ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase water and nutrient absorption from the soil by plants. However, its benefits to plants vary depending on the inoculated species. This study aimed to determine the influence of different species of mycorrhizal fungi on the development and productivity of grain sorghum cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, consisting of two sorghum cultivars (BRS 310 and BRS 330) and five treatments (control without inoculation and four species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Gigaspora margarita, Glomus formosanum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and Scutellospora pellucida), with four replications. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, length, volume, specific surface area, root diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, thousand-grain weight, grain productivity, colonization, dependence, and mycorrhizal efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that inoculation with the species S. pellucida induced higher root and shoot development of plants of the cultivar BRS 310, as well as higher productivity of sorghum grains. The cultivar BRS 330 showed higher root development when inoculated with the species G. formosanum and a higher shoot development when inoculated with the species A. scrobiculata. Mycorrhizal dependence for grain productivity was low and varied with the inoculated species of mycorrhizal fungi. The mycorrhizal efficiency for shoot dry mass was higher with the inoculation of A. scrobiculata and S. pellucida in the cultivar BRS 310 and A. scrobiculata and G. margarita in the cultivar BRS 330. However scheme 31 control pellucida, , pellucida) replications height diameter area length volume thousandgrain thousand weight colonization evaluated S grains 33 G A 3

Abstract Soil health has been used worldwide for soil monitoring in different soil use and management. The objective of the study was to evaluate, in a Subtropical Oxisol of the Campos Gerais region in Paraná state, if the Visual Evaluation of Soil structure (VESS) and Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) approaches allow evaluate soil response to various land uses or soil tillage used in the region. The land use and tillage practices consist of conventional tillage, minimum tillage, no-tillage, and secondary forest. The SMAF was used as a tool to evaluate the soil health using five indicators: pH, phosphorus, potassium, bulk density, and soil organic carbon. The VESS was used to determine the soil structural quality. The secondary forest showed the best soil structure and tillage practices declined soil structure quality. Similarly, the soil health index was higher in secondary forest compared to tillage practices, and the tillage had little effect on soil health. The SMAF showed differences between land use and tillage practices. The VESS method could be used as a complementary tool for monitoring the soil health. management state (VESS (SMAF notillage, notillage no no-tillage indicators pH phosphorus potassium density carbon quality Similarly

RESUMO A adubação orgânica das culturas agrícolas com resíduos oriundos da suinocultura e da avicultura resulta em ganhos de produtividade e redução nos custos de produção, porém, pode alterar as propriedades físicas e o comportamento mecânico do solo, aumentando ou reduzindo a sua qualidade. Objetivou-se investigar a influência da aplicação superficial de doses crescentes de dejetos líquidos de suínos (160 m³ ha-1 ano-1, 320 m³ ha-1 ano-1 e 480 m³ ha-1 ano-1) e de cama de aviário (6 Mg ha-1 ano-1, 12 Mg ha-1 ano-1 e 18 Mg ha-1 ano-1), ao longo de quatro anos, sobre as propriedades físico-mecânicas e carbono orgânico de um Latossolo Vermelho muito argiloso. As aplicações de dejeto líquido de suínos e de cama de aves aumentaram os teores superficiais de carbono orgânico do solo. A densidade do solo reduziu-se, enquanto a porosidade total e a macroporosidade aumentaram, em função das adições de dejeto líquido de suínos e de cama de aves. Não houve alterações significativas na suscetibilidade do solo à compactação.

ABSTRACT In agricultural crops, the use of swine and poultry waste as organic fertilizers results in gains in the productivity and reduction of production costs, but it may also change the physical properties and mechanical behavior of the soil, either increasing or reducing its quality. This study aimed to investigate the influence of applying increasing doses of liquid swine manure (160 m³ ha-1 year-1, 320 m³ ha-1 year-1 and 480 m³ ha-1 year-1) and poultry litter (6 Mg ha-1 year-1, 12 Mg ha-1 year-1 and 18 Mg ha-1 year-1), along four years, on the physical-mechanical properties and organic carbon content of a very clayey Rhodic Eutrudox. The application of liquid swine manure and poultry litter increased the surface soil organic carbon contents. The soil density decreased, whereas the total porosity and macroporosity increased, with the addition of liquid swine manure and poultry litter. There were no significant changes in the soil susceptibility to compaction.

A estimativa da capacidade de suporte de carga do solo a partir de modelos matemáticos que relacionam a pressão de preconsolidação (σp), a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RP) e o conteúdo gravimétrico de água do solo (U) é importante na definição de estratégias para prevenção da compactação de solos agrícolas. Portanto, objetivou-se modelar a σp e o índice de compressão (IC) em função da RP (em campo com penetrômetro de impacto e em laboratório com penetrômetro digital de bancada) e do U em um Latossolo Vermelho. O experimento foi composto por seis tratamentos: sistema plantio direto (SPD); SPD com escarificação; e SPD com compactação adicional pelo tráfego de uma colhedora por 4, 8, 10 e 20 passadas. Os valores de densidade do solo, porosidade total, RP (no campo e no laboratório), U, σp e IC foram determinados nas camadas de 5,5-10,5 cm e 13,5-18,5 cm. A modelagem da σp e do IC foi realizada em função da RP em diferentes U. A σp aumentou e o IC diminui linearmente com incremento nos valores de RP. As relações entre σp e RP e IC e RP são influenciadas pelo U. A partir dessas relações, é possível estimar a capacidade de suporte de carga e a suscetibilidade do solo à compactação por meio das leituras de RP, avaliadas em diferentes U.

Estimation of soil load-bearing capacity from mathematical models that relate preconsolidation pressure (σp) to mechanical resistance to penetration (PR) and gravimetric soil water content (U) is important for defining strategies to prevent compaction of agricultural soils. Our objective was therefore to model the σp and compression index (CI) according to the PR (with an impact penetrometer in the field and a static penetrometer inserted at a constant rate in the laboratory) and U in a Rhodic Eutrudox. The experiment consisted of six treatments: no-tillage system (NT); NT with chiseling; and NT with additional compaction by combine traffic (passing 4, 8, 10, and 20 times). Soil bulk density, total porosity, PR (in field and laboratory measurements), U, σp, and CI values were determined in the 5.5-10.5 cm and 13.5-18.5 cm layers. Preconsolidation pressure (σp) and CI were modeled according to PR in different U. The σp increased and the CI decreased linearly with increases in the PR values. The correlations between σp and PR and PR and CI are influenced by U. From these correlations, the soil load-bearing capacity and compaction susceptibility can be estimated by PR readings evaluated in different U.

A utilização de fontes não renováveis, para a produção de adubos minerais, causa grandes impactos ao meio ambiente. A redução desses impactos é favorecida pela crescente busca por novas fontes nutricionais orgânicas, para as culturas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a utilização de resíduo de indústria de carnes (RIC) como fonte alternativa de nutrientes para as culturas do girassol e milho. Foram utilizadas cinco doses de RIC (0 m³ ha-1, 25 m³ ha-1, 50 m³ ha-1, 75 m³ ha-1 e 100 m³ ha-1) e um tratamento com adubação mineral. O RIC proporcionou aumento na produtividade de grãos das culturas de girassol e milho. Na cultura do milho, a máxima produtividade foi obtida com a dose de 87 m³ ha-1 de RIC, equivalendo a 92% da produtividade obtida com a adubação mineral. Na cultura do girassol, doses iguais ou superiores a 20 m³ ha-1 de RIC proporcionaram produtividades iguais ou superiores às obtidas com adubação mineral. O RIC apresentou potencial agrícola para uso como fertilizante orgânico, podendo substituir, parcial ou totalmente, a adubação química.

The use of non-renewable sources for the production of mineral fertilizers causes major impacts to the environment. The reduction of these impacts favors the increasing search for new organic nutrient sources for crops. This study aimed to evaluate the use of residue from meat industry (RMI) as an alternative source of nutrients for sunflower and maize crops. Five doses of RMI (0 m³ ha-1, 25 m³ ha-1, 50 m³ ha-1, 75 m³ ha-1 and 100 m³ ha-1) and one treatment with mineral fertilization were tested. The RMI provided an increase in grain yield for the sunflower and maize crops. In the maize crop, the highest yield was obtained with the dose of 87 m³ ha-1 of RMI, equivalent to 92% of the yield obtained with mineral fertilization. In the sunflower crop, doses equal to or higher than 20 m³ ha-1 of RMI provided equal or higher yields than those obtained with mineral fertilization. The RMI presented agricultural potential for use as an organic fertilizer and can partially or totally replace chemical fertilization.

O preparo do solo, o tráfego de máquinas e o pisoteio animal em condições de umidade inadequada (consistência do solo no estado plástico) são alguns fatores que provocam deformações plásticas e não recuperáveis. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar e avaliar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do solo para caracterizar o estado de compactação e a capacidade de suporte de carga em três áreas com diferentes usos (pastejo rotacionado, mata nativa e preparo convencional). Foram coletadas amostras com estrutura preservada nas camadas de: 0,00-0,05; 0,05-0,10; e 0,10-0,15 m de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O uso do solo provocou alterações nos valores de densidade do solo (de 0,84 Mg m-3, na mata nativa, a 1,48 Mg m-3, no pastejo rotacionado), pressão de pré-consolidação (de 16,5 kPa, no preparo convencional, a 79,4 kPa, no pastejo rotacionado), índice de compressão (de 0,14, no pastejo rotacionado, a 0,77, na mata nativa), resistência à penetração (de 0,45 MPa, no preparo convencional, a 2,56 MPa, no pastejo rotacionado) e macroporosidade (de 0,35 m³ m-3, na mata nativa, a 0,03 m³ m-3, no pastejo rotacionado). O pisoteio animal intensivo em área de pastagem causou alterações na estrutura do solo, gerando níveis de compactação restritivos às plantas. As áreas de mata nativa e preparo convencional são as mais suscetíveis à compactação do solo, apresentando elevado índice de compressão e baixa pressão de pré-consolidação e densidade do solo.

Soil tillage, machine traffic and animal trampling in unsuitable wet soil conditions (consistency in the plastic state) cause plastic and non-recoverable deformations in the soil. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the soil physical and mechanical properties to characterize the level of soil compaction and load bearing capacity in three areas with different land uses (rotational grazing, native forest and conventional tillage). Undisturbed soil samples were collected in layers from 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.15 m, with five replications. The different land uses altered soil bulk density (from 0.84 Mg m-3 in the native forest to 1.48 Mg m-3 in rotational grazing), preconsolidation pressure (from 16.5 kPa in conventional tillage to 79.4 kPa in rotational grazing), compression index (from 0.14 in rotational grazing to 0.77 in native forest), resistance to penetration (from 0.45 MPa in conventional tillage to 2.56 MPa in rotational grazing) and macroporosity (from 0.35 m³ m-3 in native forest to 0.03 m³ m-3 in rotational grazing). Animal trampling in an intensive grazing area alters soil structure up to levels of compaction restrictive for plants. Native forest and conventional tillage are most susceptible to soil compaction due to their high compression index and low preconsolidation pressure and bulk density.