosa to grapevines at the São Francisco River Valley, Brazil. Pierce's disease of grapevines, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, is a serious problem in some regions of North America, not yet reported in Brazil. In this study, a survey of potential sharpshooter (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae) and spittlebug (Hemiptera, Cercopidae) vectors of X. fastidiosa was conducted in vineyards at the São Francisco River Valley, a major grape growing region in Brazil. Four vineyards of Vitis vinifera L. were sampled fortnightly from June/2005 to June/2007, using yellow sticky cards, each placed at two different heights (45 cm aboveground and 45 cm above the crop canopy) in 10 sampling localities. A total of 4,095 specimens of sharpshooters were collected, nearly all from 3 Proconiini species, Homalodisca spottii Takiya, Cavichioli & McKamey, 2006 (96.8% of the specimens), Tapajosa fulvopunctata (Signoret, 1854) (3.1%), and Tretogonia cribrata Melichar, 1926 (1 specimen). Hortensia similis (Walker, 1851) (2 specimens) was the only Cicadellini species. Only 1 cercopid specimen, belonging to Aeneolamia colon (Germar, 1821), was trapped. Even though they are not considered potential Xylella vectors, 2 Gyponini leafhoppers were collected: Curtara samera DeLong & Freytag, 1972 (11 specimens) and Curtara inflata DeLong & Freytag, 1976 (1 specimen). Homalodisca spottii was observed feeding and mating on green branches of grapevines, in addition to egg masses. Because of its prevalence on the crop canopy, occurrence throughout the year (with peaks from February to August), and ability to colonize grapevines, H. spottii could be an important vector if a X. fastidiosa strain pathogenic to grapevines becomes introduced at the São Francisco River Valley.

In this work there were studied alternatives of methodologies to verify the effect of insecticides growth regulators in the cultivation of the apple on Trichogramma pretiosum, in comparison with the methodology pattern used by International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). The studied insecticides were lufenuron/Match® CE (300), methoxifenozide/Intrepid® 240 SC (180), Tebufenozide/Mimic 240 SC (90), flufenoxuron/Cascade 100 (100), and as standard insecticide the insecticide fenthion was used (Lebaycid® 500) (100). Two methodologies were tested in the first eggs of Anagasta kuehniella they were powdered with insecticide solutions and supplied to females of T. pretiosum and in second step they were supplied honey added to insecticide to females of T. pretiosum. The appraised parameters were longevity of females, sponged eggs, sexual reason and emergency rate. The insecticide Lebaycid® was the one that presented larger toxicity to T. pretiosum followed by Match® in all the tested methodologies. Both methodologies suggested in this work they can be used as alternative of the standard methodology of IOBC.

Neste trabalho, foram estudados alternativas de metodologias, para verificar o efeito de inseticidas reguladores de crescimento na cultura da macieira, sobre Trichogramma pretiosum, em comparação com a metodologia padrão utilizada pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Os inseticidas estudados foram: lufenuron/Match® CE (300), methoxifenozide/ Intrepid® 240 SC (180), tebufenozide/Mimic 240 SC (90), flufenoxuron/Cascade 100 (100), e como inseticida padrão utilizou-se o inseticida fosforado fenthion (Lebaycid® 500) (100). Foram testadas, duas metodologias na primeira, ovos de Anagasta kuehniella foram pulverizados com soluções inseticidas e fornecidos a fêmeas de T. pretiosum e na segunda foi fornecidos mel adicionado a inseticida a fêmeas de T. pretiosum. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: longevidade de fêmeas, ovos parasitados, razão sexual e taxa de emergência. O inseticida Lebaycid® foi o que apresentou maior toxicidade a T. pretiosum seguido do Match®, em todas as metodologias testadas. Ambas as metodologias sugeridas neste trabalho podem ser utilizadas como alternativa à metodologia padrão da IOBC.

A seletividade de dez formulações comerciais de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro foi avaliada em laboratório (25±1 ºC, UR 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas), através da exposição de adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley a resíduos secos dos produtos pulverizados sobre placas de vidro. O número de ovos parasitados por fêmea, foi mensurado e a redução no parasitismo (RP), em relação à testemunha (água), foi utilizada para classificar os compostos em: inócuos (<30% RP), levemente nocivos (30-79% RP), moderadamente nocivos (80-99% RP) e nocivos (>99% RP). Os produtos fitossanitários captana, ditianona, mancozebe, metoxifenozida e óxido cuproso foram inócuos; glifosato e óleo mineral foram levemente nocivos e abamectina, cianamida e etofenproxi foram nocivos a T. pretiosum.

The selectivity of ten commercial pesticide formulations used in peach orchard was evaluated in laboratory tests (25±1 ºC, RH 70±10% and 14 hours photophase) by exposing the adult of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates. The number of eggs parasitized per adult female and the reduction in parasitism (RP) compared to control (treated with water) were used to measure the effect of the chemical in harmless (<30% RP), slightly harmful (30-79% RP), moderately harmful (80-99% RP) and harmful (>99% RP). The pesticides captan, copper oxide, dithianon, mancozeb and methoxyfenozide were harmless; gliphosate and mineral oil was slightly harmful and abamectin, cyanamide and etofenprox were harmful to T. pretiosum.

A toxicidade de dezesseis formulações comerciais de agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro foi avaliada em laboratório (temperatura 25±1oC, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas), expondo-se adultos do parasitóide Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em contato com uma película seca dos produtos fitossanitários pulverizados sobre placas de vidro, mensurando-se posteriormente o número de ovos parasitados por fêmea. Reduções na capacidade de parasitismo em relação à testemunha (somente água) foram utilizadas para classificar os produtos em inócuo (<30%), levemente nocivo (30-79%), moderadamente nocivo (80-99%) e nocivo (>99%). Os agrotóxicos (% da formulação comercial na calda) Captan 500 PM (0,240), Cobre Sandoz BR (0,240), Delan (0,125), Dodex 450 SC (0,175), Rovral SC (0,150) e Intrepid 240 SC (0,060) foram inócuos; Manzate 800 (0,200) foi levemente nocivo; Assist (2,000), Finale (1,000) e Roundup (original) (3,000) foram moderadamente nocivos; Kumulus DF (0,600), Hokko Cihexatim 500 (0,050), Vertimec 18 CE (0,080), Imidan 500 WP (0,200), Tiomet 400 CE (0,120) e Trebon 100 SC (0,150) foram nocivos a T. atopovirilia.

The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of pesticides used in peach production was assessed in the laboratory (25±1oC temperature, 70±10% relative humidity and 14h photophase) on adults of egg parasitoids Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates and further evaluation of the capacity of parasitism per adult female. The reduction in capacity of parasitism compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories, according to the reduction in parasitization: 1, harmless (<30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); 4, harmful (>99%). The pesticides (% commercial formulation in spray water) Captan 500 PM (0.240), Cobre Sandoz BR (0.240), Delan (0.125), Dodex 450 SC (0.175), Rovral SC (0.150) and Intrepid 240 SC (0.060) were harmless; Manzate 800 (0.200) was slightly harmful; Assist (2.000), Finale (1.000) and Roundup (original) (3.000) were moderately harmful; Kumulus DF (0.600), Hokko Cihexatim 500 (0.050), Vertimec 18 CE (0.080), Imidan 500 WP (0.200), Tiomet 400 CE (0.120) and Trebon 100 SC (0.150) were harmful to T. atopovirilia.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de 12 agrotóxicos usados na produção integrada de maçã, em laboratório (temperatura 25±1ºC, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotófase de 14 horas), tendo-se exposto adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum a resíduos secos dos agrotóxicos, na máxima dosagem recomendada para uso em campo, e tendo-se posteriormente mensurado o número de ovos parasitados por fêmea. Reduções no parasitismo, em relação à testemunha (água), foram utilizadas para classificar os agrotóxicos em inócuo (<30%), levemente nocivo (30-79%), moderadamente nocivo (80-99%) e nocivo (>99%). Foram inócuos os acaricidas Envidor (espirodiclofeno), Kendo 50 SC (fenpiroximato) e Ortus 50 SC (fenpiroximato), os fungicidas Antracol 700 PM (propinebe), Midas BR (famoxadona + mancozebe), Palisade (fluquinconazol), Persist SC (mancozebe) e Systhane PM (miclobutanil) e o inseticida Mimic 240 SC (tebufenozida); o herbicida Polaris (glifosato) foi levemente nocivo; os herbicidas Finale (glufosinato sal de amônio) e Roundup Original (glifosato) foram moderadamente nocivos a T. pretiosum.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the side effects of 12 pesticides used in the integrated production of apple, in laboratory (25±1ºC temperature, 70±10% relative humidity and 14 hours photophase), exposing adults of Trichogramma pretiosum to fresh dry pesticide film, in the maximum dosage recommended for field use, with subsequent assessement of the number of eggs parasitized per female. The reduction in the parasitism, compared with the control (water), was used to classify the pesticides as harmless (<30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (>99%). The acaricides Envidor (spirodiclofen), Kendo 50 SC (fenpyroximate) and Ortus 50 SC (fenpyroximate), the fungicides Antracol 700 PM (propineb), Midas BR (famoxadone + mancozeb), Palisade (fluquinconazole), Persist SC (mancozeb) and Systhane PM (myclobutanil) and the insecticide Mimic 240 SC (tebufenozide) were harmless; the herbicide Polaris (glyphosate) was slightly harmful; the herbicides Finale (gluphosinate-ammonium) and Roundup Original (glyphosate) were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum.

A seletividade de oito agrotóxicos recomendados na Produção Integrada da Maçã (PIM) foi avaliada sobre Trichogramma pretiosum Riley em laboratório, utilizando-se da metodologia padronizada pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). Os produtos (% da formulação comercial na calda) Captan 500 PM (0,240) e Delan (0,125) foram inócuos; Promalin (9,000) foi levemente nocivo; Assist (4,000) e Dormex (1,200) foram moderadamente nocivos; Vertimec 18 CE (0,100), Malathion 1000 CE (0,100) e Supracid 400 CE (0,100) foram nocivos a adultos de T. pretiosum no teste de toxicidade em laboratório. Os agrotóxicos classificados como moderadamente nocivos e nocivos requerem testes subseqüentes de persistência biológica do produto em casa de vegetação e de campo.

The side effects of eight pesticides recommended in the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA) was evaluated on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley in laboratory, using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) standard methodology. The pesticides (% commercial formulation in spray water) Captan 500 PM (0.240) and Delan (0.125) were harmless; Promalin (9.000) was slightly harmful; Assist (4.000) and Dormex (1.200) were moderately harmful; Vertimec 18 CE (0.100), Malathion 1000 CE (0.100) and Supracid 400 CE (0.100) were harmful to parasitoids in toxicity test on egg parasitoid T. pretiosum. The pesticides classified as moderately harmful and harmful, request subsequent tests of biological persistence of the product in greenhouse and on field.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a susceptibilidade em condições de laboratório de adultos do parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley a fungicidas utilizados na Produção Integrada da Maçã (PIM). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos utilizando-se protocolos padrões da Organização Internacional para o Controle Biológico (IOBC), Seção Regional Paleártica Oeste (WPRS). Foram testados doze fungicidas nas respectivas doses (g ou ml ingrediente ativo/100 L) captana 1 (0,115), captana 2 (0,120), cresoxim-metílico (0,010), enxofre 1 (AG) (0,480), enxofre 2 (0,480), folpete (0,105), mancozebe (0,160), piraclostrobina (0,010), tebuconazol (0,010), tetraconazol (0,005), tiofanato-metílico (0,050) e triforina (0,024). Adicionalmente, utilizou-se água destilada como testemunha negativa e o inseticida triclorfom (0,150) como testemunha positiva. Adultos do parasitóide foram expostos a resíduos dos tratamentos depositados sobre placas de vidro, sendo avaliadas as reduções no parasitismo em relação à testemunha (somente água). Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições. Os resultados permitiram classificar os fungicidas quanto ao impacto sobre os parasitóides em quatro classes: 1, inócuo (< 30%); 2, levemente nocivo (30-79%); 3, moderadamente nocivo (80-99%); e 4, nocivo (> 99%). Dentre os fungicidas testados, 75% foram considerados seletivos (classes 1 e 2) ao parasitóide. Os fungicidas captana 1, captana 2, cresoxim-metílico, folpete, piraclostrobina, tebuconazol, tiofanato-metílico e triforina foram inócuos; mancozebe foi levemente nocivo; enxofre 1 (AG) e tetraconazol foram moderadamente nocivos e enxofre 2 foi nocivo. Estes resultados devem ser levados em consideração quando utilizamos fungicidas no controle de doenças fúngicas em pomares de macieira, preservando assim, o parasitóide de ovos T. pretiosum.

This study evaluated the susceptibility under laboratory conditions of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley adults to fungicides recommended by the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1 (0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.010), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480), sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010), tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless (< 30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); and 4, harmful (> 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective (classes 1 and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2, kresoxim-methyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1 (AG) and tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.