Abstract Meliponines are important pollinators of wild and cultivated plants in Latin America. In addition, these bees have the characteristics of a bioindicator, information necessary to develop conservation and sustainable management strategies for species of cultural, ecological, and economic importance. The objective of this work is to determine the species of meliponines that pollinate agroecosystems in Latin America and their use as bioindicators, which will serve as the basis for implementing strategies for the conservation and sustainable management of these bees. This research used sources of information related to the meliponines present in Latin America, crops they pollinate and the use of these stingless bees as bioindicators. Forty-six crops pollinated by meliponines in eight countries were recorded, where 17 genera and 54 species were recorded, with Brazil being the country with the highest record with 33 crops. Meliponines contribute directly to the pollination of agroecosystems, improving yield and quality, therefore it is important to establish strategies for conservation of these bees, such as maintaining flower patches that serve as food throughout the year. The protection of stingless bees is necessary because of the importance they have in the pollination service; however, it is also needed to conduct more research on their biology and their use in greenhouses, in addition to their usefulness as bioindicators.

Resumen Los meliponinos son importantes polinizadores de plantas silvestres y cultivadas en América Latina. Además, estas abejas tienen características de un bioindicador, información necesaria para desarrollar estrategias de conservación y manejo sostenible para las especies de importancia cultural, ecológica y económica. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las especies de meliponinos que polinizan los agroecosistemas en América Latina y su uso como bioindicadores, lo cual servirá para implementar estrategias en la conservación y manejo sostenible de estas abejas. En esta investigación se emplearon fuentes de información relacionados con los meliponinos presentes en América Latina, cultivos que polinizan y la utilización de estas abejas sin aguijón como bioindicadores. Se registraron 46 cultivos polinizados por meliponinos en ocho países, en donde se registraron 17 géneros y 54 especies, resultando Brasil donde se tiene mayor registro con 33 cultivos. Los meliponinos contribuyen directamente con la polinización de los agroecosistemas, mejorando el rendimiento y la calidad, por lo cual es importante establecer estrategias de conservación de estas abejas, tales como mantener parches florales que sirvan de alimento durante todo el año. Es necesaria la protección de las abejas sin aguijón por la importancia que tienen en el servicio de polinización; sin embargo, también es necesario realizar investigación sobre su biología y sobre su utilización en invernaderos, además de su utilidad como bioindicadores.

Abstract Context: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury is disabling in several sports because it causes knee instability and functional deficit. Usually, surgical treatments produce the best functional outcomes, however, sometimes they are not always able to fully restore stability and function. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate postural balance, muscle strength, and functional performance of young athletes with an ACL injury before and after ACL reconstruction. Design: This was a longitudinal observational prospective study. Method: 74 athletes, 60 men, and 14 women, aged between 16 and 45, divided into two groups: the Group-Lesion of ACL with 34 athletes (24.1 years) and the Group-Control with 40 athletes without ACL lesion (27.7 years old). All volunteers performed posturography, isokinetic dynamometry, and the Hop-Test. The ACL-Group was evaluated before and 12 months after the reconstruction and the control group was evaluated once. Results: The Postoperative ACL Group presented greater limb symmetry, 0.96 (± 0.12), than the preoperative ACL Group, 0.87 (± 0.17), p < 0.01 in the Hop-Test. In the posturography, the displacement area was smaller in the postoperative ACL Group, 19.85 (± 5.74), compared to the preoperative ACL Group, 24.20 (± 8.97), p < 0.01. In isokinetic dynamometry the torque peak was greater in the postoperative ACL Group, 0.91 (± 0.14), than in the preoperative ACL Group, 0.74 (± 0.15), p < 0.01. Conclusion: The functional outcomes increased in ACL reconstruction athletes after 12 months, but not at the same level as in the Control Group. The result indicates an incomplete functional recovery, adaptive changes in postural control after injury, reconstruction, and return to sport.

Abstract In meliponiculture, the artificial division of S. mexicana bee colonies is one of the activities where the greatest loss of colonies is reported. One of the various causes of this mortality is the difficulty of the new colony to maintain the thermoregulation of its nest, given the traditional use of clay pots for this purpose, which render it difficult to maintain a stable temperature. The objective of this study was to analyze the interactions between the model of the box, its construction material and the brood-comb coating on the inner temperature of the nest and the development of colonies obtained by artificial division. The development of the nests was quantified based on their final and initial weight gain, the number of cells built, colony activity, and the capacity of the design to maintain the inner temperature of the nest. The results show that the best internal temperature ranges were achieved in nests transferred to Portugal-Araujo (P<0.05) and Ailton-Fontana (P<0.05) model rational boxes whose original designs were modified to include expandable polystyrene sheets. In addition, colony temperature and development were favored when the newly transferred combs were lined with Apis mellifera L. beeswax using a mold. The positive interaction between these factors provided an optimal temperature range (27.9 to 31.0 °C) for the development of the colonies, which obtained weight gains between 0.149 and 0.289 kg, and the number of brood cells constructed ranged between 3,511 and 4,956.

Resumen La división artificial de colonias de abejas S. mexicana es una actividad en la meliponicultura, en donde se reporta la mayor pérdida de colonias. Entre las diversas causas de dicha mortalidad destaca la dificultad de la nueva colonia por mantener la termorregulación de su nido, ya que tradicionalmente se utilizan vasijas de barro en cuyo caso es más difícil mantener una temperatura estable. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las interacciones entre modelo de caja, su material de construcción y el recubrimiento de los panales de cría; en la temperatura interna del nido y el desarrollo de colonias obtenidas por división artificial. Se cuantificó el desarrollo de éstas mediante su ganancia de peso final e inicial, y el número de celdas construidas, actividad de la colonia y capacidad del diseño en mantener la temperatura interna del nido. Los resultados muestran que los mejores rangos de temperatura interna se lograron en nidos transferidos a cajas racionales modelo Portugal-Araujo (P<0.05) y Ailton-Fontana (P<0.05) cuyos diseños originales fueron modificados al incluir láminas de poliestireno expandible. Además, la temperatura y desarrollo de la colonia se vio favorecida cuando los panales recién transferidos fueron recubiertos con un molde elaborado de cera de abeja Apis mellifera L. La interacción positiva entre estos factores permitió proporcionar un rango de temperatura óptimo (27.9 a 31.0 °C) para el desarrollo de las colonias, las cuales obtuvieron ganancia de peso entre 0.149 a 0.289 kg y del número de celdas construidas entre 3,511 a 4,956 celdas de cría.

Abstract The maintenance of posture is a constant challenge for the body, as it requires rapid and accurate responses to unforeseen disturbances, which are needed to prevent falls and maintain balance. The purpose of the present study was to compare different types of plantar arch in relation to postural balance, and analyze the relationships between variations the plantar arch and anthropometric characteristics of the feet with unipedal static balance. We evaluated 100 men and women between the ages of 20 and 40 years old, to determine anthropometry and posturography with a force platform. There was a weak correlation between plantar arches and anthropometric measurements and postural balance, except for the length of the male foot, which showed a correlation between increased size and poorer static balance. We conclude that the type of plantar arch does not influence postural balance, and of the anthropometric factors, only foot length was related to postural balance.

INTRODUÇÃO Apesar dos inúmeros benefícios para a saúde humana e considerando o aumento da corrida como exercício, atividade mundialmente popular, este tipo de esporte pode ser a causa de uma série de diferentes lesões. O pé, tornozelo e parte inferior da perna compreendem quase 40% das lesões. No entanto, a etiologia destas lesões permanece mal compreendida. OBJETIVO: investigar as causas do aparecimento da lesão de esforço em corredores. MÉTODOS: Uma busca sistemática foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Bireme, PubMed e PEDro, selecionando-se ensaios clínicos, casos controle, estudos prospectivos e de corte transversal. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa através dos descritores rendeu 324 referências. Usando critérios de inclusão pré-definidos (estudos de casos, ensaios clínicos, estudos prospectivos e estudos transversais que abordavam adultos corredores indivíduos, amador ou profissional) permaneceram 68 artigos; 24 citações foram excluídos depois de ler o título, e 35 foram excluídos após a leitura do resumo e do texto integral. Portanto nove estudos que preencheram os critérios de análise foram incluídos. CONCLUSÃO: A etiologia das lesões de esforço em corredores é multifatorial. Esta revisão mostrou que a distância, tipo de solo e calçados, bem como uma história de lesões prévias, alterações biomecânicas como o aumento da dorsiflexão e eversão do tornozelo, e uma maior flexão do joelho são fatores de risco que influenciam a ocorrência dessas lesões.

INTRODUCTION: In spite of the numerous benefits to human health and given the increase of running as an exercise that has become popular worldwide, this type of sport may be the cause of a number of different injuries. The foot, ankle and lower leg comprise almost 40% of the injuries. However, the etiology of these types of injury is still not completely understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causes of the onset of overuse injury in runners. METHODS: A systematic search of the electronic database was made: Bireme, Pubmed and PEDro, which were selected that addressed clinical trials, control cases, prospective and cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: The search through the descriptors yielded 324 references. Using our predefined inclusion criteria (case studies, clinical trials, prospective studies and cross studies that addressed adult runners, amateur or professional) 68 articles remained; 24 citations were excluded after reading the title, and 35 were excluded after reading the abstract and the full text. Therefore nine studies that met the criteria for analysis were included. CONCLUSION: The etiology of overuse injuries in runners is multifactorial. This review showed that distance, soil type and footwear, as well as a history of previous injuries, biomechanical changes such as increased dorsiflexion and eversion ankle, and greater knee flexion are risk factors that influence the occurrence of these injuries.

Domestic work and caring for girls, elderly and sick women by rural women creates added value and economic wealth; it develops the care economy to address the needs of the family and ensures social equilibrium in the political aspect. The value of housewives' work in México is equivalent, in millions, to 21 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), above the contribution by the construction segment. The time and effort invested by rural women is equivalent to four working days per day to tend to their household, job, family and agricultural and livestock production. Taking into consideration the gender perspective, feminist theory and care economy, the following question is set out: if domestic and care work adds value to the GDP, why is it not paid? This study performs an economic valuation of domestic and care work in rural families of the municipality of Jilotepec, Estado de México, and suggests their monetary payment.

El trabajo doméstico y el cuidado de niñas, ancianas y enfermas de las mujeres rurales, crea plusvalía y riqueza económica, desarrolla la economía del cuidado para atender las necesidades de la familia y asegura el equilibrio social en el aspecto político. El valor del trabajo de las amas de casa en México equivale, en millones, a 21 % del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), por encima del aporte del ramo de la construcción. El tiempo y el esfuerzo invertidos por las mujeres rurales equivale a cuatro jornadas de trabajo al día para atender la casa, el empleo, la familia, y la producción agrícola y pecuaria. Considerando la perspectiva de género, la teoría feminista y la economía del cuidado, se plantea la pregunta: si el trabajo doméstico y de cuidado agrega valor al PIB: ¿por qué no se paga? La investigación realiza una valoración económica del trabajo doméstico y del cuidado en familias rurales del municipio de Jilotepec, Estado de México y plantea el pago monetario del mismo.

OBJECTIVES: Measurements of the joint angles of the shoulder complex are important for diagnosis, assessment and monitoring of the treatment progression of movement disorders, provided that they can be seen as valid and reliable. The object of this study was to determine inter- and intra-rater reliability of manual goniometry and computerized biophotogrammetry for the assessment of range of motion of the medial and lateral rotations of the shoulder. METHODS: Four evaluators (two for goniometry and two for biophotogrammetry) assessed 11 males, 16 - 26 years old, right-handed and with no shoulder anomalies. A universal plastic goniometer was used for the goniometry assessment. The biophotogrammetry assessment involved the use of a digital camera Sony DSC-W1 (5.1Mp), with non-reflective markers placed on the subjects. Photographic frames were analyzed the though the SAPO software (version 0.67). Each evaluator was blinded to data from all other valuators; inter-rater datas were compared. Seven days after the first assessment, all measurements were repeated in order to complete the intra-rater comparison. The Wilcoxon test was used to check statistical significance, the Spearman correlation was calculated and inter-class correlations coefficients were determined. RESULTS: Inter-class correlations for inter- and intra-rater goniometry results were 0.897 and 0.830 respectively; the corresponding biophotogrammetric values were 0.982 and 0.954, all representing excellent reliability levels. CONCLUSION: Goniometry and biophotogrammetry are reliable methods for assessment of shoulder rotation; however, biophotogrammetry has been shown to be more reliable.